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Skuk D, Tremblay JP. Human Muscle Precursor Cells Form Human-Derived Myofibers in Skeletal Muscles of Nonhuman Primates: A Potential New Preclinical Setting to Test Myogenic Cells of Human Origin for Cell Therapy of Myopathies. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2020; 79:1265-1275. [PMID: 33094339 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlaa110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to verify if human myogenic cells could participate in muscle regeneration in macaques. This experimental setting would grant researchers a model that could better evaluate the effects of cell therapies in myopathies with a better translation to human patients. Human muscle precursor cells (MPCs) were cultured in vitro and transduced with ß-galactosidase. The cells were subsequently injected into 1-cm3 muscle regions of 6 macaques immunosuppressed with tacrolimus and dexamethasone. Allogeneic ß-galactosidase+ MPCs were injected in other regions as positive controls. Some cell-grafted regions were electroporated to induce extensive muscle regeneration. MPC-grafted regions were sampled 1 month later and analyzed by histology. There were ß-galactosidase+ myofibers in both the regions grafted with human and macaque MPCs. Electroporation increased the engraftment of human MPCs in the same way as in macaque allografts. The histological analysis (hematoxylin and eosin, CD8, and CD4 immunodetection) demonstrated an absence of cellular rejection in most MPC-grafted regions, as well as minimal lymphocytic infiltration in the regions transplanted with human MPCs in the individual with the lowest tacrolimus levels. Circulating de novo anti-donor antibodies were not detected. In conclusion, we report the successful engraftment of human myogenic cells in macaques, which was possible using tacrolimus-based immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Skuk
- From the Axe Neurosciences, Research Center of the CHU de Quebec - CHUL, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Jacques P Tremblay
- From the Axe Neurosciences, Research Center of the CHU de Quebec - CHUL, Quebec, QC, Canada
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Kwun J, Knechtle S. Experimental modeling of desensitization: What have we learned about preventing AMR? Am J Transplant 2020; 20 Suppl 4:2-11. [PMID: 32538533 PMCID: PMC7522789 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.15873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
During the past 5 decades, short-term outcomes in kidney transplant have significantly improved, in large part due to reduced rates and severity of acute rejection. Development of better immunosuppressive maintenance agents, as well as new induction therapies, helped make these advances. Nonhuman primate models provided a rigorous testing platform to evaluate candidate biologics during this process. However, antibody-mediated rejection remains a major cause of late failure of kidney allografts despite advances made in pharmacologic immunosuppression and strategies developed to facilitate improved donor-recipient matching. Our laboratory has been actively working to develop strategies to prevent and treat antibody-mediated rejection and immunologic sensitization in organ transplant, relying largely on a nonhuman primate model of kidney transplant. In this review, we will cover outcomes achieved by managing antibody-mediated rejection or sensitization in nonhuman primate models and discuss promises, limitations, and future directions for this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Kwun
- Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Jean Kwun, PhD, 207 Research Drive, Jones 362, DUMC Box 2645, Durham, NC 27710, USA Phone: 919-668-6792; Fax: 919-684-8716;
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3
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Skuk D, Tremblay JP. Sarcolemmal Complement Membrane Attack Complex Deposits During Acute Rejection of Myofibers in Nonhuman Primates. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2019; 78:38-46. [PMID: 30481300 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nly106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously studied in nonhuman primates several aspects of the acute rejection of myofibers, including the histological characteristics, the mechanisms of myofiber elimination by the T cells, and the development of anti-donor antibodies. Here, we report the participation of the complement membrane attack complex (MAC) in this context. We used muscle sections of macaques from experiments of allogeneic muscle precursor cell transplantation with confirmed rejection of the graft-derived myofibers. Sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, alizarin red and for immunodetection of MAC, CD8, CD4, C3, C4d, and immunoglobulins. The prominent finding was the presence of sarcolemmal MAC (sMAC) deposits in biopsies with ongoing acute rejection or with recent acute rejection. The numbers of sMAC-positive myofibers were variable, being higher when there was an intense lymphocyte infiltration. Few sMAC-positive myofibers were necrotic or had evidence of sarcolemma permeation. The immunodetection of C3, C4d, and immunoglobulins did not provide significant elements. In conclusion, sMAC deposits were related to myofiber rejection. The fact that the vast majority of sMAC-positive myofibers had no signs of necrosis or sarcolemmal permeation suggests that MAC would not be harmful to myofibers by itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Skuk
- Axe Neurosciences, Research Center of the CHU de Quebec - CHUL, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jacques P Tremblay
- Axe Neurosciences, Research Center of the CHU de Quebec - CHUL, Quebec, Canada
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De Novo Circulating Antidonor's Cell Antibodies During Induced Acute Rejection of Allogeneic Myofibers in Myogenic Cell Transplantation: A Study in Nonhuman Primates. Transplant Direct 2018. [PMID: 29536029 PMCID: PMC5828687 DOI: 10.1097/txd.0000000000000740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transplantation of myogenic cells has potential applications in the treatment of muscle pathologies. Excluding purely autologous cell transplantation, graft viability depends on an adequate control of acute rejection (AR). To contribute in understanding AR in this context, we analyzed whether de novo circulating antibodies against donor’s cells are detected during induced AR of graft-derived myofibers in nonhuman primates. Methods We allotransplanted satellite cell-derived myoblasts in macaques immunosuppressed with tacrolimus. To induce AR of graft-derived myofibers, we administered tacrolimus for 4 weeks to allow complete myofiber formation, and then we stopped tacrolimus administration. Cell-grafted sites were biopsied at tacrolimus withdrawal and then every 2 weeks and analyzed by histology until AR completion. Blood samples were taken before immunosuppression, at tacrolimus withdrawal and then every 2 weeks to detect antibodies against the donor’s cells by flow cytometry. Results There was an increase of antibodies against the donor’s cells related to AR in all monkeys. This increase was variable in intensity, and preceded, coincided or followed the histological evidence of AR (focal accumulations of lymphocytes) and/or the loss of myofibers of donor origin, and remained until the end of the follow-up (up to 8 weeks after tacrolimus withdrawal). Conclusions Flow cytometry detection of de novo circulating antibodies against the donor’s cells was consistently associated with AR. A clear increase in this antibody detection indicated current or recent AR. Smaller increases in comparison to the preimmunosuppression values were not associated with AR.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Transplantation tolerance, successful acceptance of an organ without the perils of immunosuppression, has been a central goal of transplant research. Many strategies to achieve this tolerance have been examined over the past three decades, culminating in several human trials of transplant tolerance. This progression from the 'benchtop to the clinic' has depended on the successful implementation of these tolerance strategies in nonhuman primates. This review will examine the described methods of transplant tolerance induction in nonhuman primates. RECENT FINDINGS Although costimulatory blockade and mixed chimerism have an established record of achieving transplant tolerance in nonhuman primates, some of the most innovative recent techniques of tolerance induction have relied on cellular transfer. This review will fully examine the role of regulatory T-cell transfer and the use of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells to promote tolerance of organ allografts in nonhuman primates. SUMMARY Use of translational nonhuman primate transplant models is a vital intermediate step to advance new approaches of transplant tolerance induction from the lab to the clinic. This review will explore numerous techniques of tolerance induction that have been piloted in primates, including depletional techniques, induction of mixed hematopoietic chimerism, costimulation blockade, and adoptive transfer of tolerogenic cell populations.
