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Zellner M, Baureder M, Rappold E, Bugert P, Kotzailias N, Babeluk R, Baumgartner R, Attems J, Gerner C, Jellinger K, Roth E, Oehler R, Umlauf E. Comparative platelet proteome analysis reveals an increase of monoamine oxidase-B protein expression in Alzheimer's disease but not in non-demented Parkinson's disease patients. J Proteomics 2012; 75:2080-92. [PMID: 22270014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase-B (Mao-B) catalysing the breakdown of the neurotransmitter dopamine, is known to be involved in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Increased brain Mao-B activity is associated with AD. This alteration can also be seen in platelets, albeit the cause has hitherto remained elusive. To gain a deeper understanding of the etiology of AD, the platelet proteome was characterised, (2D DIGE pH6-9, including Mao-B) from 150 individuals: 34 AD, 13 vascular dementia, 15 non-demented PD patients, 49 matched controls, 18 oldest old and 21 young individuals. One significant change was noted after applying false discovery rate with the upregulation of the Mao-B expression (30% adjusted P value<0.001; effect size 1.31) in AD compared to age- and sex-matched controls. In contrast, Mao-B levels were unchanged in PD to matched controls. Western blot and mRNA analyses verified these findings. Moreover, Mao-B concentration correlated with age in the cognitive healthy individuals (r=0.53; P<0.001) and PD patients but not in those suffering from AD (r=-0.03; P=0.874). Mao-B activity correlated with the increased Mao-B protein expression in AD (r=0.81; P=0.016). We suggest that Mao-B platelet protein level may serve as a biomarker for age-related dementia, especially AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Zellner
- Surgical Research Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
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2
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Kokjohn TA, Van Vickle GD, Maarouf CL, Kalback WM, Hunter JM, Daugs ID, Luehrs DC, Lopez J, Brune D, Sue LI, Beach TG, Castaño EM, Roher AE. Chemical characterization of pro-inflammatory amyloid-beta peptides in human atherosclerotic lesions and platelets. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2011; 1812:1508-14. [PMID: 21784149 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Revised: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides are intimately involved in the inflammatory pathology of atherosclerotic vascular disease (AVD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although substantial amounts of these peptides are produced in the periphery, their role and significance to vascular disease outside the brain requires further investigation. Amyloid-β peptides present in the walls of human aorta atherosclerotic lesions as well as activated and non-activated human platelets were isolated using sequential size-exclusion columns and HPLC reverse-phase methods. The Aβ peptide isolates were quantified by ELISA and structurally analyzed using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry procedures. Our experiments revealed that both aorta and platelets contained Aβ peptides, predominately Aβ40. The source of the Aβ pool in aortic atherosclerosis lesions is probably the activated platelets and/or vascular wall cells expressing APP/PN2. Significant levels of Aβ42 are present in the plasma, suggesting that this reservoir makes a minor contribution to atherosclerotic plaques. Our data reveal that although aortic atherosclerosis and AD cerebrovascular amyloidosis exhibit clearly divergent end-stage manifestations, both vascular diseases share some key pathophysiological promoting elements and pathways. Whether they happen to be deposited in vessels of the central nervous system or atherosclerotic plaques in the periphery, Aβ peptides may promote and perhaps synergize chronic inflammatory processes which culminate in the degeneration, malfunction and ultimate destruction of arterial walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler A Kokjohn
- The Longtine Center for Neurodegenerative Biochemistry, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA
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3
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Huang W, Hicks SN, Sondek J, Zhang Q. A fluorogenic, small molecule reporter for mammalian phospholipase C isozymes. ACS Chem Biol 2011; 6:223-8. [PMID: 21158426 DOI: 10.1021/cb100308n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase C isozymes (PLCs) catalyze the conversion of the membrane lipid phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP(2)) into two second messengers, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and diacylglycerol. This family of enzymes are key signaling proteins that regulate the physiological responses of many extracellular stimuli such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and growth factors. Aberrant regulation of PLCs has been implicated in various diseases including cancer and Alzheimer's disease. How, when, and where PLCs are activated under different cellular contexts are still largely unknown. We have developed a fluorogenic PLC reporter, WH-15, that can be cleaved in a cascade reaction to generate fluorescent 6-aminoquinoline. When applied in enzymatic assays with either pure PLCs or cell lysates, this reporter displays more than a 20-fold fluorescence enhancement in response to PLC activity. Under assay conditions, WH-15 has comparable K(m) and V(max) with the endogenous PIP(2). This novel reporter will likely find broad applications that vary from imaging PLC activity in live cells to high-throughput screening of PLC inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weigang Huang
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products and ‡Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Stephanie N. Hicks
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products and ‡Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - John Sondek
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products and ‡Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Qisheng Zhang
