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Peng K, Wu C, Wei G, Jiang J, Zhang Z, Sun X. Implantable sandwich PHBHHx film for burst-free controlled delivery of thymopentin peptide. Acta Pharm Sin B 2018; 8:432-439. [PMID: 29881682 PMCID: PMC5990338 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Sustained release and non-parental formulations of peptides and protein drugs are highly desirable because of enhanced therapeutic effects as well as improved patient compliance. This is especially true for small peptides such as thymopentin (TP5). To this end, implantable sandwich poly (hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBHHx) films were designed to prolong release time and to inhibit burst release phenomenon of TP5 by a simple volatilization method. In vitro release studies revealed that sandwich films had nearly no burst release. In vivo release time of sandwich films was prolonged to 42 days. Pharmacodynamic evaluation demonstrated that TP5 sandwich films significantly increased survival rates in a rat immunosuppressive model and normalized CD4+/CD8+ values. These results suggest that TP5 released from sandwich films can attenuate cyclophosphamide's immunosuppressive activity, and possibly achieve results comparable to daily TP5 injection therapy. Thus, sandwich PHBHHx films show excellent potential as a sustained, burst-free release system for small molecular weight, hydrophilic peptide drugs.
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Dry powder inhalations containing thymopentin and its immunomodulating effects in Wistar rats. Eur J Pharm Sci 2009; 36:572-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2008.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Revised: 12/08/2008] [Accepted: 12/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Wang J, Lu WL, Liang GW, Wu KC, Zhang CG, Zhang X, Wang JC, Zhang H, Wang XQ, Zhang Q. Pharmacokinetics, toxicity of nasal cilia and immunomodulating effects in Sprague-Dawley rats following intranasal delivery of thymopentin with or without absorption enhancers. Peptides 2006; 27:826-35. [PMID: 16242213 PMCID: PMC7115518 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2005.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2005] [Revised: 09/09/2005] [Accepted: 09/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Thymopentin (TP 5), a synthetic pentapeptide, has been used in clinic as a modulator for immnuodeficiencies through intramuscular administration. The objectives of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics using normal rats and toxicity of nasal cilia as well as immunomodulating effects using immunosuppression rats after intranasal delivery of thymopentin with or without an absorption enhancer. The absorption extent of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) labeled TP 5 via nasal delivery at a single dose is significantly improved by incorporating sodium deoxycholate, Brij 35 and chitosan, respectively. FITC-TP 5 can also be absorbed to such an extent ranging from 15 to 28% after intranasal administration of FITC-TP 5 alone, FITC-TP 5 with sodium caprylate, or with bacitracin, respectively. After seven consecutive days multiple dosing, TP 5 formulation with sodium deoxycholate or Brij 35 caused apparently injury to nasal cilia, indicating these two enhancers would not be appropriate for nasal delivery. Results from superoxide dismutase activity, maleic dialdehyde, T-lymphocyte subsets (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ and CD4+/CD8+ ratio) analyses suggest that all the selected enhancers improve the modulating effects of TP 5 in the immunosuppression rats. On an overall evaluation, intranasal TP 5 alone, TP 5 with chitosan, or TP 5 with bacitracin formulation may be suitable for the future clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xueyuan Road 38, Beijing 100083, China
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Schmidt MC, Rubas W, Merkle HP. Nasal epithelial permeation of thymotrinan (TP3) versus thymocartin (TP4): competitive metabolism and self-enhancement. Pharm Res 2000; 17:222-8. [PMID: 10751039 DOI: 10.1023/a:1007529716926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate concentration dependent permeabilities and metabolism kinetics of thymotrinan (TP3) versus thymocartin (TP4) in nasal epithelium in vitro. METHODS Excised bovine nasal mucosa was used as an in vitro model. Permeabilities were studied in a diffusion chamber, metabolism kinetics in a reflection kinetics set-up. Studies were performed at various TP3 and TP4 concentrations. The 3H-mannitol flux was measured to monitor junctional permeability. Potential Ca(2+)-complexation was investigated using a Ca(2+)-selective electrode. RESULTS Permeability of TP3 was negligible at 0.1 and 0.2 mM and increased drastically above 0.4 mM up to -2 X 10(-5) cm s(-1). In the presence of 2 mM TP4 the TP3 permeabilites were significantly above (approximately 4 x 10(-5) cm s(-1)) the level of TP3 without TP4, and TP3 metabolism was totally inhibited. TP3 and TP4 showed a significant concentration dependent effect on the permeability of 3H-mannitol. A hyperosmolarity effect of the peptide solutions was excluded. Transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER; approximately 30 ohms cm2) was unchanged by either TP3 or TP4. At 1 mM TP3 the mucosal-to-serosal permeability was four times higher than serosal-to-mucosal, indicating enzyme polarization. In reflection kinetics studies, TP3 degradation was slightly higher on the mucosal than on the serosal side. TP3 and TP4 followed the same non-linear metabolism kinetics. CONCLUSIONS Increase in permeability at high TP concentrations involves competitive enzyme saturation combined with self-enhanced paracellular permeation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Schmidt