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Kim JS, Byun N, Chung H, Kim HJ, Kim JM, Chun T, Lee WW, Park CG. Cell enrichment-free massive ex-vivo expansion of peripheral CD20⁺ B cells via CD40-CD40L signals in non-human primates. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 473:92-98. [PMID: 26993166 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Non-human primates (NHPs) are valuable as preclinical resources that bridge the gap between basic science and clinical application. B cells from NHPs have been utilized for the development of B-cell targeted drugs and cell-based therapeutic modalities; however, few studies on the ex-vivo expansion of monkey B cells have been reported. In this study, we developed a highly efficient ex-vivo expansion protocol for monkey B cells resulting in 99% purity without the requirement for prior cell-enrichment procedures. To this end, monkey peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were stimulated for 12 days with cells constitutively expressing monkey CD40L in expansion medium optimized for specific and massive expansion of B cells. The B cells expansion rates obtained were 2-5 times higher than those previously reported in humans, with rates ranging from 7.9 to 16.6 fold increase. Moreover, expanded B cells sustained high expression of co-stimulatory molecules including CD83 and CD86 until day 12 of culture, and the simple application of a brief centrifugation resulted in a CD20(+) B cell purity rate of greater than 99%. Furthermore, small amounts of CD3(+)CD20(+)BT-like cells were generated and CD16 was expressed at moderate levels on expanded B cells. Thus, the establishment of this protocol provides a method to produce quantities of homogeneous, mature B cells in numbers sufficient for the in vitro study of B cell immunity as well as for the development of B cell-diagnostic tools and cell-based therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Sik Kim
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea; Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea; Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea.
| | - Nari Byun
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea; Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea; BK21Plus Biomedical Science Project, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea.
| | - Hyunwoo Chung
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea; Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea; BK21Plus Biomedical Science Project, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea.
| | - Hyun-Je Kim
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea; Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea; BK21Plus Biomedical Science Project, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea.
| | - Jong-Min Kim
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea; Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea.
| | - Taehoon Chun
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea.
| | - Won-Woo Lee
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea; Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea; Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea; BK21Plus Biomedical Science Project, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea.
| | - Chung-Gyu Park
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea; Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea; Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea; Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea; BK21Plus Biomedical Science Project, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea.
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Gao F, Bao J. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of the rhesus macaque MHC class I molecule Mamu-B*17 complexed with an immunodominant SIVmac239 Env epitope. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2013; 69:643-5. [PMID: 23722842 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309113011251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Long-term nonprogression during simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection has been strongly associated with the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I allele Mamu-B*17. Here, a complex of rhesus macaque Mamu-B*17 with rhesus macaque β2-microglobulin (β2m) and an immunodominant peptide (SIVmac239 Env241-251; LRCNDTNYSGF; Env LF11) derived from the SIV Env protein was crystallized by the hanging-drop method using PEG 3350 as a precipitating agent. The crystals belonged to the primitive monoclinic space group P2, with unit-cell parameters a = 68.3, b = 45.0, c = 81.5 Å, β = 96.5°. Assuming the presence of one molecule in the asymmetric unit, the Matthews coefficient and solvent content were calculated to be 2.96 Å(3) Da(-1) and 58.5%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
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Huchard E, Albrecht C, Schliehe-Diecks S, Baniel A, Roos C, Kappeler PM, Peter PMK, Brameier M. Large-scale MHC class II genotyping of a wild lemur population by next generation sequencing. Immunogenetics 2012; 64:895-913. [PMID: 22948859 PMCID: PMC3496554 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-012-0649-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The critical role of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes in disease resistance, along with their putative function in sexual selection, reproduction and chemical ecology, make them an important genetic system in evolutionary ecology. Studying selective pressures acting on MHC genes in the wild nevertheless requires population-wide genotyping, which has long been challenging because of their extensive polymorphism. Here, we report on large-scale genotyping of the MHC class II loci of the grey mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus) from a wild population in western Madagascar. The second exons from MHC-DRB and -DQB of 772 and 672 individuals were sequenced, respectively, using a 454 sequencing platform, generating more than 800,000 reads. Sequence analysis, through a stepwise variant validation procedure, allowed reliable typing of more than 600 individuals. The quality of our genotyping was evaluated through three independent methods, namely genotyping the same individuals by both cloning and 454 sequencing, running duplicates, and comparing parent-offspring dyads; each displaying very high accuracy. A total of 61 (including 20 new) and 60 (including 53 new) alleles were detected at DRB and DQB genes, respectively. Both loci were non-duplicated, in tight linkage disequilibrium and in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, despite the fact that sequence analysis revealed clear evidence of historical selection. Our results highlight the potential of 454 sequencing technology in attempts to investigate patterns of selection shaping MHC variation in contemporary populations. The power of this approach will nevertheless be conditional upon strict quality control of the genotyping data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Huchard
- Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, Göttingen, Germany.
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Skuk D, Tremblay JP. Necrosis, sarcolemmal damage and apoptotic events in myofibers rejected by CD8+ lymphocytes: Observations in nonhuman primates. Neuromuscul Disord 2012; 22:997-1005. [PMID: 22749896 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To detect the mechanisms of death in allogeneic myofibers rejected by the immune system, myoblasts were allotransplanted in muscles of macaques immunosuppressed with tacrolimus. Immunosuppression was stopped 1month later to induce a massive rejection of allogeneic myofibers. Grafted sites were biopsied at 2-week intervals and analyzed by histology. The loss of allogeneic myofibers was rapid and concomitant with an intense infiltration of CD8+ lymphocytes. Several necrotic myofibers were observed in the lymphocyte accumulations by intracellular complement immunodetection. Dystrophin and spectrin immunodetection showed sarcolemmal damage in myofibers surrounded and invaded by CD8+ lymphocytes. Active caspase-3 was immunodetected in some myofibers surrounded by CD8+ lymphocytes. This is the first evidence that the collapse of myofibers attacked by T lymphocytes occurs by necrosis possibly due to damage of the sarcolemma. Caspase 3 is activated at least in some myofibers, but there was no evidence of a complete classical process of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Skuk
- Neurosciences Division - Human Genetics, CHUQ Research Center - CHUL, Quebec, QC, Canada.
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Acute Rejection of Myofibers in Nonhuman Primates: Key Histopathologic Features. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2012; 71:398-412. [DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e31825243ae] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Kwun J, Bulut P, Kim E, Dar W, Oh B, Ruhil R, Iwakoshi N, Knechtle SJ. The role of B cells in solid organ transplantation. Semin Immunol 2011; 24:96-108. [PMID: 22137187 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2011.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The role of antibodies in chronic injury to organ transplants has been suggested for many years, but recently emphasized by new data. We have observed that when immunosuppressive potency decreases either by intentional weaning of maintenance agents or due to homeostatic repopulation after immune cell depletion, the threshold of B cell activation may be lowered. In human transplant recipients the result may be donor-specific antibody, C4d+ injury, and chronic rejection. This scenario has precise parallels in a rhesus monkey renal allograft model in which T cells are depleted with CD3 immunotoxin, or in a CD52-T cell transgenic mouse model using alemtuzumab to deplete T cells. Such animal models may be useful for the testing of therapeutic strategies to prevent DSA. We agree with others who suggest that weaning of immunosuppression may place transplant recipients at risk of chronic antibody-mediated rejection, and that strategies to prevent this scenario are needed if we are to improve long-term graft and patient outcomes in transplantation. We believe that animal models will play a crucial role in defining the pathophysiology of antibody-mediated rejection and in developing effective therapies to prevent graft injury. Two such animal models are described herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Kwun
- Emory Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Blokhuis JH, van der Wiel MK, Doxiadis GGM, Bontrop RE. The mosaic of KIR haplotypes in rhesus macaques. Immunogenetics 2010; 62:295-306. [PMID: 20204612 PMCID: PMC2858804 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-010-0434-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
To further refine and improve biomedical research in rhesus macaques, it is necessary to increase our knowledge concerning both the degree of allelic variation (polymorphism) and diversity (gene copy number variation) in the killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) gene cluster. Pedigreed animals in particular should be studied, as segregation data will provide clues to the linkage of particular KIR genes/alleles segregating on a haplotype and to its gene content as well. A dual strategy allowed us to screen the presence and absence of genes and the corresponding transcripts, as well as to track differences in transcription levels. On the basis of this approach, 14 diverse KIR haplotypes have been described. These haplotypes consist of multiple inhibitory and activating Mamu-KIR genes, and any gene present on one haplotype may be absent on another. This suggests that the cost of accelerated evolution by recombination may be the loss of certain framework genes on a haplotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen H Blokhuis
- Department of Comparative Genetics and Refinement, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 139, 2288GJ, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
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Blokhuis JH, van der Wiel MK, Doxiadis GGM, Bontrop RE. Evidence for balancing selection acting on KIR2DL4 genotypes in rhesus macaques of Indian origin. Immunogenetics 2009; 61:503-12. [PMID: 19506858 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-009-0379-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2009] [Accepted: 05/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) and their respective major histocompatibility complex (MHC) ligands can alter the activation state of the natural killer (NK) cell. In both humans and rhesus macaques, particular types of non-classical MHC class I molecules are predominantly expressed on the trophoblast. In humans, human leukocyte antigen G has been demonstrated to act as a ligand for KIR2DL4, present on all NK cells, whereas Mamu-AG may execute a similar function in rhesus macaques. During primate evolution, orthologues of KIR2DL4 appear to have been highly conserved, suggesting strong purifying selection. A cohort of 112 related and unrelated rhesus macaques of mostly Indian origin were selected to study their KIR2DL4 genes for the occurrence of polymorphism. Comparison of the proximal region provided evidence for strong conservative selection acting on the exons encoding the Ig domains. As is found in humans, in the Indian rhesus macaque population, two different KIR2DL4 entities are encountered, which differ for their intra-cellular signalling motifs. One genotype contains a complex mutation in the distal region of exon 9, which negates a serine/threonine kinase site. Furthermore, both allelic entities are present in a distribution, which suggests that balancing selection is operating on these two distinct forms of KIR2DL4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen H Blokhuis
- Department of Comparative Genetics and Refinement, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 139, Rijswijk, 2288 GJ, The Netherlands.
