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Kamboj A, Patil MT, Petrovsky N, Salunke DB. Structure-activity relationship in NOD2 agonistic muramyl dipeptides. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 271:116439. [PMID: 38691886 PMCID: PMC11099613 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) is a receptor of the innate immune system that is capable of perceiving bacterial and viral infections. Muramyl dipeptide (MDP, N-acetyl muramyl L-alanyl-d-isoglutamine), identified as the minimal immunologically active component of bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan (PGN) is recognized by NOD2. In terms of biological activities, MDP demonstrated vaccine adjuvant activity and stimulated non-specific protection against bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections and cancer. However, MDP has certain drawbacks including pyrogenicity, rapid elimination, and lack of oral bioavailability. Several detailed structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies around MDP scaffolds are being carried out to identify better NOD2 ligands. The present review elaborates a comprehensive SAR summarizing structural aspects of MDP derivatives in relation to NOD2 agonistic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarzoo Kamboj
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Madhuri T Patil
- Department of Chemistry, Mehr Chand Mahajan DAV College for Women, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, Warradale, Australia; Australian Respiratory and Sleep Medicine Institute, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia.
| | - Deepak B Salunke
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India; National Interdisciplinary Centre of Vaccine, Immunotherapeutics and Antimicrobials, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
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Griffin ME, Hespen CW, Wang Y, Hang HC. Translation of peptidoglycan metabolites into immunotherapeutics. Clin Transl Immunology 2019; 8:e1095. [PMID: 31798878 PMCID: PMC6883908 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of defined peptidoglycan metabolites that activate host immunity and their specific receptors has revealed fundamental insights into host-microbe recognition and afforded new opportunities for therapeutic development against infection and cancer. In this review, we summarise the discovery of two key peptidoglycan metabolites, γ-d-glutamyl-meso-diaminopimelic acid (iE-DAP) and muramyl dipeptide and their respective receptors, Nod1 and Nod2, and review progress towards translating these findings into therapeutic agents. Notably, synthetic derivatives of peptidoglycan metabolites have already yielded approved drugs for chemotherapy-induced leukopenia and paediatric osteosarcoma; however, the broad effects of peptidoglycan metabolites on host immunity suggest additional translational opportunities for new therapeutics towards other cancers, microbial infections and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Griffin
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial PathogenesisThe Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Charles W Hespen
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial PathogenesisThe Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Yen‐Chih Wang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial PathogenesisThe Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Howard C Hang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial PathogenesisThe Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
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Nabergoj S, Mlinarič-Raščan I, Jakopin Ž. Harnessing the untapped potential of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain ligands for cancer immunotherapy. Med Res Rev 2018; 39:1447-1484. [PMID: 30548868 PMCID: PMC6767550 DOI: 10.1002/med.21557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, cancer immunotherapy has emerged as an effective alternative to traditional therapies such as chemotherapy and radiation. In contrast to the latter, cancer immunotherapy has the potential to distinguish between cancer and healthy cells, and thus to avoid severe and intolerable side‐effects, since the cancer cells are effectively eliminated by stimulated immune cells. The cytosolic nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domains 1 and 2 receptors (NOD1 and NOD2) are important components of the innate immune system and constitute interesting targets in terms of strengthening the immune response against cancer cells. Many NOD ligands have been synthesized, in particular NOD2 agonists that exhibit favorable immunostimulatory and anticancer activity. Among them, mifamurtide has already been approved in Europe by the European Medicine Agency for treating patients with osteosarcoma in combination with chemotherapy after complete surgical removal of the primary tumor. This review is focused on NOD receptors as promising targets in cancer immunotherapy as well as summarizing current knowledge of the various NOD ligands exhibiting antitumor and even antimetastatic activity in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Nabergoj
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Žiga Jakopin
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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4
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Reis CP, Neufeld RJ, Ribeiro AJ, Veiga F. Nanoencapsulation II. Biomedical applications and current status of peptide and protein nanoparticulate delivery systems. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2006; 2:53-65. [PMID: 17292116 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2006.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2006] [Accepted: 04/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The concept of polymeric nanoparticles for the design of new drug delivery systems emerged a few years ago, and recent rapid advances in nanotechnology have offered a wealth of new opportunities for diagnosis and therapy of various diseases. Recent progress has made possible the engineering of nanoparticles to allow the site-specific delivery of drugs and to improve the pharmacokinetic profile of numerous compounds with biomedical applications such as peptide and protein drugs. Biologically active peptides and their analogues are becoming an increasingly important class of drugs. Their use for human and animal treatment is problematic, however, because some of these drugs are generally ineffective when taken orally and thus have been administered chiefly by the parenteral route. This review covers some of the historical and recent advances of nanotechnology and concludes that polymeric nanoparticles show great promise as a tool for the development of peptide drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Pinto Reis