- Department of Applied BioSciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH), Switzerland
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Heizmann J, Langguth P, Biber A, Oschmann R, Merkle HP, Wolffram S. Enzymatic cleavage of thymopoietin oligopeptides by pancreatic and intestinal brush-border enzymes. Peptides 1996; 17:1083-9. [PMID: 8959740 DOI: 10.1016/s0196-9781(96)00178-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal enzymatic degradation of the immunomodulating peptides thymotrinan (TP3), thymocartin (TP4), and thymopentin (TP5), three oligopeptides derived from the naturally occurring thymus hormone thymopoietin, was investigated to evaluate their potential for peroral drug delivery. In the presence of brush-border membrane vesicles, crude pancreas extract and everted rings from duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon, all peptides were shown to be degraded both by pancreatic enzymes and brush-border aminopeptidases. Degradation clearances (Cldeg) of TP3, TP4, and TP5 were calculated for a quantitative comparison of peptide stability. In the presence of crude pancreas extract, there was a rapid degradation of TP5 (Cldeg 17.9 ml/min) in comparison with TP3 and TP4 (Cldeg 0.95 and 0.56 ml/min, respectively, at 0.2 mM peptide concentration) caused by the cleavage of the C-terminal tyrosine by carboxypeptidase A, whereas TP3 and TP4 underwent hydrolysis by aminopeptidase N. In the presence of brush-border membrane vesicles, the degradation clearances were 3.9, 3.1, and 2.4 ml/min at 0.2 mM concentrations of TP4, TP5, and TP3, respectively. The clearance of all peptides was lowered with increasing peptide concentrations, indicating saturable degradation processes. The degradation of the thymopoietin oligopeptides in the presence of brush-border membrane enzymes was exclusively catalyzed by aminopeptidase N. The degradation of all peptides was highly dependent on the intestinal segment, with the lowest degradation clearance observed in the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Heizmann
- Department of Pharmacy, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
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Benoiton NL, Hudecz F, Chen FM. Amino-acid conjugates of the hapten 2-phenyl-4-ethoxymethylene-5(4H)-oxazolone. Synthesis and confirmation of structure. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN RESEARCH 1995; 45:266-71. [PMID: 7775019 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1995.tb01488.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
2-Phenyl-4-ethoxymethylene-5(4H)-oxazolone (PhOx = CHOEt) was reacted with methylamine, and 2-phenyloxazole-4-carboxylic acid was coupled with methylamine. The spectroscopic properties of the two products were compared in order to confirm that aminolysis of PhOx = CHOEt occurs by displacement of the ethoxy group to give 2-phenyl-4-(substituted-methylene)-5(4H)-oxazolones and not by attack at the oxazolone-carbonyl followed by rearrangement to give 2-phenyloxazole-4-carboxamides. Ten crystalline conjugates were prepared and characterized by reacting PhOx = CHOEt with an excess of unprotected di- and trifunctional amino acid anions followed by purification by washing them with hydrochloric acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Benoiton
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Sollner M, Kotnik V, Pecar S, Stace A, Simcic S, Povsic L, Herzog-Wraber B, Klampfer L, Ihan A, Grosman P. Apyrogenic synthetic desmuramyldipeptide, LK-409, with immunomodulatory properties. AGENTS AND ACTIONS 1993; 38:273-80. [PMID: 8213354 DOI: 10.1007/bf01976220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and some immunological characteristics of a new desmuramyl dipeptide 7-oxooctanoyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (LK-409) are presented. The effects of this compound were compared with those of N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (MDP). The influence of LK-409 on the number of B and T cells in spleen and the number of peritoneal macrophages was studied; Jerne's plaque forming cells assay was performed to monitor the effect of B cell differentiation. The blast transformation of T cells stimulated with concanavalin A was used to detect the influences on T lymphocytes. The activation of macrophages was studied as well. In contrast to MDP, LK-409 was apyrogenic in the doses applied but had similar immunomodulatory properties. Tested immunological properties and the absence of pyrogenicity and low toxicity make LK-409 a candidate for an immunomodulatory drug and a model molecule suitable for studying and understanding the dual activity of the MDP and its analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sollner
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
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The effect of theophylline on the oxazolone-specific immune response in balb/C mice. Pharmacol Res 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/1043-6618(92)90424-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- V St Georgiev
- Division of Life Sciences, Orion Research & Technologies Corp., Tampa, Florida 33601-0463
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Affiliation(s)
- V St Georgiev
- Division of Life Sciences, Orion Research & Technologies Corp., Tampa, Florida 33601-0463