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Garamszegi LZ, de Groot NG, Bontrop RE. Correlated evolution of nucleotide substitution rates and allelic variation in Mhc-DRB lineages of primates. BMC Evol Biol 2009; 9:73. [PMID: 19361342 PMCID: PMC2674423 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-9-73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2008] [Accepted: 04/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a key model of genetic polymorphism. Selection pressure by pathogens or other microevolutionary forces may result in a high rate of non-synonymous substitutions at the codons specifying the contact residues of the antigen binding sites (ABS), and the maintenance of extreme MHC allelic variation at the population/species level. Therefore, selection forces favouring MHC variability for any reason should cause a correlated evolution between substitution rates and allelic polymorphism. To investigate this prediction, we characterised nucleotide substitution rates and allelic polymorphism (i.e. the number of alleles detected in relation to the number of animals screened) of several Mhc class II DRB lineages in 46 primate species, and tested for a correlation between them. RESULTS First, we demonstrate that species-specific and lineage-specific evolutionary constraints favour species- and lineage-dependent substitution rate at the codons specifying the ABS contact residues (i.e. certain species and lineages can be characterised by high substitution rate, while others have low rate). Second, we show that although the degree of the non-synonymous substitution rate at the ABS contact residues was systematically higher than the degree of the synonymous substitution rate, these estimates were strongly correlated when we controlled for species-specific and lineage-specific effects, and also for the fact that different studies relied on different sample size. Such relationships between substitution rates of different types could even be extended to the non-contact residues of the molecule. Third, we provide statistical evidence that increased substitution rate along a MHC gene may lead to allelic variation, as a high substitution rate can be observed in those lineages in which many alleles are maintained. Fourth, we show that the detected patterns were independent of phylogenetic constraints. When we used phylogenetic models that control for similarity between species, due to common descent, and focused on variations within a single lineage (DRB1*03), the positive relationship between different substitution rates and allelic polymorphisms was still robust. Finally, we found the same effects to emerge in the analyses that eliminated within-species variation in MHC traits by using strictly single population-level studies. However, in a set of contrasting analyses, in which we focused on the non-functional DRB6 locus, the correlation between substitution rates and allelic variation was not prevalent. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that positive selection for the generation of allelic polymorphism acting on the functional part of the protein has consequences for the nucleotide substitution rate along the whole exon 2 sequence of the Mhc-DRB gene. Additionally, we proved that an increased substitution rate can promote allelic variation within lineages. Consequently, the evolution of different characteristics of genetic polymorphism is not independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Z Garamszegi
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana-CSIC, c/Americo Vespucio, s/n, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Natasja G de Groot
- Department of Comparative Genetics and Refinement, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, PO Box 3306, 2280 GH Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Ronald E Bontrop
- Department of Comparative Genetics and Refinement, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, PO Box 3306, 2280 GH Rijswijk, the Netherlands
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Li J, Srivastava T, Rawal R, Manuel E, Isbell D, Tsark W, La Rosa C, Wang Z, Li Z, Barry PA, Hagen KD, Longmate J, Diamond DJ. Mamu-A01/K(b) transgenic and MHC Class I knockout mice as a tool for HIV vaccine development. Virology 2009; 387:16-28. [PMID: 19249807 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2008] [Revised: 09/23/2008] [Accepted: 01/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a murine model expressing the rhesus macaque (RM) Mamu-A01 MHC allele to characterize immune responses and vaccines based on antigens of importance to human disease processes. Towards that goal, transgenic (Tg) mice expressing chimeric RM (alpha1 and alpha2 Mamu-A01 domains) and murine (alpha3, transmembrane, and cytoplasmic H-2K(b) domains) MHC Class I molecules were derived by transgenesis of the H-2K(b)D(b) double MHC Class I knockout strain. After immunization of Mamu-A01/K(b) Tg mice with rVV-SIVGag-Pol, the mice generated CD8(+) T-cell IFN-gamma responses to several known Mamu-A01 restricted epitopes from the SIV Gag and Pol antigen sequence. Fusion peptides of highly recognized CTL epitopes from SIV Pol and Gag and a strong T-help epitope were shown to be immunogenic and capable of limiting an rVV-SIVGag-Pol challenge. Mamu-A01/K(b) Tg mice provide a model system to study the Mamu-A01 restricted T-cell response for various infectious diseases which are applicable to a study in RM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinliang Li
- Division of Translational Vaccine Research, Fox South, 1000B, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Rd., Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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16
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Blokhuis JH, Doxiadis GGM, Bontrop RE. A splice site mutation converts an inhibitory killer cell Ig-like receptor into an activating one. Mol Immunol 2008; 46:640-8. [PMID: 19019442 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2008.08.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2008] [Revised: 08/01/2008] [Accepted: 08/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The killer cell Ig-like receptor (KIR) 3DH protein in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) is thought to be an activating one because it contains a charged arginine in its transmembrane domain and has a truncated cytoplasmic domain. MmKIR3DH has thus far been characterized by an analysis of cDNA. Its presence and polymorphism has been further investigated by examining mRNA transcripts and genomic sequences in families. Multiple copies of MmKIR3DH are present per animal, suggesting that the gene has been duplicated on some haplotypes. All transcripts are truncated and lack exon 8. Investigation of the gene itself shows that exon 8 is present, intact, and homologous to MmKIR2DL4. However, there is a mutation in the donor splice site of intron 8, which is absent in MmKIR2DL4 genomic sequences. This mutation introduces a frameshift, subsequently resulting in a premature stopcodon. To further verify this mutation, a cohort of unrelated animals from different geographical locations was examined, and both exon 8 and the splice site mutation were seen to be present in their MmKIR3DH genes. The data suggest that the splice site mutation causes the truncation of the MmKIR3DH transcript and the subsequent loss of its inhibitory motifs further downstream. Loss of inhibitory potential through different mutations is observed in other primate species as well, suggesting convergent evolution; however, this is the first report to document that a mutation in an intron produces a similar effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen H Blokhuis
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Department of Comparative Genetics and Refinement, Lange Kleiweg 139, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
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17
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Huchard E, Weill M, Cowlishaw G, Raymond M, Knapp LA. Polymorphism, haplotype composition, and selection in the Mhc-DRB of wild baboons. Immunogenetics 2008; 60:585-98. [DOI: 10.1007/s00251-008-0319-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2008] [Accepted: 06/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Kaufman HL, Kim-Schulze S, Manson K, DeRaffele G, Mitcham J, Seo KS, Kim DW, Marshall J. Poxvirus-based vaccine therapy for patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. J Transl Med 2007; 5:60. [PMID: 18039393 PMCID: PMC2217514 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-5-60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2007] [Accepted: 11/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose An open-label Phase 1 study of recombinant prime-boost poxviruses targeting CEA and MUC-1 in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer was conducted to determine safety, tolerability and obtain preliminary data on immune response and survival. Patients and methods Ten patients with advanced pancreatic cancer were treated on a Phase I clinical trial. The vaccination regimen consisted of vaccinia virus expressing tumor antigens carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and mucin-1 (MUC-1) with three costimulatory molecules B7.1, ICAM-1 and LFA-3 (TRICOM) (PANVAC-V) and fowlpox virus expressing the same antigens and costimulatory molecules (PANVAC-F). Patients were primed with PANVAC-V followed by three booster vaccinations using PANVAC-F. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) was used as a local adjuvant after each vaccination and for 3 consecutive days thereafter. Monthly booster vaccinations for up to 12 months were provided for patients without progressive disease. Peripheral blood was collected before, during and after vaccinations for immune analysis. Results The most common treatment-related adverse events were mild injection-site reactions. Antibody responses against vaccinia virus was observed in all 10 patients and antigen-specific T cell responses were observed in 5 out of 8 evaluable patients (62.5%). Median overall survival was 6.3 months and a significant increase in overall survival was noted in patients who generated anti CEA- and/or MUC-1-specific immune responses compared with those who did not (15.1 vs 3.9 months, respectively; P = .002). Conclusion Poxvirus vaccination is safe, well tolerated, and capable of generating antigen-specific immune responses in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard L Kaufman
- The Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Division of Surgical Oncology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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19
