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Mizuno M, Minato KI. Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties of polysaccharides in mushrooms. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2024; 86:103076. [PMID: 38364705 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2024.103076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Mushrooms are distinguished as important food-containing polysaccharides possessing potent anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating properties. These compounds belong mostly to polysaccharides that are mostly β-D-glucans. Among them, β-1,3-glucan with β-1,6 side chains of glucose residues, has more important roles in their properties. In this review, we have introduced polysaccharides mainly from Lentinula edodes and Pleurotus citrinopileatus with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating properties. In addition, the mechanisms of activation of their physiological properties and signal cascade are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Mizuno
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Science, Osaka Aoyama University, 2-11-1 Niina, Minoh, Osaka 562-8580, Japan.
| | - Ken-Ichiro Minato
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The Graduate School of Agriculture, Meijo University, Nagoya 468-8502, Japan
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2
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Zhou G, Liu H, Yuan Y, Wang Q, Wang L, Wu J. Lentinan progress in inflammatory diseases and tumor diseases. Eur J Med Res 2024; 29:8. [PMID: 38172925 PMCID: PMC10763102 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01585-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Shiitake mushrooms are a fungal food that has been recorded in Chinese medicine to nourish the blood and qi. Lentinan (lLNT) is an active substance extracted from shiitake mushrooms with powerful antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor functions. Inflammatory diseases and cancers are the leading causes of death worldwide, posing a serious threat to human life and health and posing enormous challenges to global health systems. There is still a lack of effective treatments for inflammatory diseases and cancer. LNT has been approved as an adjunct to chemotherapy in China and Japan. Studies have shown that LNT plays an important role in the treatment of inflammatory diseases as well as oncological diseases. Moreover, clinical experiments have confirmed that LNT combined with chemotherapy drugs has a significant effect in improving the prognosis of patients, enhancing their immune function and reducing the side effects of chemotherapy in lung cancer, colorectal cancer and gastric cancer. However, the relevant mechanism of action of the LNT signaling pathway in inflammatory diseases and cancer. Therefore, this article reviews the mechanism and clinical research of LNT in inflammatory diseases and tumor diseases in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangda Zhou
- Neck-Shoulder and Lumbocrural Pain Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250062, China
| | - Haiyan Liu
- Department of Ultrasound, The Affiliated Taian City Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Taian, 271000, China
| | - Ying Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Xingtai Third Hospital, Xingtai, 054000, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Taian City Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Taian, 271000, China.
| | - Lanping Wang
- Department of Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian, 271000, China.
| | - Jianghua Wu
- School of Nursing, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, 271000, China.
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You C, Xing J, Sun J, Zhang D, Yan Y, Dong Y. Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Oxidant Impacts of Lentinan Combined with Probiotics in Ulcerative Colitis. Mol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s12033-023-00878-w. [PMID: 37819465 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00878-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Multi-methods have been developed to control ulcerative colitis. This research targeted to probe that lentinan combined with probiotics suppresses inflammation and oxidative stress responses in a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis model. A mouse model of colitis was induced through oral administration with 2.5% DSS and treated with lentinan and probiotics independently or in combination. Then, bodyweight and Disease Activity Index (DAI) of mice were determined. Histopathology of colon tissue was analyzed, and apoptosis, inflammation and oxidative stress in the colon tissue of mice were observed. An HT-29 cell model of colitis was established by DSS stimulation and cultured with lentinan and/or probiotics to examine cell proliferation and apoptosis. The data discovered that after DSS induction of colitis, mice developed weight loss, increased DAI score, and shortened the length of colon. Also, severe histopathology of the colon, and increased apoptosis, inflammation and oxidative stress were recognizable. Lentinan could alleviate DSS-induced colitis, and the highest dose was the most significant. Probiotics could also relieve UC in mice, and mixed probiotics had a better therapeutic effect than single probiotics. Lentinan combined with probiotics could further alleviate DSS-induced colitis damage. In addition, lentinan combined with probiotics impaired apoptosis and enhanced proliferation of DSS-treated HT-29 cells. In a word, lentinan combined with probiotics reduces the inflammatory response and oxidative stress of UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- CuiYu You
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an City, 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - JianFeng Xing
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an City, 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - JinYao Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an City, 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an City, 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an City, 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - YaLin Dong
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an City, 710061, Shaanxi Province, China.
