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Webb EK, Weis CN, Huggins AA, Parisi EA, Bennett KP, Miskovich T, Krukowski J, deRoon-Cassini TA, Larson CL. Neighborhood disadvantage is associated with stable deficits in neurocognitive functioning in traumatically-injured adults. Health Place 2021; 67:102493. [PMID: 33321457 PMCID: PMC7854519 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2020.102493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In trauma-exposed adults, the relationship between an individual's socioeconomic position (SEP) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been well demonstrated. One potential mechanism by which the stress associated with lower SEPs may impact trauma outcomes is through changes in neurocognition. In both healthy and clinical samples, area-level factors also appear to be independently related to neurocognition. Far less is known about how neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage, may impact cognition in traumatically-injured adults. The current study employed hierarchical linear modeling to longitudinally investigate whether neighborhood disadvantage was associated with neurocognitive functioning in five domains: processing speed, sustained attention, controlled attention, cognitive flexibility, and response inhibition. METHODS One-hundred and ninety-five socioeconomically diverse traumatically-injured subjects (mean age = 32.8, 52.8% female) were recruited from an Emergency Department. Two-weeks, three-months, and six-months post-trauma, participants completed self-report measures and a computerized test battery to evaluate neurocognition. An Area Deprivation Index (ADI) score, a measure of a neighborhood's socioeconomic disadvantage, was derived from each participants' home address. RESULTS Greater neighborhood disadvantage was significantly related to lower scores in all domains. Results of hierarchical linear models revealed neighborhood disadvantage was significantly associated with processing speed, controlled attention, cognitive flexibility, and response inhibition across time, even after adjusting for individual annual household income, baseline PTSD symptoms, and previous adverse life experiences. This relationship was stable for all domains except sustained attention, which varied across time. CONCLUSION These findings indicate neighborhood disadvantage contributes uniquely to neurocognitive functioning and, for the majority of domains, these contributions are stable across time. The relationship between area-level variables and cognitive function may underlie individual vulnerability to developing psychiatric disorders. Future work should continue to examine the interaction between socioenvironmental stressors and PTSD symptoms longitudinally.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kate Webb
- University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Department of Psychology, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
| | - Carissa N Weis
- University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Department of Psychology, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Ashley A Huggins
- University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Department of Psychology, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Parisi
- University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Department of Psychology, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | | | - Tara Miskovich
- VA Northern California Healthcare System, Martinez, CA, USA
| | | | - Terri A deRoon-Cassini
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma & Acute Care Surgery, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Christine L Larson
- University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Department of Psychology, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Kush JC. Correlates and stability of alternate stimuli in a computer-based measure of inspection time. The Journal of General Psychology 2019; 146:17-33. [PMID: 30636522 DOI: 10.1080/00221309.2018.1527282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Inspection time tasks assess the ability to make a simple visual discrimination, typically in milliseconds. Typically, IT stimuli consists of a pi-shaped figure, in which subjects select the side with the significantly longer leg. To prevent storage in iconic memory, a backward mask is then introduced. However, some participants have reported that the mask may cause the shorter leg to appear to lengthen, creating a possible strategy that facilitates performance. As a result, alternative stimuli/masks have been developed; however, these alternative stimuli may be processed differently. This study assessed the cognitive correlates and stability of an alternative stimuli/mask. Results indicated that processing of the stimuli was influenced by an interaction between the complexity of the stimuli and the number of times it was presented. Specifically, the alternative stimulus/mask produced slower processing, particularly at the time of a second administration; however, it contributed an important and unique relationship with speeded, general intelligence.