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O’Connor SL, Blasky AJ, Pendley CJ, Becker EA, Wiseman RW, Karl JA, Hughes AL, O’Connor DH. Comprehensive characterization of MHC class II haplotypes in Mauritian cynomolgus macaques. Immunogenetics 2007; 59:449-62. [PMID: 17384942 PMCID: PMC2836927 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-007-0209-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2007] [Accepted: 02/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There are currently no nonhuman primate models with fully defined major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II genetics. We recently showed that six common MHC haplotypes account for essentially all MHC diversity in cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) from the island of Mauritius. In this study, we employ complementary DNA cloning and sequencing to comprehensively characterize full length MHC class II alleles expressed at the Mafa-DPA, -DPB, -DQA, -DQB, -DRA, and -DRB loci on the six common haplotypes. We describe 34 full-length MHC class II alleles, 12 of which are completely novel. Polymorphism was evident at all six loci including DPA, a locus thought to be monomorphic in rhesus macaques. Similar to other Old World monkeys, Mauritian cynomolgus macaques (MCM) share MHC class II allelic lineages with humans at the DQ and DR loci, but not at the DP loci. Additionally, we identified extensive sharing of MHC class II alleles between MCM and other nonhuman primates. The characterization of these full-length-expressed MHC class II alleles will enable researchers to generate MHC class II transferent cell lines, tetramers, and other molecular reagents that can be used to explore CD4+ T lymphocyte responses in MCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby L. O’Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Alex J. Blasky
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Chad J. Pendley
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Ericka A. Becker
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Roger W. Wiseman
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Julie A. Karl
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Austin L. Hughes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208
| | - David H. O’Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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20
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Stewart VA, McGrath SM, Dubois PM, Pau MG, Mettens P, Shott J, Cobb M, Burge JR, Larson D, Ware LA, Demoitie MA, Weverling GJ, Bayat B, Custers JHHV, Dubois MC, Cohen J, Goudsmit J, Heppner DG. Priming with an adenovirus 35-circumsporozoite protein (CS) vaccine followed by RTS,S/AS01B boosting significantly improves immunogenicity to Plasmodium falciparum CS compared to that with either malaria vaccine alone. Infect Immun 2007; 75:2283-90. [PMID: 17307942 PMCID: PMC1865796 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01879-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The RTS,S/AS02A protein-based vaccine consistently demonstrates significant protection against infection with Plasmodium falciparum malaria and also against clinical malaria and severe disease in children in areas of endemicity. Here we demonstrate with rhesus macaques that priming with a replication-defective human adenovirus serotype 35 (Ad35) vector encoding circumsporozoite protein (CS) (Ad35.CS), followed by boosting with RTS,S in an improved MPL- and QS21-based adjuvant formulation, AS01B, maintains antibody responses and dramatically increases levels of T cells producing gamma interferon and other Th1 cytokines in response to CS peptides. The increased T-cell responses induced by the combination of Ad35.CS and RTS,S/AS01B are sustained for at least 6 months postvaccination and may translate to improved and more durable protection against P. falciparum infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Ann Stewart
- Division of Malaria Vaccine Development, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
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21
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Wei H, Wang H, Hou S, Hu S, Fan K, Fan X, Zhu T, Guo Y. DRB genotyping in cynomolgus monkeys from China using polymerase chain reaction -sequence-specific primers. Hum Immunol 2006; 68:135-44. [PMID: 17321904 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2006.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2006] [Revised: 10/01/2006] [Accepted: 10/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cynomolgus macaques are relevant models for human diseases and transplantation. In each case, a complete understanding of these models requires knowledge of the macaque major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Because of high polymorphism and multiple genes per haplotype, it has been difficult to develop a rapid typing method for cynomolgus monkey MHC class II. We developed a simple and rapid polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific primer (PCR-SSP) strategy for Chinese cynomolgus monkey DRB locus typing. Forty Chinese cynomolgus monkeys originating from the Guangxi Province in China were included in the study. Twenty nine cynomolgus monkey allele-specific primer pairs were designed based on published Macaca fascicularis (Mafa)-DRB locus gene sequences. Allele-specific PCR products ranged in size from 143 to 253 bp; 5' and 3' Mafa-DRB locus allele specific primers were located in the second exon. Specific PCR product gel purification was followed by direct sequencing in both directions. Our data showed prominent variability in the number of Mafa-DRB sequences ranging from 2 to 7 per animal. This analysis demonstrated that most of the amplicons were identical to Mafa-DRB sequences that our PCR primers were to amplify. However, 98 to 99% similarity was noticed in the case of Mafa-DRB4*0101, Mafa-DRB*W2101, and Mafa-DRB*W4901 sequences. The observed mismatches were located in nonpolymorphic regions. Thus, haplotype analysis confirmed the existence of allelic associations published earlier. In addition, we propose a new DRB sequence. The established medium-resolution PCR-SSP technique appears to be a highly reproducible and discriminatory typing method for detecting polymorphisms of DRB genes in Chinese cynomolgus monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huafeng Wei
- International Joint Cancer Institute, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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22
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Huchard E, Cowlishaw G, Raymond M, Weill M, Knapp LA. Molecular study of Mhc-DRB in wild chacma baboons reveals high variability and evidence for trans-species inheritance. Immunogenetics 2006; 58:805-16. [PMID: 17021859 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-006-0156-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2006] [Accepted: 08/24/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The MHC class II genes of many primate species were investigated extensively in recent years. However, while Mhc-DRB genes were studied in Old World monkeys such as rhesus macaques, the Mhc-DRB of baboons was only studied in a limited way. Because of their close anatomical and physiological relationship to humans, baboons are often used as models for reproduction and transplantation research. Baboons are also studied as a model species in behavioural ecology. Thus, identification of MHC genes would provide a foundation for studies of Mhc, biology and behaviour. Here, we describe the use of PCR, cloning, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and sequencing to identify Mhc-DRB sequences in wild chacma baboons (Papio ursinus). We amplified the highly variable second exon of baboon Mhc-DRB sequences using generic DRB primers. To validate and optimize the DGGE protocol, four DNA samples were initially studied using cloning and sequencing. Clones were screened using a novel RFLP approach to increase the number of clones identified for each individual. Results from cloning and sequencing were used to optimise DGGE conditions for Mhc-DRB genotyping of the remaining study subjects. Using these techniques, we identified 16 Paur-DRB sequences from 30 chacma baboons. On the basis of phylogenetic tree analyses, representatives of the Mhc-DRB1 and Mhc-DRB5 loci, and 13 different DRB lineages were identified. Evidence for trans-species inheritance of some Mhc-DRB sequences comes from high identity between the new Paur-DRB sequences and sequences from Papio cynocephalus, Macaca mulatta and possibly Galago moholi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Huchard
- Equipe Génétique et Environnement, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution (CNRS-UMR 5554), Université Montpellier II (CC 65), Place Eugène Bataillon, Montpellier, France
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23
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Stewart VA, McGrath SM, Walsh DS, Davis S, Hess AS, Ware LA, Kester KE, Cummings JF, Burge JR, Voss G, Delchambre M, Garçon N, Tang DB, Cohen JD, Heppner DG. Pre-clinical evaluation of new adjuvant formulations to improve the immunogenicity of the malaria vaccine RTS,S/AS02A. Vaccine 2006; 24:6483-92. [PMID: 16904798 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2006] [Revised: 06/02/2006] [Accepted: 06/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND RTS,S/AS02A, a pre-erythrocytic Plasmodium falciparum vaccine based upon the circumsporozoite protein, is the only vaccine demonstrated in field trials to confer partial protection against a range of malaria disease manifestations. Pre-clinical studies are on-going to identify new RTS,S formulations with improved magnitude and duration of specific immunity. METHODS Rhesus macaques were immunized with saline or one of four "RTS,S/adjuvant" formulations at 0, 4, and 12 weeks: RTS,S/AS01B, RTS,S/AS02A-standard (current formulation), RTS,S/AS05 or RTS,S/AS06. An RTS,S/AS02A-accelerated group was immunized at 0, 1, and 4 weeks. Outcomes were safety, RTS,S-specific antibody, and IFN-gamma and IL-5 ELISpots (weeks 14 and 34). FINDINGS All regimens were safe and, except for RTS,S/AS06, generated equivalent high titer antibody levels. For IFN-gamma ELISpots, RTS,S/AS01B had the highest geometric mean (GM) values at weeks 14 and 34, and was the only group with an overall GM mean (weeks 14+34) higher than RTS,S/AS02A-standard (p<0.015). For IFN-gamma to IL-5 ELISpot response ratios, RTS,S/AS01B had the highest values at weeks 14 and 34, and was the only group higher than RTS,S/AS02A-standard at each individual time point and overall (weeks 14+34) (p<0.015). INTERPRETATION RTS,S/AS01B is a safe and immunogenically superior formulation for cellular responses, in comparison with the RTS,S/AS02A-standard. Phase 1, 2a, and 2b clinical trials are underway to determine if RTS,S/AS01B demonstrates improved immunogenicity and protective efficacy against experimental challenge and natural mosquito-borne malaria.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/chemistry
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Protozoan/analysis
- Antibodies, Protozoan/biosynthesis
- Antibody Specificity
- Blood Chemical Analysis
- Chemistry, Pharmaceutical
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Data Interpretation, Statistical
- Erythrocyte Count
- Immunity, Cellular/physiology
- Immunization, Secondary
- Interferon-gamma/pharmacology
- Interleukin-5/pharmacology
- Leukocyte Count
- Macaca mulatta
- Malaria Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Malaria Vaccines/adverse effects
- Malaria Vaccines/immunology
- Malaria, Falciparum/immunology
- Monocytes/immunology
- Plasmodium falciparum/immunology
- Quality Control
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Affiliation(s)
- V Ann Stewart
- Department of Immunology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, USA.