- Laboratorio Tecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Daemen T, Hoedemakers R, Storm G, Scherphof GL. Opportunities in targeted drug delivery to Kupffer cells: delivery of immunomodulators to Kupffer cells-activation of tumoricidal properties. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0169-409x(95)00038-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Barratt G, Puisieux F, Yu WP, Foucher C, Fessi H, Devissaguet JP. Anti-metastatic activity of MDP-L-alanyl-cholesterol incorporated into various types of nanocapsules. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY 1994; 16:457-61. [PMID: 7927993 DOI: 10.1016/0192-0561(94)90036-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A lipophilic immunomodulator (MTP-Chol) was included in nanocapsules prepared from different polymers and the anti-metastatic effects of the resulting drug delivery systems were evaluated in a murine model of liver metastases. Loaded nanocapsules were effective if they were given 2 days before tumor inoculation. Neither the nature of the polymer nor the total dose of immunomodulator affected the antimetastatic capacity. However, enhanced anti-metastatic activity was obtained when indomethacin nanocapsules were associated with MTP-Chol nanocapsules. These results show that nanocapsules containing an immunomodulator possess anti-metastatic activity, but only when given as a prophylactic treatment; this would correspond, in the clinic, to patients undergoing surgery for a primary tumor and at risk of developing liver metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Barratt
- URA CNRS 1218, Physico-Chimie, Pharmacotechnie, Biopharmacie, Université de Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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Morin C, Barratt G, Fessi H, Devissaguet JP, Puisieux F. Improved intracellular delivery of a muramyl dipeptide analog by means of nanocapsules. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY 1994; 16:451-6. [PMID: 7927992 DOI: 10.1016/0192-0561(94)90035-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A lipophilic derivative of muramyl dipeptide, muramyl tripeptide cholesterol, was incorporated into poly(D,L-lactide) nanocapsules and its immunomodulating properties were assessed in vitro. The nanocapsule form was more effective than the free drug in activating rat alveolar macrophages for a cytostatic effect toward syngeneic tumor cells. Induction of NO synthase correlated with anti-proliferative activity. The time course of activation and the effect of inhibitors of endocytosis suggested that this increased efficiency was due to improved intracellular delivery by phagocytosis of nanocapsules. Such nanocapsules might be useful for immunotherapy of metastases resistant to conventional treatment, since they could overcome two problems associated with soluble muramyl peptides: rapid elimination and poor uptake by macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Morin
- URA CNRS 1218, Physico-Chimie, Pharmacotechnie, Biopharmacie, Université de Paris Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, Chatenay-Malabry, France
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Fawaz F, Bonini F, Guyot M, Lagueny AM, Fessi H, Devissaguet JP. Influence of poly(DL-lactide) nanocapsules on the biliary clearance and enterohepatic circulation of indomethacin in the rabbit. Pharm Res 1993; 10:750-6. [PMID: 8321841 DOI: 10.1023/a:1018924219540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Following intravenous administration, the uptake of colloidal drug carriers by cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system, mainly the Kuppfer cells, may concentrate an encapsulated drug close to the liver parenchymal cells and facilitate its biliary excretion and enterohepatic circulation. To test this hypothesis indomethacin was administered (10 mg/kg) in four groups of 10 rabbits each by intravenous infusion at a constant rate over 2 hr, either in its free form (aqueous solution) or as nanocapsules prepared from preformed poly(DL-lactide). Unchanged drug was assayed in plasma of the two control (sham-operated) groups and in both plasma and bile of the two bile-cannulated groups. Pharmacokinetic analysis led to the conclusion that the uptake of nanocapsules by liver macrophages reduces the concentration of the drug by enhancing its total clearance. This enhancement was due to an increase in biliary clearance, as a result of parallel increases in bile concentration and biliary excretion of the drug. It was also demonstrated that nanocapsules enhance the enterohepatic circulation of indomethacin.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Fawaz
- Laboratoire de Pharmacie Galénique, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Bordeaux, France
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Yu W, do Egito E, Barratt G, Fessi H, Devissaguet J, Puisieux F. A novel approach to the preparation of injectable emulsions by a spontaneous emulsification process. Int J Pharm 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-5173(93)90115-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Morin C, Barratt G, Fessi H, Devissaguet JP, Puisieux F. Biodegradable nanocapsules containing a lipophilic immunomodulator: drug retention and tolerance towards macrophages in vitro. J Drug Target 1993; 1:157-64. [PMID: 8069554 DOI: 10.3109/10611869308996072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Nanocapsules (250 nm diameter) were prepared from poly (D, L-lactide) containing a lipophilic immunomodulator: MDP-L-alanyl cholesterol (MTP-Chol). High encapsulation rates were obtained at 37 degrees C in culture medium or in buffers imitating phagosomes and lysosomes. The tolerance of these particles by rat alveolar macrophages in vitro was tested. A slight toxicity was observed which was the result of two factors: the capacity of the immunomodulator to stimulate the generation of nitrite oxide by the L-arginine-dependent pathway and the polymer itself. The latter toxicity seemed to be mediated by a different mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Morin
- URA CNRS 1218, Laboratoire de Pharmacie Galénique et Biopharmacie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Paris Sud, Chatenay-Malabry, France
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