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4
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade N Young
- School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland
| | - May Elgash
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland
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5
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Mahmood I, Azfaralariff A, Mohamad A, Airianah OB, Law D, Dyari HRE, Lim YC, Fazry S. Mutated Shiitake extracts inhibit melanin-producing neural crest-derived cells in zebrafish embryo. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 245:109033. [PMID: 33737223 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.109033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The ability of natural extracts to inhibit melanocyte activity is of great interest to researchers. This study evaluates and explores the ability of mutated Shiitake (A37) and wildtype Shiitake (WE) extract to inhibit this activity. Several properties such as total phenolic (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC), antioxidant activity, effect on cell and component profiling were conducted. While having no significant differences in total phenolic content, mutation resulted in A37 having a TFC content (1.04 ± 0.7 mg/100 ml) compared to WE (0.86 ± 0.9 mg/100 ml). Despite that, A37 extract has lower antioxidant activity (EC50, A37 = 549.6 ± 2.70 μg/ml) than WE (EC50 = 52.8 ± 1.19 μg/ml). Toxicity tests on zebrafish embryos show that both extracts, stop the embryogenesis process when the concentration used exceeds 900 μg/ml. Although both extracts showed pigmentation reduction in zebrafish embryos, A37 extract showed no effect on embryo heartbeat. Cell cycle studies revealed that WE significantly affect the cell cycle while A37 not. Further tests found that these extracts inhibit the phosphorylation of Glycogen synthase kinase 3 β (pGSK3β) in HS27 cell line, which may explain the activation of apoptosis in melanin-producing cells. It was found that from 19 known compounds, 14 compounds were present in both WE and A37 extracts. Interestingly, the presence of decitabine in A37 extract makes it very potential for use in the medical application such as treatment of melanoma, skin therapy and even cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Mahmood
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Azfaralariff
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Azhar Mohamad
- Malaysian Nuclear Agency, Bangi 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Othman B Airianah
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; Tasik Chini Research Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; Innovative Centre for Confectionery Technology (MANIS), Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Douglas Law
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Herryawan Ryadi Eziwar Dyari
- Tasik Chini Research Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yi Chieh Lim
- Danish Cancer Society Research Centre, Strand boulevard 49, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Shazrul Fazry
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; Tasik Chini Research Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; Innovative Centre for Confectionery Technology (MANIS), Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Bukovsky A. Immunology of tissue homeostasis, ovarian cancer growth and regression, and long lasting cancer immune prophylaxis - review of literature. Histol Histopathol 2020; 36:31-46. [PMID: 32896865 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Data on the substantial physiological role of the immune system in the organism's ability to manage proper differentiation and function of normal tissues (tissue homeostasis), and detailed causes of the immune system's essential role for the in-vivo stimulation of cancer growth, are severely lacking. This results in a lack of effective cancer immunotherapy without adverse events, and in the lack of long-lasting cancer immune prophylaxes, particularly in ovarian cancers. Elimination of blood auto-antibodies blocking anti-cancer T cell effectors by intermittent moderate doses of cyclophosphamide, facilitation of the immune system reactivity against alloantigens of cancer cells by two subsequent blood transfusions, and augmentation of anticancer immunity by weekly intradermal injections of bacterial toxins, caused during the subsequent treatment-free period, lasting for two to four weeks, regression of inoperable epithelial ovarian cancers and regeneration of the tremendously metastatically altered abdominal tissues into normal healthy conditions without multivisceral cytoreductive surgery, which can result in life-threatening consequences. An otherwise untreated rectal cancer, progressing over 3 years, regressed after severe toxic dermatitis lasting over one week. This was caused by an accidental consumption of a large raw shiitake mushroom. Subsequent daily consumptions of 2 g Metformin ER and honeybee propolis ethanol extract, and weekly single larger raw shiitake mushroom, which all stimulate immune system reactivity against cancer stem cells, prevented malignant recurrence over the next 29 years without recurring dermatitis, and maintained healthy organism's conditions. These observations indicate that regression of advanced inoperable cancers and long-lasting cancer immune prophylaxis can be reached by simple approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonin Bukovsky
- Biotechnology and Biomedicine Centre of the Academy of Sciences and Charles University, Vestec, Czech Republic.