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Abbott KM, Wickings EJ, Knapp LA. High levels of diversity characterize mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx) Mhc-DRB sequences. Immunogenetics 2006; 58:628-40. [PMID: 16802168 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-006-0132-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2005] [Accepted: 12/15/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is highly polymorphic in most primate species studied thus far. The rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) has been studied extensively and the Mhc-DRB region demonstrates variability similar to humans. The extent of MHC diversity is relatively unknown for other Old World monkeys (OWM), especially among genera other than Macaca. A molecular survey of the Mhc-DRB region in mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) revealed extensive variability, suggesting that other OWMs may also possess high levels of Mhc-DRB polymorphism. In the present study, 33 Mhc-DRB loci were identified from only 13 animals. Eleven were wild-born and presumed to be unrelated and two were captive-born twins. Two to seven different sequences were identified for each individual, suggesting that some mandrills may have as many as four Mhc-DRB loci on a single haplotype. From these sequences, representatives of at least six Mhc-DRB loci or lineages were identified. As observed in other primates, some new lineages may have arisen through the process of gene conversion. These findings indicate that mandrills have Mhc-DRB diversity not unlike rhesus macaques and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M Abbott
- PrIME, Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3DZ, UK.
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25
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Blancher A, Tisseyre P, Dutaur M, Apoil PA, Maurer C, Quesniaux V, Raulf F, Bigaud M, Abbal M. Study of Cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) MhcDRB (Mafa-DRB) polymorphism in two populations. Immunogenetics 2006; 58:269-82. [PMID: 16572321 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-006-0102-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2005] [Accepted: 02/06/2006] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cynomolgus monkey is one of the macaque species currently used as an animal model for experimental surgery and medicine, in particular, to experiment new drugs or therapy protocols designed for the prevention of allograft rejection. In this field, it is of utmost importance to select histoincompatible recipient-donor pairs. One way to ensure incompatibility between donor and recipient is to check their major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genotypes at the loci playing a determinant role in histocompatibility. We report in this paper on the cynomolgus monkey DRB polymorphism evidenced by sequencing of amplified exon 2 separated either by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), or by cloning. By the study of 253 unrelated animals from two populations (Mauritius and The Philippines), we characterized 50 exon 2 sequences among which 28 were identical to sequences already reported in Macaca fascicularis or other macaque species (Macaca mulatta, Macaca nemestrina). By cloning and sequencing DRB cDNA, we revealed two additional DRB alleles. Out of the 20 haplotypes that we defined here, only two were found in both populations. The functional impact of DR incompatibility was studied in vitro by mixed lymphocyte culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Blancher
- Laboratoire d'Immunogenetique moleculaire, Universite Paul Sabatier, Faculte de Medecine de Rangueil, Batiment A2, 133, Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse cedex 4, France.
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26
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Alaez C, Infante E, Pujol J, Duran C, Navarro JL, Gorodezky C. Molecular analysis of HLA-DRB1, DQA1, DQB1, DQ promoter polymorphism and extended class I/class II haplotypes in the Seri Indians from Northwest Mexico. TISSUE ANTIGENS 2002; 59:388-96. [PMID: 12144622 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-0039.2002.590505.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The study of the genetics of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) in Amerindians is of great value in understanding the origins and migrations of these native groups, as well as the impact of immunogenetics on the epidemiology of diseases affecting these populations. We analyzed, using Polymerase Chain Reaction and Sequence Specific Oligonucleotide Probes (PCR-SSOP), DRB1, DQA1, DQB1 alleles and the promoter regions of DQA1 and DQB1 genes in 31 unrelated and 24 related Seri, a Mexican Indian group, from the state of Sonora (Northwest Mexico). The class II genotypes of this population were found to be in genetic equilibrium. The allele frequency (AF) of the prevalent DRB1 alleles were DRB1*0407 (48.4%), DRB1*0802 (33.9%) and DRB1*1402 (16.1%). The most frequent DQA1 and DQB1 alleles were DQA1*03011 (AF = 50.00%), DQA1*0401 (AF = 33.87%) and DQA1*0501 (AF = 16.13%); DQB1*0302 (AF = 50.00%), DQB1*0402 (33.87%) and DQB1*0301 (16.13%); which were in combination with DRB1*0407, DRB1*0802 and DRB1*1402, respectively. Three QAP and three QBP alleles were present (QAP 3.1, 4.1, 4.2; QBP 3.1, 3.21, 4.1) associated with the typical published DQA1 and DQB1 alleles. Four class II haplotypes were present in family members: DRB1*0407-QAP-3.1-DQA1*03011-QBP-3.21-DQB1*0302; DRB1*0802-QAP-4.2-DQA1*0401-QBP-4.1-DQB1*0402; DRB1*1402-QAP-4.1-DQA1*0501-QBP-3.1-DQB1*0301 and DRB1*0701-QAP-2.1-DQA1*0201-QBP-2.1-DQB1*0201. The family data were used to confirm extended haplotypes. A total of 21 haplotypes were found when A* and B* loci were also considered. The three most frequent combinations included A*0201-B*3501-DRB1*0407, A*3101-B*5101-DRB1*0802, and A*0201-B*40-DRB1*1402.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Alaez
- Department of Immunogenetics, InDRE. SSA. Mexico City, Mexico
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27
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Skuk D, Goulet M, Roy B, Tremblay JP. Efficacy of myoblast transplantation in nonhuman primates following simple intramuscular cell injections: toward defining strategies applicable to humans. Exp Neurol 2002; 175:112-26. [PMID: 12009764 DOI: 10.1006/exnr.2002.7899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Nonhuman primates were used to define myoblast transplantation strategies applicable to humans. Nevertheless, previous experiments were based on the use of myotoxins concomitant with the myoblast injections. Since myotoxins must be avoided for clinical applications, we analyzed the efficacy of simple myoblast injections (i.e., myoblasts resuspended only in saline) into monkey muscles. We also evaluated different FK506 dosages (in combination or not with mycophenolate mofetil) for immunosuppression. Allogeneic myoblasts transduced with the beta-galactosidase (beta-Gal) gene were implanted in the muscles of 19 monkeys by injections placed 1 to 2 mm from each other. A biopsy was performed at the implanted sites 1 month later, and histologically studied for demonstration of beta-Gal+ myofibers, lymphocyte infiltration, and CD8+ cells. The presence of antibodies against the donor myoblasts and the blood levels of FK506 were analyzed. Our results show that: (1) If myoblast injections are sufficiently close to each other, high percentages of hybrid myofibers can be obtained following myoblast transplantation in primates (25 to 67% with an interinjection distance of 1 mm). (2) Efficient immunosuppression can be reached by increasing FK506 dosages, but also by combining this drug with mycophenolate mofetil, a combination that reduces toxic effects. The present results represent a step towards a better designing of myoblast transplantation strategies in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Skuk
- Unité de recherche en Génétique humaine, Centre de Recherche du Centre, Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, CHUQ pavillon CHUL, 2705 boulevard Laurier, Ste-Foy, Québec, G1V 4G2, Canada
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28
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Kriener K, O'hUigin C, Klein J. Independent origin of functional MHC class II genes in humans and New World monkeys. Hum Immunol 2001; 62:1-14. [PMID: 11165710 DOI: 10.1016/s0198-8859(00)00233-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In previous studies, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II DP, DQ, and DR families of genes were characterized in different primate species mostly on the basis of their second exon sequences. Resemblances were found between Old World monkey (OWM) and New World monkey (NWM) genes and were interpreted as being the result of transspecies evolution. Subsequent analysis of intron sequences of catarrhine and platyrrhine DRB genes, however, revealed that the amplifiable genes were not, in fact, orthologous. To test other DRB genes and other families of the class II region Southern blot hybridizations were carried out with tamarin genomic DNA using probes specific for the third exons of the tamarin DQA, DQB, DPB, and DRB genes. The hybridizing bands were extracted from the gel and the third exons of the genes were amplified by PCR, cloned, and sequenced. With two exceptions, all NWM class II genes were found to group separately from the human sequences. Only the sequences of one nonfunctional DQB locus appeared to be more closely related to human genes than to other platyrrhine DQB genes. In the DRB family one gene was found that grouped with sheep and strepsirhine DRB sequences and might represent an old gene lineage. To extend the sequences to the second exon, long PCRs were performed on tamarin genomic DNA. This approach was successful for five of the ten third exon sequences. From these data, we conclude that at least the functional MHC class II genes have expanded independently in catarrhines and platyrrhines.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kriener
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biologie, Abteilung Immungenetik, Tübingen, Germany