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Ortelli P, Ferrazzoli D, Zarucchi M, Maestri R, Frazzitta G. Asymmetric Dopaminergic Degeneration and Attentional Resources in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:972. [PMID: 30618591 PMCID: PMC6304447 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Attention is crucial to voluntary perform actions in Parkinson's disease (PD), allowing patients to bypass the impaired habitual motor control. The asymmetrical degeneration of the dopaminergic system could affect the attentional functions. Objective: To investigate the relationship between the asymmetric dopaminergic degeneration and the attentional resources in Parkinsonian patients with right-side (RPD) and left-side (LPD) motor symptoms predominance. Methods: 50 RPD, 50 LPD, and 34 healthy controls underwent visual (V), auditory (A), and multiple choices (MC) reaction time (RTs) tasks. For PD patients, these tasks were performed before and after a 4-week intensive, motor-cognitive rehabilitation treatment (MIRT). The effectiveness of treatment was evaluated assessing Unified Parkinson's disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) III and Timed-up and Go Test (TUG). Results: RTs did not differ between PD patients and healthy controls. Before MIRT, no differences between LPD and RPD patients were observed in RTs (p = 0.20), UPDRS III (p = 0.60), and TUG (p = 0.38). No differences in dopaminergic medication were found between groups (p = 0.44 and p = 0.66 before and after MIRT, respectively). After MIRT, LPD patients showed a significant reduction in MC RTs (p = 0.05), V RTs (p = 0.02), and MC-V RTs. A significant association between changes in RTs and improvements in UPDRS III and TUG was observed in LPD patients. Conclusion: attention does not differ among RPD patients, LPD patients and healthy controls. Only LPD patients improved their performances on attentional tasks after MIRT. We argue that the increased early susceptibility of the left nigrostriatal system to degeneration affects differently the cognitive modifiability and the neuroplastic potential. Our results could provide insight into new therapeutic approaches, highlighting the importance to design different treatments for RPD patients and LPD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Ortelli
- Department of Parkinson's Disease, Movement Disorders and Brain Injury Rehabilitation, Moriggia-Pelascini Hospital, Como, Italy
| | - Davide Ferrazzoli
- Department of Parkinson's Disease, Movement Disorders and Brain Injury Rehabilitation, Moriggia-Pelascini Hospital, Como, Italy
| | - Marianna Zarucchi
- Department of Parkinson's Disease, Movement Disorders and Brain Injury Rehabilitation, Moriggia-Pelascini Hospital, Como, Italy
| | - Roberto Maestri
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri - Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Biomedical Engineering Unit of Montescano Institute, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Frazzitta
- Department of Parkinson's Disease, Movement Disorders and Brain Injury Rehabilitation, Moriggia-Pelascini Hospital, Como, Italy
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Brick Larkin G, Kurylo DD. Perceptual Grouping and High-Order Cognitive Ability. JOURNAL OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2013. [DOI: 10.1027/1614-0001/a000110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
High-order cognitive functions require the integration of information across functionally related modules. This relationship suggests that cognitive ability is related to the efficiency and processing speed of basic integrative function. In order to examine individual differences for this relationship, we compared standardized tests of intelligence to visual perceptual grouping abilities, which represents a basic process of integration. Sixty participants discriminated perceived grouping of dot patterns based upon similarity in luminance. Psychophysical measurements were made of the functional limits and processing speed of grouping. We assessed cognitive abilities with the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI) and found that measures of grouping efficiency as well as speed varied considerably across subjects, indicating substantial individual differences at this relatively early level of visual processing. Faster grouping speed was associated with higher scores on all WASI subtests, whereas grouping ability, when not restricted by time, was associated only with the performance IQ components. These results demonstrate an association between a basic integrative function, in which cognitive and motoric factors were minimized, with measures of high-order cognition, which include both verbal and spatial cognitive components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Brick Larkin
- U. S. Army Research Laboratory, Human Research and Engineering Directorate, Picatinny Arsenal, NJ, USA
- Psychology Department, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, NY, USA
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Advances in the assessment of cognitive skills using computer-based measurement. Behav Res Methods 2011; 44:125-34. [DOI: 10.3758/s13428-011-0136-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Nippak PMD, Ikeda-Douglas C, Milgram NW. Extensive spatial training does not negate age differences in response latency. Brain Res 2006; 1070:171-88. [PMID: 16460702 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2005] [Revised: 11/02/2005] [Accepted: 11/02/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Previously, Nippak et al. [Nippak, P.M.D., Chan, A.D.F., Campbell, Z., Muggenburg, B., Head, E., Ikeda-Douglas, C., Murphy, H., Cotman, C.W., Milgram, N.W., 2003. Response latency in the canine: mental ability or mental strategy? Behav. Neurosci. 117 (5), 1066-1075] reported that young dogs respond significantly slower than aged dogs during the acquisition of a three-component delayed non-match to position (3-DNMP) task. Thus, we examined how age influences response latency (RL) when animals are trained extensively on the 3-DNMP task. Animals were separated into two groups based on their task sophistication. The first group comprised young (N=5) and aged (N=10) dogs that received extensive spatial training on a two-component delayed non-match to position task (2-DNMP) before 3-DNMP testing, while the second group of young (N=8) and aged (N=11) animals received extensive training on a variety of other non-spatial cognitive tasks between each 3-DNMP test period. RL age differences were absent following extensive 3-DNMP testing; however, other age-dependent performance differences emerged: all young animals learned the task and displayed RL slowing and superior response accuracy (RA) on the center-incorrect (CI) subtest, while several aged animals failed to learn the task and displayed no RL or RA subtest variations even when they acquired the task. Toates's [Toates, F., 1998. The interaction of cognitive and stimulus-response processes in the control of behaviour, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 22 (1), 59-83] theory of RL and mental strategy was proposed to explain these age differences in response strategies: the fast-responding aged animals utilized stimulus-response strategies, while the slow-responding young animals adopted cognitive strategies, a specific requirement for solving the CI subtest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pria M D Nippak
- Institute of Medical Science, Division of Life Sciences, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Scarborough, ON, Canada M1C 1A4.