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Morales D, Smiderle FR, Villalva M, Abreu H, Rico C, Santoyo S, Iacomini M, Soler-Rivas C. Testing the effect of combining innovative extraction technologies on the biological activities of obtained β-glucan-enriched fractions from Lentinula edodes. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.103446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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8
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Xiang Q, Li J, Qin P, He M, Yu X, Zhao K, Zhang X, Ma M, Chen Q, Chen X, Zeng X, Gu Y. Identification and evaluation of reference genes for qRT-PCR studies in Lentinula edodes. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190226. [PMID: 29293626 PMCID: PMC5749753 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lentinula edodes (shiitake mushroom) is a common edible mushroom with a number of potential therapeutic and nutritional applications. It contains various medically important molecules, such as polysaccharides, terpenoids, sterols, and lipids, were contained in this mushroom. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) is a powerful tool to analyze the mechanisms underlying the biosynthetic pathways of these substances. qRT-PCR is used for accurate analyses of transcript levels owing to its rapidity, sensitivity, and reliability. However, its accuracy and reliability for the quantification of transcripts rely on the expression stability of the reference genes used for data normalization. To ensure the reliability of gene expression analyses using qRT-PCR in L. edodes molecular biology research, it is necessary to systematically evaluate reference genes. In the current study, ten potential reference genes were selected from L. edodes genomic data and their expression levels were measured by qRT-PCR using various samples. The expression stability of each candidate gene was analyzed by three commonly used software packages: geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper. Base on the results, Rpl4 was the most stable reference gene across all experimental conditions, and Atu was the most stable gene among strains. 18S was found to be the best reference gene for different development stages, and Rpl4 was the most stably expressed gene under various nutrient conditions. The present work will contribute to qRT-PCR studies in L. edodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanju Xiang
- College of Resource, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (YG); (QX)
| | - Jin Li
- College of Resource, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Peng Qin
- College of Resource, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Maolan He
- College of Resource, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Xiumei Yu
- College of Resource, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Ke Zhao
- College of Resource, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- College of Resource, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Menggen Ma
- College of Resource, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Chen
- College of Resource, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqiong Chen
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Xianfu Zeng
- Horticulture Research Institute, Chengdu Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Yunfu Gu
- College of Resource, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (YG); (QX)
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Nandi AK, Samanta S, Maity S, Sen IK, Khatua S, Devi KSP, Acharya K, Maiti TK, Islam SS. Antioxidant and immunostimulant β-glucan from edible mushroom Russula albonigra (Krombh.) Fr. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 99:774-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Structural elucidation of an immunoenhancing heteroglycan isolated from Russula albonigra (Krombh.) Fr. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 94:918-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Rincão VP, Yamamoto KA, Silva Ricardo NMP, Soares SA, Paccola Meirelles LD, Nozawa C, Carvalho Linhares RE. Polysaccharide and extracts from Lentinula edodes: structural features and antiviral activity. Virol J 2012; 9:37. [PMID: 22336004 PMCID: PMC3292946 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lentinula edodes, known as shiitake, has been utilized as food, as well as, in popular medicine, moreover, compounds isolated from its mycelium and fruiting body have shown several therapeutic properties. The aim of this study was to determine the antiviral activity of aqueous (AqE) and ethanol (EtOHE) extracts and polysaccharide (LeP) from Lentinula edodes in the replication of poliovirus type 1 (PV-1) and bovine herpes virus type 1 (BoHV-1). METHODS The time-of-addition assay was performed at the times -2, -1, 0, 1 and 2 h of the infection. The virucidal activity and the inhibition of viral adsorption were also evaluated. Plaque assay was used to monitor antiviral activity throughout. RESULTS The AqE and LeP were more effective when added at 0 h of infection, however, EtOHE was more effective at the times 1 h and 2 h of the infection. AqE, EtOHE and LeP showed low virucidal activity, and the inhibition of viral adsorption was not significant. CONCLUSIONS The results allowed us to conclude that AqE, EtOHE and LeP act on the initial processes of the replication of both strains of virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Pires Rincão