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Allen TM, Mothé BR, Sidney J, Jing P, Dzuris JL, Liebl ME, Vogel TU, O'Connor DH, Wang X, Wussow MC, Thomson JA, Altman JD, Watkins DI, Sette A. CD8(+) lymphocytes from simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus macaques recognize 14 different epitopes bound by the major histocompatibility complex class I molecule mamu-A*01: implications for vaccine design and testing. J Virol 2001; 75:738-49. [PMID: 11134287 PMCID: PMC113970 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.2.738-749.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2000] [Accepted: 10/18/2000] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly clear that any human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine should induce a strong CD8(+) response. Additional desirable elements are multispecificity and a focus on conserved epitopes. The use of multiple conserved epitopes arranged in an artificial gene (or EpiGene) is a potential means to achieve these goals. To test this concept in a relevant disease model we sought to identify multiple simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-derived CD8(+) epitopes bound by a single nonhuman primate major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecule. We had previously identified the peptide binding motif of Mamu-A*01(2), a common rhesus macaque MHC class I molecule that presents the immunodominant SIV gag-derived cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitope Gag_CM9 (CTPYDINQM). Herein, we scanned SIV proteins for the presence of Mamu-A*01 motifs. The binding capacity of 221 motif-positive peptides was determined using purified Mamu-A*01 molecules. Thirty-seven peptides bound with apparent K(d) values of 500 nM or lower, with 21 peptides binding better than the Gag_CM9 peptide. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from SIV-infected Mamu-A*01(+) macaques recognized 14 of these peptides in ELISPOT, CTL, or tetramer analyses. This study reveals an unprecedented complexity and diversity of anti-SIV CTL responses. Furthermore, it represents an important step toward the design of a multiepitope vaccine for SIV and HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Allen
- Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53715, USA
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Abstract
Research in transplantation tolerance relies on application of successful strategies in a nonhuman-primate organ transplant model for preclinical testing. Three principal approaches are being evaluated: hematopoietic chimerism, lymphocyte depletion and costimulation blockade. Interactive work in these three areas has yielded much new information on mechanisms of tolerance and opened the door to pilot clinical trials. Clinical application of xenotransplantation is likely to depend on such strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Knechtle
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin Hospital, Madison 53792-7375, USA.
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31
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Lobashevsky AL, Thomas JM. Six mamu-A locus alleles defined by a polymerase chain reaction sequence specific primer method. Hum Immunol 2000; 61:1013-20. [PMID: 11082514 DOI: 10.1016/s0198-8859(00)00177-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Rhesus monkeys are relevant models for human diseases and transplantation. In each case, a complete understanding of these models requires knowledge of macaque MHC. Due to high polymorphism and multiple genes per haplotype, it has been difficult to develop a rapid typing method for rhesus monkey MHC class I. We developed a simple and rapid PCR-SSP strategy for rhesus monkey Mamu-A locus typing. Fifty-two rhesus monkeys were included in the study. Six rhesus monkey allel-specific primer pairs were designed based on published Mamu-A locus gene sequences. Allele-specific PCR products ranged in size from 346 to 788 bp; 5' and 3' Mamu-A locus allele specific primers were located in the second and third exons, respectively. Specific PCR product gel purification was followed by direct sequencing, without subcloning, in both directions. Our data showed variability in the number of Mamu-A alleles ranging from 1 to 4 per genotype. The highest frequencies were observed for Mamu-A*02, -A*04, and -A*03 alleles. Thus, we report here the first PCR-SSP typing method for Mamu-A*02, -03, -04, -05, -06, and -07 array of class I alleles. This technique appears to be a highly reproducible and discriminatory method for detecting this subset of class I A locus genes in rhesus monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Lobashevsky
- Department of Surgery, Transplantation Immunobiology Division, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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32
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Sauermann U, Stahl-Hennig C, Stolte N, Mühl T, Krawczak M, Spring M, Fuchs D, Kaup FJ, Hunsmann G, Sopper S. Homozygosity for a conserved Mhc class II DQ-DRB haplotype is associated with rapid disease progression in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected macaques: results from a prospective study. J Infect Dis 2000; 182:716-24. [PMID: 10950764 DOI: 10.1086/315800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/1999] [Revised: 03/29/2000] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected individuals, disease progression varies considerably. This is also observed after experimental infection of macaques with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes may influence disease progression in both species. Homozygosity for Mhc-Mamu (Macaca mulatta)-DQB1*0601 was previously identified to be associated with rapid disease progression in SIV-infected macaques. To validate the association of this genotype with disease progression, a prospective study was carried out. Six unrelated monkeys homozygous for Mamu-DQB1*0601 and DRB1*0309-DRB*W201 and 6 heterozygous monkeys were infected with SIVmac. Five of the homozygous and only 1 of the heterozygous monkeys died rapidly after infection, with manifestations of AIDS. These results were validated by a retrospective survival analysis of 71 SIV-infected monkeys. The identified DQ-DRB genotype is frequent among monkeys of different breeding colonies and allows a fairly reliable selection before infection of monkeys predisposed for rapid disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Sauermann
- Arbeitsgruppe Primatengenetik Deutsches Primatenzentrum, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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33
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Otting N, de Groot NG, Noort MC, Doxiadis GG, Bontrop RE. Allelic diversity of Mhc-DRB alleles in rhesus macaques. TISSUE ANTIGENS 2000; 56:58-68. [PMID: 10958357 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-0039.2000.560108.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC) rhesus macaque colony was started with a large number of wild-caught animals originating mainly from the Indian subcontinent. The contemporary self-sustaining colony comprises approximately 800 individuals. We screened a large section of the colony for Mamu-DRB polymorphisms by applying the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) technique. Based on disparate DGGE profiles, animals were selected for nucleotide sequence analysis. This approach allowed the detection of 25 unreported Mamu-DRB alleles, bringing to 126 the total number of alleles documented in the literature. This communication demonstrates that rhesus macaques, like humans, display extensive allelic polymorphism at the DRB region. Phylogenetic analyses illustrate that humans and rhesus macaques share several Mhc-DRB loci and lineages. Identical exon 2 sequences, however, which are shared between humans and rhesus macaques, were not observed. This indicates that most primate Mhc-DRB alleles are of post-speciation origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Otting
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
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34
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Kriener K, O'hUigin C, Klein J. Alu elements support independent origin of prosimian, platyrrhine, and catarrhine Mhc-DRB genes. Genome Res 2000; 10:634-43. [PMID: 10810085 DOI: 10.1101/gr.10.5.634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The primate major histocompatibility complex (Mhc) genes fall into two classes and each of the classes into several families. Of the class II families, the DRB family has a long and complex evolutionary history marked by gene turnover, rearrangement, and molecular convergence. Because the history is not easily decipherable from sequences alone, Alu element insertions were used as cladistic markers to support the surmised phylogenetic relationships among the DRB genes. Intron 1 segments of 24 DRB genes from five platyrrhine species and five DRB genes from three prosimian species were amplified by PCR and cloned, and the amplification products were sequenced or PCR-typed for Alu repeats. Three Alu elements were identified in the platyrrhine and four in the prosimian DRB genes. One of the platyrrhine elements (Alu50J) is also found in the Catarrhini, whereas the other two (Alu62Sc, Alu63Sc) are restricted to the New World monkeys. Similarly, the four prosimian elements are found only in this taxon. This distribution of Alu elements is consistent with the phylogeny of the DRB genes as determined from their intron 1 sequences in an earlier and the present study. It contradicts the exon 2-based phylogeny and thus corroborates the conclusion that the evolution of DRB exon 2 sequences is, to some extent, shaped by molecular convergence. Taken together, the data indicate that each of the assemblages of DRB genes in prosimians, platyrrhines, and catarrhines is derived from a separate ancestral gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kriener
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biologie, Abteilung Immungenetik, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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35