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products and ‡Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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Zheng Y, He J, Hong T. Biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease in body fluids. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2010; 53:490-6. [PMID: 20596916 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-010-0081-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Various innovative diagnostic methods for Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been developed in view of the increasing prevalence and consequences of later-life dementia. Biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood for AD are primarily based on the detection of components derived from amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Published reports on CSF and blood biomarkers in AD indicate that although biomarkers in body fluids may be utilized in the clinical diagnosis of AD, there are no specific markers that permit accurate and reliable diagnosis of early-stage AD or the monitoring of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- YanPeng Zheng
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
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Mi LY, Ettenson DS, Edelman ER. Phospholipase C-delta extends intercellular signalling range and responses to injury-released growth factors in non-excitable cells. Cell Prolif 2008; 41:671-90. [PMID: 18616695 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2008.00544.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Intercellular communication in non-excitable cells is restricted to a limited range close to the signal source. Here, we have examined whether modification of the intracellular microenvironment could prolong the spatial proposition of signal generation and could increase cell proliferation. MATERIAL AND METHODS Mathematical models and experimental studies of endothelial repair after controlled mechanical injury were used. The models predict the diffusion range of injury-released growth factors and identify important parameters involved in a signalling regenerative mode. Transfected human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were used to validate model results, by examining intercellular calcium signalling range, cell proliferation and wound healing rate. RESULTS The models predict that growth factors have a limited capacity of extracellular diffusion and that intercellular signals are specially sensitive to cell phospholipase C-delta (PLCdelta) levels. As basal PLCdelta levels are increased by transfection, a significantly increased intercellular calcium range, enhanced cell proliferation, and faster wound healing rate were observed. CONCLUSION Our in silico and in vitro studies demonstrated that non-excitable endothelial cells respond to stimuli in a complex manner, in which intercellular communication is controlled by physicochemical properties of the stimulus and by the cell microenvironment. Such findings may have profound implications for our understanding of the tight nature of autocrine cell growth control, compensation to stress states and response to altered microenvironment, under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Y Mi
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Science and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Borroni B, Di Luca M, Padovani A. Predicting Alzheimer dementia in mild cognitive impairment patients. Are biomarkers useful? Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 545:73-80. [PMID: 16831417 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2006] [Revised: 03/19/2006] [Accepted: 06/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A correct clinical diagnosis in the early stage of Alzheimer disease is not only of importance given the current available treatment with acetylcholine esterase inhibitors, but would be the basis for disease-modifying therapy slowing down or arresting the degenerative process. Moreover, in the last years, several efforts have been made to determine if a patient with mild cognitive impairment has incipient Alzheimer disease, i.e. will progress to Alzheimer disease with dementia, or have a benign form of mild cognitive impairment. In this review, the recent published reports regarding progress in early and preclinical Alzheimer disease diagnosis are discussed and the role of peripheral and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers highlighted. Approaches combining panels of different biomarkers show promise for discovering profiles that are characteristic of Alzheimer disease, even in the pre-symptomatic stage. More work is needed but available novel perspectives offered by recent introduced technologies shed some lights in identifying incipient Alzheimer disease in mild cognitive impairment subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Borroni
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy.
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Padovani A, Borroni B, Di Luca M. Advances on biological markers in early diagnosis of Alzheimer disease. Adv Clin Chem 2005; 39:107-29. [PMID: 16013669 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2423(04)39004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Padovani
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Brescia, 25100 Brescia, Italy
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Borroni B, Akkawi N, Martini G, Colciaghi F, Prometti P, Rozzini L, Di Luca M, Lenzi GL, Romanelli G, Caimi L, Padovani A. Microvascular damage and platelet abnormalities in early Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Sci 2002; 203-204:189-93. [PMID: 12417382 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-510x(02)00289-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence from epidemiological and clinical studies suggests that vascular risk factors may be involved in Alzheimer disease (AD). Although the precise contribution of vascular disturbances to the pathogenesis of AD is still unclear, various biochemical and neuropathological data strengthen the view that cerebrovascular deficiencies such as reduced blood supply to the brain and disrupted microvascular integrity in brain parenchyma play a direct or intermediate role in the chain of events ending with a dementia syndrome. The present review focuses on platelet abnormalities and hemostatic alterations in AD. In particular, data from our group, along with current literature, are discussed with regard to the evidence of platelets amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing disturbances in early AD as well as to the recent observations of increased serum levels of thrombomodulin and sE-selectin, which are sensitive markers of endothelial dysfunction. These findings strongly indicate that platelet dysfunction and microvasculature deficiencies occur rather early during the course of AD, thus suggesting a further link between AD-related processes and vascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Borroni