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rod. Celso Garcia Cid., km 380, CEP: 86051-990, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Kristie Aimi Yamamoto
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rod. Celso Garcia Cid., km 380, CEP: 86051-990, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Nágila Maria Pontes Silva Ricardo
- Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Av. da Universidade, 2853, CEP: 60455-760, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Sandra Aguiar Soares
- Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Av. da Universidade, 2853, CEP: 60455-760, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Luzia Doretto Paccola Meirelles
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rod. Celso Garcia Cid., km 380, CEP: 86051-990, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Carlos Nozawa
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rod. Celso Garcia Cid., km 380, CEP: 86051-990, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Rosa Elisa Carvalho Linhares
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rod. Celso Garcia Cid., km 380, CEP: 86051-990, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
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Bong MH, Ji SY, Park JC, Moon HK, Lee SC, Lee JH, Hong JK. Effect of Feeding Plum and Red Ginseng Marc on Vital Reaction in Broiler Stress. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.5536/kjps.2011.38.3.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Kim HS, Hong JT, Kim Y, Han SB. Stimulatory Effect of β-glucans on Immune Cells. Immune Netw 2011; 11:191-5. [PMID: 22039366 PMCID: PMC3202617 DOI: 10.4110/in.2011.11.4.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Glucans are naturally occurring polysaccharides that are produced by bacteria, yeast, fungi, and many plants. Although their pharmacological activities, such as immunomodulatory, anti-infective and anti-cancer effects, have been well studied, it is still unclear how β-glucans exert their activities. However, recent studies on the β-glucan receptors shed some light on their mechanism of action. Since β-glucans have large molecular weights, they must bind surface receptors to activate immune cells. In this review, we summarize the immunopharmacological activities and the potential receptors of β-glucans in immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Sook Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea
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Cinnamaldehyde enhances in vitro parameters of immunity and reduces in vivo infection against avian coccidiosis. Br J Nutr 2011; 106:862-9. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114511001073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The effects of cinnamaldehyde (CINN) on in vitro parameters of immunity and in vivo protection against avian coccidiosis were evaluated. In vitro stimulation of chicken spleen lymphocytes with CINN (25–400 ng/ml) induced greater cell proliferation compared with the medium control (P < 0·001). CINN activated cultured macrophages to produce higher levels of NO at 1·2–5·0 μg/ml (P < 0·001), inhibited the growth of chicken tumour cells at 0·6–2·5 μg/ml (P < 0·001) and reduced the viability of Eimeriatenella parasites at 10 and 100 μg/ml (P < 0·05 and P < 0·001, respectively), compared with media controls. In chickens fed a diet supplemented with CINN at 14·4 mg/kg, the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-15 and interferon-γ transcripts in intestinal lymphocytes were 2- to 47-fold higher (P < 0·001) compared with chickens given a non-supplemented diet. To determine the effect of CINN diets on avian coccidiosis, chickens were fed diets supplemented with CINN at 14·4 mg/kg (E. maxima or E. tenella) or 125 mg/kg (E. acervulina) from hatch for 24 d, and orally infected with 2·0 × 104 sporulated oocysts at age 14 d. CINN-fed chickens showed 16·5 and 41·6 % increased body-weight gains between 0–9 d post-infection (DPI) with E. acervulina or E. maxima, reduced E. acervulina oocyst shedding between 5–9 DPI and increased E. tenella-stimulated parasite antibody responses at 9 DPI compared with controls.