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Dénes L, Szende B, Hajós G, Szporny L, Lapis K. Selective restoration of immunosuppressive effect of cytotoxic agents by thymopoietin fragments. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1990; 32:51-4. [PMID: 2289199 PMCID: PMC11038185 DOI: 10.1007/bf01741724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/1990] [Accepted: 04/24/1990] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Swiss male mice were immunosuppressed by cyclophosphamide, cisplatinum, vincristine and methotrexate. The ability of the thymopoietin (TP) fragments TP-3, TP-4 and TP-5 to restore antibody production and phagocytosis was studied. Impaired antibody production after vincristine treatment was partially or totally restored by TP-3, TP-4 or TP-5. Only TP-3 or TP-5 interfered with the antibody-production-damaging effect of cisplatinum. The same effect of methotrexate could not be influenced by any of the TP fragments. The phagocytic capacity of peritoneal macrophages was reduced by vincristine, methotrexate and cyclophosphamide treatment. In this respect, TP-3 protected the function of macrophages against vincristine and cyclophosphamide treatment. TP-4 was active in the case of damage caused by vincristine and methotrexate, and TP-5 interfered with the phagocytosis-inhibiting effect of methotrexate. Each TP fragment seems to have a specific target orientation within the immune system. This also means that the proper TP fragment should always be chosen for combination therapy with various types of cytotoxic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Dénes
- Chemical Works of Gedeon Richter Ltd., Budapest, Hungary
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Quinn PJ. Mechanisms of action of some immunomodulators used in veterinary medicine. ADVANCES IN VETERINARY SCIENCE AND COMPARATIVE MEDICINE 1990; 35:43-99. [PMID: 2284999 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-039235-3.50009-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P J Quinn
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University College Dublin, Ireland
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Belokrylov GA, Molchanova IV, Sorochinskaya EI. Immunomodulatory properties of certain amino acids influence the immunostimulating properties of specific peptides. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY 1990; 12:841-5. [PMID: 1981367 DOI: 10.1016/0192-0561(90)90003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Using the previously obtained data that amino acids could influence the thymus-dependent immune response, the significance of amino acids in the immunostimulating activity of peptides has been studied. The effect of seven synthetic fragments of murine Thy-1 antigen, non-sulfated cholecystokinin (CCK-8), the two tetrapeptides at the N- and C-terminal fragments of CCK-8, as well as neurotensin (NT) have been investigated. It has been found that both NT and those Thy-1 fragments which consisted of immunologically inert amino acids, did not influence the immune response in mice. CCK-8, its C-terminal fragment and those Thy-1-antigen peptides which contained immunoactive amino acids at C- or N-terminus or both, stimulated IgM-plaque forming cells (PFC) in animals. The N-terminal CCK-8 tetrapeptide showed negligible activity. The possibility of the existence of two independent immunoregulatory systems--one amino acids based and the other dependent upon a sequence of amino acids in the peptide is being discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Belokrylov
- Immunology Department, Academy of Medical Sciences, Leningrad, U.S.S.R
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Chipens G. New biologically active fragments of immunoglobulins. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0169-409x(88)90032-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Hudecz F, Kajtár J, Szekerke M. Influence of side-chain-terminating moieties on the conformation of branched polypeptides and their conjugates with 4-ethoxymethylene-2-phenyl-5(4H)-oxazolone. Biophys Chem 1988; 31:53-61. [PMID: 3233293 DOI: 10.1016/0301-4622(88)80008-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Poly(Lys-(Xi-DL-Alam] polypeptides carrying hydrophilic (X = His, Glu, Lys) or hydrophobic (X = Nle, Ile, Phe) amino acid residues and their conjugates with 4-ethoxymethylene-2-phenyl-5(4H)-oxazolone were synthesized. The conformational properties of carrier polypeptides and conjugates were studied by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy in the wavelength regions 190-250 and 310-380 nm, with the emphasis on analysis under near physiological conditions. Based on CD studies, it could be demonstrated that the helix-forming capacity appears to be related to the hydrophobic nature of the branch-terminating amino acid of the branched polypeptides. With respect to carrier function, the presence of a coupled derivative of oxazolone at the side chain termini generally promotes the formation of helical secondary structure. The absolute configuration of the side-chain-terminating amino acids was found to be important for the local orientation of the hapten molecule in the conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Hudecz
- Department of Organic Chemistry, L. Eötvös University, Budapest, Hungary
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Chapter 13 Immunotherapy of Infectious Diseases. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(08)61161-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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