- Clinica Neurologica, Spedali Civili di Brescia, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Piazza Ospedale 1, Brescia 25125, Italy
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Borroni B, Colciaghi F, Pastorino L, Archetti S, Corsini P, Cattabeni F, Di Luca M, Padovani A. ApoE genotype influences the biological effect of donepezil on APP metabolism in Alzheimer disease: evidence from a peripheral model. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2002; 12:195-200. [PMID: 12007670 DOI: 10.1016/s0924-977x(02)00013-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Three major amyloid precursor protein (APP) forms with apparent molecular weight ranging from 106 to 130 kDa are present in human platelets. Alzheimer disease (AD) is associated with a decreased APP forms ratio (APPr) between the three major forms. A total of 25 mild to moderate AD patients were investigated. Platelet APPr was studied before and after 30 days of acetylcholinesterase-inhibitor treatment (donepezil, 5 mg daily). Patients were grouped into non-epsilon4 carriers and epsilon4 carriers according to apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genotype. At baseline, all patients showed low APPr levels and no significant difference was found between the two ApoE subgroups. After treatment, although a marked improvement in APPr was observed in most patients, non-epsilon4 carriers displayed a higher increase compared to epsilon4 carriers (P<0.0001). The present study provides evidence that donepezil influences APP metabolism in platelets, and suggests that ApoE genotype might be an important modulating factor for drug responsiveness in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Borroni
- Department of Neurology, University of Brescia, Piazzale Spediale Civili 1, 25123 Brescia, Italy
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Abstract
In a previous article, recent reports by Japanese researchers on non-Alzheimer-type degenerative dementias were reviewed. In the present article, recent Japanese reports on Alzheimer-type dementia (ATD) are reviewed. Alzheimer-type dementia has received great attention and has been studied from various viewpoints in Japan as well as in Europe and the Americas. In Japan, although it was believed that vascular dementia was the most frequent dementia in the elderly, ATD has recently been shown to be the most predominant type of dementia. Such a great number of papers on ATD have been reported in Japan that mainly the clinical, neuropathological, biochemical and molecular biological research papers alone are reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kosaka
- Department of Psychiatry, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
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Shimohama S, Kamiya S, Fujii M, Ogawa T, Kanamori M, Kawamata J, Imura T, Taniguchi T, Yagisawa H. Mutation in the pleckstrin homology domain of the human phospholipase C-delta 1 gene is associated with loss of function. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 245:722-8. [PMID: 9588182 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1998.8307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The delta-type phospholipase C (PLC) is thought to be evolutionally the most basal form in the mammalian PLC family. One of the delta-type isoforms, PLC-delta 1, binds to both phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2) and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (Ins(1,4,5)P3) with a high affinity via its pleckstrin homology (PH) domain. We report here a missense mutation in the region encoding the C-terminal PH domain of the human PLC-delta 1. This is also the first report of a mutation in the human PLC genes. A single base substitution (G to A) causes the amino acid replacement, Arg105 to His. Site-directed mutagenesis of the glutathione-S-transferase (GST)/PLC-delta 1 fusion protein changing Arg105 to His resulted in a fourfold decrease in the affinity of specific Ins(1,4,5)P3 binding and a reduction in PtdIns(4,5)P2 hydrolysing activity to about 40% of that of the wild-type enzyme. This remarkable loss of function can be interpreted in terms of a conformational change in the PH domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shimohama
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan.
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Garlind A, Wiehager B, Winblad B, Fowler CJ. Intracellular inositol (1,4,5)-trisphosphate receptor levels are preserved in Alzheimer's disease platelets. Neurobiol Aging 1997; 18:559-61. [PMID: 9390785 DOI: 10.1016/s0197-4580(97)00039-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
An increasing number of signal transduction disturbances have been reported in Alzheimer's disease. These changes are not restricted to histopathologically changed brain areas but are seen also in peripheral tissues. One of the most severe disturbances is a loss of calcium-mobilizing intracellular inositol(1,4,5)-trisphosphate receptors in Alzheimer cerebellar and cortical tissues. In the present study, the binding of [3H]inositol(1,4,5)trisphosphate ([3H]Ins(1,4,5)P3) to the calcium-mobilizing inositol(1,4,5)trisphosphate receptors in platelet membranes from eight Alzheimer's disease patients and eight control subjects were investigated to determine its possible role as a biological marker in Alzheimer's disease. It was found that there were no significant difference in [3H]Ins(1,4,5)P3 binding with respect to the number of sites measured at different protein concentrations or to the sensitivity of the binding to inhibition by nonradioactive Ins(1,4,5)P3 between Alzheimer disease platelets and controls. It is concluded that inositol(1,4,5)trisphosphate receptor levels are preserved in platelets from patients with Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Garlind
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Family Medicine, Huddinge University Hospital, Sweden
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