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Licciardi PV, Underwood JR. Plant-derived medicines: A novel class of immunological adjuvants. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:390-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2010.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Revised: 10/17/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Lee SH, Lillehoj HS, Hong YH, Jang SI, Lillehoj EP, Ionescu C, Mazuranok L, Bravo D. In vitro effects of plant and mushroom extracts on immunological function of chicken lymphocytes and macrophages. Br Poult Sci 2010; 51:213-21. [PMID: 20461582 DOI: 10.1080/00071661003745844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
1. The present study was conducted to examine the effects of organic extracts from milk thistle (Silybum marianum), turmeric (Curcuma longa), reishi mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum), and shiitake mushroom (Lentinus edodes) on innate immunity and tumor cell viability. 2. Innate immunity was measured by lymphocyte proliferation and nitric oxide production by macrophages, and the inhibitory effect on tumor cell growth was assessed using a non-radioactive assay. For measuring the cytokine levels in the HD11 macrophages which were treated with extracts of turmeric or shiitake mushroom, the levels of mRNAs for interferon-alpha (IFN- alpha), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), IL-6, IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, and tumor necrosis factor superfamily 15 (TNFSF15) were quantified by real time RT-PCR. 3. In vitro culture of chicken spleen lymphocytes with extracts of milk thistle, turmeric, and shiitake and reishi mushrooms induced significantly higher cell proliferation compared with the untreated control cells. Stimulation of macrophages with extracts of milk thistle and shiitake and reishi mushrooms, but not turmeric, resulted in robust nitric oxide production to levels that were similar with those induced by recombinant chicken interferon-gamma. All extracts uniformly inhibited the growth of chicken tumor cells in vitro at the concentration of 6.3 through 100 microg/ml. Finally, the levels of mRNAs encoding IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-12, IL-18, and TNFSF15 were enhanced in macrophages that were treated with extracts of turmeric or shiitake mushroom compared with the untreated control. 4. These results document the immunologically-based enhancement of innate immunity in chickens by extracts of plants and mushrooms with known medicinal properties in vitro. In vivo studies are being planned to delineate the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for their mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Lee
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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Park CK, Kim H, Tu Q, Yu KW, Jeong HS, Lee HY, Jeong JH. Chemical Composition and Immunostimulating Activity of the Fermented Korean Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) with Mushroom Mycelium by Solid Culture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3746/jkfn.2009.38.9.1145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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18
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Lee SH, Lillehoj HS, Cho SM, Chun HK, Park HJ, Lim CI, Lillehoj EP. Immunostimulatory effects of oriental plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.). Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2008; 32:407-17. [PMID: 18262269 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2007.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The fruit of the plum tree (Prunus salicina Lindl.) has been used as a traditional medicinal food in humans to enhance immunity against infectious agents and to treat cancers. However, limited information exists on the mechanisms responsible for its immune enhancing properties. In this study, the immunostimulatory effects of a methanol extract of plum fruit following methanol evaporation and dissolving in PBS were assessed by in vitro lymphocyte proliferation, tumor cell cytotoxicity, and nitric oxide (NO) production. The crude methanol extract stimulated spleen lymphocyte proliferation and NO production by cultured macrophages, and inhibited the viability of tumor cells, significantly greater than media controls. Sequential gel filtration chromatographic separation of the extract on Sephadex G-25 and Sephacryl S-200 gel filtration columns resulted in a more purified preparation that retained the ability to induce lymphoproliferation, tumor killing, and NO production. These results suggest that Prunus salicina contains immunostimulatory components that potentially may be useful in human and veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hyen Lee
- Animal and Natural Resources Institute, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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19
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Immune Enhancing Properties of Safflower Leaf (Carthamus tinctorius) on Chicken Lymphocytes and Macrophages. J Poult Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.45.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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20