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Doxiadis GG, Otting N, de Groot NG, Noort R, Bontrop RE. Unprecedented polymorphism of Mhc-DRB region configurations in rhesus macaques. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:3193-9. [PMID: 10706710 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.6.3193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The rhesus macaque is an important model in preclinical transplantation research and for the study of chronic and infectious diseases, and so extensive knowledge of its MHC (MhcMamu) is needed. Nucleotide sequencing of exon 2 allowed the detection of 68 Mamu-DRB alleles. Although most alleles belong to loci/lineages that have human equivalents, identical Mhc-DRB alleles are not shared between humans and rhesus macaques. The number of -DRB genes present per haplotype can vary from two to seven in the rhesus macaque, whereas it ranges from one to four in humans. Within a panel of 210 rhesus macaques, 24 Mamu-DRB region configurations can be distinguished differing in the number and composition of loci. None of the Mamu-DRB region configurations has been described for any other species, and only one of them displays major allelic variation giving rise to a total of 33 Mamu-DRB haplotypes. In the human population, only five HLA-DRB region configurations were defined, which in contrast to the rhesus macaque exhibit extensive allelic polymorphism. In comparison with humans, the unprecedented polymorphism of the Mamu-DRB region configurations may reflect an alternative strategy of this primate species to cope with pathogens. Because of the Mamu-DRB diversity, nonhuman primate colonies used for immunological research should be thoroughly typed to facilitate proper interpretation of results. This approach will minimize as well the number of animals necessary to conduct experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- G G Doxiadis
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
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36
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Urvater JA, Otting N, Loehrke JH, Rudersdorf R, Slukvin II, Piekarczyk MS, Golos TG, Hughes AL, Bontrop RE, Watkins DI. Mamu-I: a novel primate MHC class I B-related locus with unusually low variability. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:1386-98. [PMID: 10640754 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.3.1386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The rhesus macaque is an important animal model for several human diseases and organ transplantation. Therefore, definition of the MHC of this species is crucial to the development of these models. Unfortunately, unlike humans, lymphocytes from a single rhesus macaque express up to 12 different MHC class I cDNAs. From which locus these various alleles are derived is unclear. In our attempts to define the MHC class I loci of the rhesus macaque, we have identified an unusual MHC class I locus, Mamu-I. We isolated 26 I locus alleles from three different macaque species but not from three other Cercopithecine genera, suggesting that the I locus is the result of a recent duplication of the B locus occurring after the divergence of macaques from the ancestor of the other extant Cercopithecine genera. Mamu-I mRNA transcripts were detected in all tissues examined and Mamu-I protein was produced in rhesus B lymphoblastoid cell lines. Furthermore, Mamu-I protein was detected by flow cytometry on the surface of human 721.221 cells transfected with Mamu-I. In contrast to the polymorphism present at this locus, there is unusually low sequence variability, with the mean number of nucleotide differences between alleles being only 3.6 nt. Therefore, Mamu-I is less variable than any other polymorphic MHC class I locus described to date. Additionally, no evidence for positive selection on the peptide binding region was observed. Together, these results suggest that Mamu-I is an MHC class I locus in primates that has features of both classical and nonclassical loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Urvater
- Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center, Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53715, USA
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37
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Khazand M, Peiberg C, Nagy M, Sauermann U. Mhc-DQ-DRB haplotype analysis in the rhesus macaque: evidence for a number of different haplotypes displaying a low allelic polymorphism. TISSUE ANTIGENS 1999; 54:615-24. [PMID: 10674977 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-0039.1999.540612.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In the HLA-DRB subregion of man, five major groups of haplotypes, often displaying a remarkable polymorphism, are distinguishable. The polymorphism is thought to be generated by point mutation, microgene conversion and gene rearrangement by recombination. In order to gain insight into the organization of the rhesus macaque major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II region, DRB genes from monkeys of different origins previously typed for their DQ genes were analyzed. At first DRB haplotypes were deduced from DQ-homozygous monkeys. The stability of these haplotypes was then examined in DQ-heterozygous monkeys by sequence-based typing for the presence of members of the DRB1*03 and DRB1*04 lineage, and for seven single alleles detected on the haplotypes. Six DRB haplotypes linked to the five most frequent and three haplotypes linked to less frequent DQ haplotypes were identified. Six novel DRB alleles were detected. The number of DRB genes per haplotype varied between two and four. The results altogether suggest that in rhesus macaques, in comparison to man, the DQ haplotypes are linked to only a small number of DRB haplotypes, the number and diversity of DRB haplotypes is larger, and the allelic polymorphism of a given haplotype is smaller. The diversity of the DRB haplotypes was partly due to the varying number and identity of genes linked to DRB1*03 and DRB1*04. Furthermore, the number of DRB1 genes themselves varied from zero to two.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Khazand
- Deutsches Primatenzentrum, Arbeitsgruppe Primatengenetik, Göttingen, Germany
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38
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Lobashevsky A, Smith JP, Kasten-Jolly J, Horton H, Knapp L, Bontrop RE, Watkins D, Thomas J. Identification of DRB alleles in rhesus monkeys using polymerase chain reaction-sequence-specific primers (PCR-SSP) amplification. TISSUE ANTIGENS 1999; 54:254-63. [PMID: 10519362 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-0039.1999.540306.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class In molecules play a vital role in the regulation of T-cell functions in the mammalian immune system. Two key features characterize the polymorphism of MHC haplotypes in humans and non-human primates: the existence of a large number of alleles, and the high degree of genetic diversity between those alleles. Rhesus monkeys and Chimpanzees have been extensively used as relevant models for human diseases and transplantation We have investigated DRB genes in 19 macaques, members of 3 families, using polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers (PCR-SSP) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). After amplification PCR products were purified and subjected direct sequencing. Seven animals (Madison #1) were typed by DDGE also. We report that the DRB haplotypes defined by PCR-SSP exhibit a high degree of concordance with the data obtained by DGGE and direct sequening. Our data show prominent variability in the number of DRB1 alleles ranging from 1-4 per genotype within these families. This analysis demonstrated that most of the amplicons were identical to Mamu-DRB alleles that our PCR primers were to amplify. However, 98-99% similarity was noticed in the case of Mamu-DRB1*0303, Mamu-DRB6*0103 and Mamu-DRB*W201 alleles. The observed mismatches were located in non-polymorphic regions. Thus, family studies in rhesus macaques performed by molecular methods confirmed the multiplicity of Mamu-DRB1 alleles per haplotype and the existence of allelic associations published earlier. In addition, we propose 3 more DRB allele associations (haplotypes): Mamu-DRB1*04-DRB5*03; Mamu-DRB1*04-*DRB*W5; Mamu-DRB1*04*W2. The proposed medium-resolution PCR-SSP technique appears to be a highly reproducible and discriminatory typing method for detecting polymorphisms of DRB genes in rhesus monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lobashevsky
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Surgery, 35294-0012, USA
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39
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Bontrop RE, Otting N, de Groot NG, Doxiadis GG. Major histocompatibility complex class II polymorphisms in primates. Immunol Rev 1999; 167:339-50. [PMID: 10319272 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1999.tb01403.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II region of several primate species has been investigated extensively. Here we will discuss the similarities and differences found in the MHC class II repertoires of primate species including humans, chimpanzees, rhesus macaques, cotton-top tamarins and common marmosets. Such types of comparisons shed light on the evolutionary stability of MHC class II alleles, lineages and loci as well as on the evolutionary origin and biological significance of haplotype configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Bontrop
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
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40
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Abstract
Organ transplants in nonhuman primates provide a model which closely simulates the biological conditions of human organ transplantation, due to similarities between human and primate MHC (class I and II) structure and expression. Several strategies for tolerance induction have been developed in nonhuman primate models. These include targeting the T cell receptor or costimulatory molecules and the generation of mixed chimerism. Tolerance can be reliably induced in several such models, although none with 100% success.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Hamawy
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison Medical School, H4/784 Clinical Science Center, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792,USA.