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Nippak PMD, Milgram NW. An investigation of the relationship between response latency across several cognitive tasks in the beagle dog. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2005; 29:371-7. [PMID: 15795045 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2004.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Response latencies (RLs) extracted from simple motor tasks are a commonly used index of human intelligence. To date few human or animal studies have investigated the relationship between an individuals RL scores across a number of diverse cognitive tasks: Does RL remain consistent between individuals across several cognitive domains? Thus, the current study examined how RL measures gathered from beagle dogs (n=13) tested on three different cognitive tasks were related. RL scores were collected following both discrimination and reversal learning and a test of visuospatial memory, the 3 component delayed non-matching to position (3-DNMP) task. RL scores were recorded from the time the choice stimulus was presented until the animal selected a response. Results indicated that strong correlations emerged between 3-DNMP RLs and both the discrimination and reversal RLs, indicating that animals that responded fast on the 3-DNMP task also responded fast on the discrimination and reversal tasks. Interestingly, 3-DNMP RLs were more strongly correlated with reversal learning RLs. Finally, when mean RL performance across the three tasks was examined, strong RL differences emerged indicating that animals displayed significantly slower RLs on the 3-DNMP task than on the discrimination task, while reversal RLs remained indistinguishable from both. In conclusion, RLs show high between task correlations, indicating individual differences, and also vary between tasks, probably because of differences in task difficulty. These results further validate the use of RLs as an index of cognition, and also highlight the importance of further studies using animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pria M D Nippak
- Institute of Medical Science, Department of Psychology, Division of Life Sciences, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Scarborough, ON, Canada M1C 1A4.
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Nippak PMD, Chan ADF, Campbell Z, Muggenburg B, Head E, Ikeda-Douglas CJ, Murphey H, Cotman CW, Milgram NW. Response latency in Canis familiaris: Mental ability or mental strategy? Behav Neurosci 2003; 117:1066-75. [PMID: 14570555 DOI: 10.1037/0735-7044.117.5.1066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Animal studies of cognitive aging typically use measures of response accuracy (RA) to evaluate cognitive function, which declines with age. Human aging studies, by contrast, frequently measure response latency (RL), with faster responses being indicative of superior performance. To examine the influence of age on RL in an animal model, the authors assessed RA with RL in young and aged beagle dogs (Canis familiaris) tested on a 3-component delayed nonmatching-to-position task, which comprised 3 subtests. Young dogs displayed significantly slower RLs and higher RAs and showed RL slowing with greater complexity, compared with aged dogs. In addition, the slower responding young dogs made fewer errors. Thus, RL appears to reflect the learning strategy applied, rather than the level of mental ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pria M D Nippak
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Rammsayer TH, Brandler S. On the relationship between general fluid intelligence and psychophysical indicators of temporal resolution in the brain. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0092-6566(02)00006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Simmons RW, Wass T, Thomas JD, Riley EP. Fractionated Simple and Choice Reaction Time in Children with Prenatal Exposure to Alcohol. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2002. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2002.tb02686.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Grudnik JL, Kranzler JH. Meta-analysis of the relationship between intelligence and inspection time. INTELLIGENCE 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0160-2896(01)00078-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Au A, Lovegrove B. Temporal processing ability in above average and average readers. PERCEPTION & PSYCHOPHYSICS 2001; 63:148-55. [PMID: 11304010 DOI: 10.3758/bf03200509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we compared the rapid visual and auditory temporal processing ability of above average and average readers. One hundred five undergraduates participated in various visual and auditory temporal tasks. The above average readers exhibited lower auditory and visual temporal resolution thresholds than did the average readers, but only the differences in the auditory tasks were statistically significant, especially when nonverbal IQ was controlled for. Furthermore, both the correlation and stepwise multiple regression analyses revealed a relationship between the auditory measures and the wide range achievement test (WRAT) reading measure and a relationship between the auditory measures and a low spatial frequency visual measure and the WRAT spelling measure. Discriminant analysis showed that together both the visual and auditory measures correctly classified 75% of the subjects into above average and average reading groups, respectively. The results suggest that differences in temporal processing ability in relation to differences in reading proficiency are not confined to the comparison between poor and normal readers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Au
- City University of Hong Kong, China.
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Choudhury N, Gorman KS. The Relationship between Reaction Time and Psychometric Intelligence in a Rural Guatemalan Adolescent Population. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.1080/002075999399855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Roberts RD, Stankov L. Individual differences in speed of mental processing and human cognitive abilities: Toward a taxonomic model. LEARNING AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s1041-6080(00)80007-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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The relationships of basic information processing measures with fluid and crystallized intelligence. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0191-8869(97)00021-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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