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Chen HL, Li DF, Chang BY, Gong LM, Piao XS, Yi GF, Zhang JX. Effects of lentinan on broiler splenocyte proliferation, interleukin-2 production, and signal transduction. Poult Sci 2003; 82:760-6. [PMID: 12762398 DOI: 10.1093/ps/82.5.760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lentinan (LEN) is an intensively studied beta-glucan that has been shown to have immunostimulating and antitumor functions. However, it currently is not used in veterinary practice and animal production. This study was conducted to investigate the impacts of LEN on broiler splenocyte proliferation, interleukin-2 (IL-2) production, and to explore its effects on receptor signal transduction by determining signaling molecules, including nitric oxide (NO), cytosolic-free Ca2+, cytosolic cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). The results showed that compared to the control all three measured doses, including 40, 80, and 160 microg/mL LEN, increased splenocyte proliferation and IL-2 production (P < 0.05). Lentinan increased splenocyte NO production and cytosolic-free calcium concentration in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.001). After incubating splenocytes for 20 min, LEN increased intracellular cAMP and cGMP concentrations at a dose of 80 and 160 microg/mL, respectively. However, after incubating the splenocytes for 60 min, LEN had no effect on cytosolic cAMP and cGMP concentration irrespective of the LEN dosage. Those results indicated that LEN had immunostimulatory effects on splenocytes by increasing splenocyte proliferation and IL-2 production and by activating splenocyte receptor signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Chen
- China Agricultural University, National Feed Engineer and Technology Center, Beijing, China,100094
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21
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Ando I, Tsukumo Y, Wakabayashi T, Akashi S, Miyake K, Kataoka T, Nagai K. Safflower polysaccharides activate the transcription factor NF-kappa B via Toll-like receptor 4 and induce cytokine production by macrophages. Int Immunopharmacol 2002; 2:1155-62. [PMID: 12349952 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5769(02)00076-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Two active polysaccharide fractions (SF1 and SF2) purified from dried safflower petals (Carthamus tinctorius L.) stimulated the synthesis of various cytokines by peritoneal macrophages. In a number of cell types, SF1 and SF2 induced a rapid degradation of IkappaB alpha essential for the activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), but not TLR2, was expressed in all cell lines that responded to SF1 and SF2. Enforced expression of TLR4 and MD-2 rendered responsiveness to SF1 and SF2. Moreover, these safflower polysaccharides failed to induce the production of TNF-alpha and NO by peritoneal macrophages prepared from C3H/HeJ mice that have a point mutation in the Tlr4 gene. Thus, these observations clearly indicate that safflower polysaccharides activate the NF-kappaB signaling pathway via TLR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izuru Ando
- Department of Bioengineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
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22
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Murata Y, Shimamura T, Tagami T, Takatsuki F, Hamuro J. The skewing to Th1 induced by lentinan is directed through the distinctive cytokine production by macrophages with elevated intracellular glutathione content. Int Immunopharmacol 2002; 2:673-89. [PMID: 12013506 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5769(01)00212-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In vivo lentinan (LNT)-elicited peritoneal macrophages (Mps) showed the reduced release of prostaglandins (PGs), IL-10 and IL-6, while it endowed Mps with the elevated capability to produce IL-12 and nitric oxide (NO) upon in vitro triggering, due to the elevated intracellular glutathione (GSH) content in Mps. Deprivation of intracellular GSH completely ablated the production of IL-12. Conversely, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced peritoneal Mps with the reduced intracellular GSH content and the reciprocal profile of mediator production. Mps with the elevated intracelluar GSH is arbitrarily termed as reductive Mp (RMp) and that with reduced amount as oxidative Mp (OMp). OMp was converted to RMp when GSH was replenished with glutathione monoethylester (GSH-OEt). The IL-2 administration in combination with LNT exerted the synergistic induction of RMp, resulting in synergistic augmentation of IL-12, NO and reduction of IL-6 production. It was also confirmed that CD4+T cells derived of LNT-administered mice showed augmented IFN-gamma and reduced IL-4 production upon in vitro anti-CD3 stimulation. Taken together it is concluded that skewing of Th1/Th2 balance to Th1 by a beta-(1-3)-glucan, LNT, is directed through the distinctive production of IL-12 versus IL-6, IL-10 and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) by Mps, depending on intracellular GSH redox status. To the efficient tumor immunotherapy, it may be one of the critical elements to induce a reductive form of Mps in tumor stromal tissues to maintain Th1 response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukie Murata
- Basic Research Institute, Ajinomoto Central Research Laboratories, Ajinomoto Co. Inc., Kawasaki, Japan
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23
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Kogan G. (1→3,1→6)-β-D-glucans of yeasts and fungi and their biological activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1572-5995(00)80128-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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24
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Jin M, Kim S, Kim BK. Induction of B cell proliferation and NF-kappa B activation by a water soluble glycan from Lentinus lepideus. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY 1996; 18:439-48. [PMID: 9023583 DOI: 10.1016/s0192-0561(96)00018-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Many immune modulating compounds have been isolated from fungal extracts, but the molecular mechanisms of their action have rarely been elucidated. In this study we isolated a proteoglycan from cultured mycelia of Lentinus lepideus and tested its effects on murine spleen cells. The acidic-polysaccharide fraction was obtained by extraction with hot water followed by purification using DEAE-cellulose anion exchange. The molecular mass of the compound was determined by Sepharose CL-4B gel filtration to be approximately 47 kDa. When cultured in the presence of the compound, spleen cells from C3H mice underwent rapid cell proliferation and cell aggregation. Treatment with the compound also caused a 10-fold increase in [3H]-thymidine incorporation compared to a control, confirming cell proliferation. Flow cytometry analysis indicated that the affected cell population was mainly B cells. As one approach to understanding the molecular mechanism of this action, we investigated the effects of the compound on cellular transcription factors which are known to control the proliferation of immune cells. Using gel retardation assays, we found that the compound significantly activated NF-kappa B but not AP-1 in spleen cells. Taken together, the data suggest that the proteoglycan compound is a biological response modifier that stimulates B cell proliferation, probably by regulating cellular transcription factors such as NF-kappa B.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Korea
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25
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Hamuro J, Kikuchi T, Takatsuki F, Suzuki M. Cancer cell progression and chemoimmunotherapy--dual effects in the induction of resistance to therapy. Br J Cancer 1996; 73:465-71. [PMID: 8595160 PMCID: PMC2074464 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1996.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
To determine whether resistance to chemoimmunotherapy is acquired during therapy, we investigated the effects of chemotherapeutic agents and anti-tumour polysaccharide, lentinan, on the progression of Rous sarcoma virus-induced S908.D2 fibrosarcomas. The chemoimmunotherapy was effective against the parental S908.D2-bearing mice. Nearly all the mice that were treated with cyclophosphamide (CY) and lentinan achieved complete tumour regression. Only a few of the mice that achieved complete regression of the primary tumours showed a recurrence of the tumour in regional lymph nodes. S908.D2-vp.1 was established from metastatic tumours that developed in the regional lymph nodes of parental S908.D2-bearing mice during therapy. S908.D2-vp.2-or vp.3 cells were sequentially derived in a similar way from S908.D2-vp.1-or-vp.2-bearing mice respectively, in which complete tumour regression at each primary site was achieved during therapy. These lines acquired resistance to CY and lentinan and also to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)/5'-deoxy-5-fluorouracil and lentinan. No significant difference in either the sensitivity to 5-FU or 4-deoxycyclophosphamide in vitro or in the susceptibility to immune effector cells was observed between the parental and progressed lines (S908.D2-vp1 -vp3). There was an increase in the level of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the progressed lines during repeated therapy (parental, 1171 pg ml(-1); vp.1, 2199 pg ml(-1); vp.2, 5500pg ml(-1); vp3, 16187 pg ml(-1)). There was no significant increase in the production of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta). The amount of interleukin-2 (IL-2) produced by spleen cells isolated from the S908.D2-vp.2-bearing mice was decreased compared with the amount produced by the parental S908.D2- bearing mice. Furthermore, combination therapy with lentinan and IL-2 achieved complete tumour regression in all the mice transplanted with S908.D2 progressed tumour lines, although IL-2 alone did not show any anti-tumour effects in either the S908.D2 parental or progressed lines. The findings suggest that the reduced production of IL-2 induced an increase in the production of the PGE2 by progressed tumour lines is involved in the acquisition of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hamuro
- Basic Research Laboratories, Central Research Laboratories, Ajinomoto Co., Kawasaki, Japan
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