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41
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Allen TM, Sidney J, del Guercio MF, Glickman RL, Lensmeyer GL, Wiebe DA, DeMars R, Pauza CD, Johnson RP, Sette A, Watkins DI. Characterization of the Peptide Binding Motif of a Rhesus MHC Class I Molecule (Mamu-A*01) That Binds an Immunodominant CTL Epitope from Simian Immunodeficiency Virus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.160.12.6062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The majority of immunogenic CTL epitopes bind to MHC class I molecules with high affinity. However, peptides longer or shorter than the optimal epitope rarely bind with high affinity. Therefore, identification of optimal CTL epitopes from pathogens may ultimately be critical for inducing strong CTL responses and developing epitope-based vaccines. The SIV-infected rhesus macaque is an excellent animal model for HIV infection of humans. Although a number of CTL epitopes have been mapped in SIV-infected rhesus macaques, the optimal epitopes have not been well defined, and their anchor residues are unknown. We have now defined the optimal SIV gag CTL epitope restricted by the rhesus MHC class I molecule Mamu-A*01 and defined a general peptide binding motif for this molecule that is characterized by a dominant position 3 anchor (proline). We used peptide elution and sequencing, peptide binding assays, and bulk and clonal CTL assays to demonstrate that the optimal Mamu-A*01-restricted SIV gag CTL epitope was CTPYDINQM181–189. Mamu-A*01 is unique in that it is found at a high frequency in rhesus macaques, and all SIV-infected Mamu-A*01-positive rhesus macaques studied to date develop an immunodominant gag-specific CTL response restricted by this molecule. Identification of the optimal SIV gag CTL epitope will be critical for a variety of studies designed to induce CD8+ CTL responses specific for SIV in the rhesus macaque.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Sidney
- ‡Eppimune, San Diego, CA 92121; Division of Immunology, New England Regional Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA 01772; and
| | - Marie-France del Guercio
- ‡Eppimune, San Diego, CA 92121; Division of Immunology, New England Regional Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA 01772; and
| | - Rhona L. Glickman
- ¶Infectious Disease Unit and Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Gary L. Lensmeyer
- †Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53715
| | - Donald A. Wiebe
- †Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53715
| | - R. DeMars
- ∥Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
| | - C. David Pauza
- *Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center and
- †Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53715
| | - R. Paul Johnson
- ¶Infectious Disease Unit and Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Alessandro Sette
- ‡Eppimune, San Diego, CA 92121; Division of Immunology, New England Regional Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA 01772; and
| | - David I. Watkins
- *Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center and
- †Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53715
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42
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Lobashevsky AL, Wang PX, George JF, Contreras J, Townsend J, Thomas JM. DR non-B1 mismatches influence allogeneic MLR-induced TH1- or TH2-like cytokine responses in rhesus monkeys. Hum Immunol 1998; 59:363-72. [PMID: 9634198 DOI: 10.1016/s0198-8859(98)00024-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human and nonhuman primates have multiple DR B1 and non-B1 alleles. However, the role of mismatched DR non-B1 alleles in primary alloimmune responses is not well understood. Macaques, which share close DNA homologies with human MHC genes and have a high number of beta-chain genes in the DR subregion, are preeminent preclinical models for immunologic studies of transplant tolerance and immunosuppression. In this study, we examined the effect of allogeneic MHC Class II DRB mismatches in Th1- and Th2-like cytokine responses elicited in one-way MLR cultures in rhesus macaques. An ELISPOT method was used to estimate cytokine secretion at the single cell level. Molecular typing for DRB1 and DR non-B1 alleles was performed by a moderate-high resolution PCR-SSP method using a panel of 55 primer pairs covering 74 DRB alleles and clusters. Of 35 unrelated combinations, 66% had multiple (> or = 2) allelic MM at DRB1 and DR non-B1 with no significant correlation between numbers of DRB1 and DR non-B1 mismatches. Pairs with 1 or 0 MM were assigned to a mono/null MM group to obtain sufficient numbers for statistical analysis. The pairs differing by multiple vs. mono/null DRB1 MM showed no significant difference in cytokine prevalence (P = 0.69). In contrast, high IFN-gamma/ IL4 SFC ratios were noted in pairs with multiple vs. mono/null DR non-B1 MM (p = 0.0009). IFN-gamma/IL-10 spot forming cell (SFC) ratios were consistent with IFN-gamma/IL-4 SFC ratios (r = 0.98). Multiple DR non-B1 mismatches showed a trend towards higher MLR proliferative responses, although the stimulation index did not reflect the dominant cytokine response. These observations suggest a bias towards Th1-like cytokine production under allostimulation with multiple DR non-B1 gene products. Further study of the primary structure of DR non-B1 determinants may be helpful in understanding the fine molecular mechanisms governing the regulation of cytokine profiles during allostimulation in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Lobashevsky
- Department of Surgery and Transplant Center, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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43
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Contreras JL, Wang PX, Eckhoff DE, Lobashevsky AL, Asiedu C, Frenette L, Robbin ML, Hubbard WJ, Cartner S, Nadler S, Cook WJ, Sharff J, Shiloach J, Thomas FT, Neville DM, Thomas JM. Peritransplant tolerance induction with anti-CD3-immunotoxin: a matter of proinflammatory cytokine control. Transplantation 1998; 65:1159-69. [PMID: 9603161 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199805150-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tolerance is gaining momentum as an approach to reduce lifelong immunosuppressive therapy while improving transplant longevity. Anti-CD3 immunotoxin (IT), FN18-CRM9, has potential to induce tolerance owing to its exceptional ability to deplete sessile lymph node T cells. However, if initiated at the time of transplantation, alpha-CD3-IT alone elicits a proinflammatory cytokine response, precluding establishment of tolerance. METHODS Four groups of rhesus monkeys received kidney allografts and immunosuppression. Three groups received alpha-CD3-IT alone or alpha-CD3-IT supplemented with 15-deoxyspergualin (DSG) and/or methylprednisolone (MP). One group received alpha-CD3-monoclonal antibody with DSG and MP. Cytokines were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Supplementing peritransplant alpha-CD3-IT treatment with a brief course of DSG and MP promoted rejection-free kidney allograft acceptance in 75% of macaques followed for up to 550 days. Among those given alpha-CD3-IT alone or with MP, none were long-term survivors. Tolerance developed after alpha-CD3-IT, DSG, and MP treatment, but not when the unconjugated a-CD3 monoclonal antibody was substituted for IT. Systemic production of proinflammatory cytokines interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha induced after peritransplant alpha-CD3-IT was prevented only in animals given DSG. Despite high levels of interleukin (IL)-12 in the first month after transplant, tolerant recipients exhibited IL-12 resistance, as evidenced by baseline plasma levels of IFN-gamma but elevated IL-4. DSG was shown to inhibit IL-12-driven IFN-gamma production by a mechanism associated with inhibition of nuclear factor kappa-B. CONCLUSIONS In this model, peritransplant induction of tolerance is promoted by efficient elimination of sessile lymph node T cells and control of the proinflammatory IFN-gamma response by a mechanism that appears to involve resistance to IL-12.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Contreras
- Department of Surgery and Transplant Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294, USA
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Cadavid LF, Watkins DI. Heirs of the jaguar and the anaconda: HLA, conquest and disease in the indigenous populations of the Americas. TISSUE ANTIGENS 1997; 50:702-11. [PMID: 9458134 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.1997.tb02940.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L F Cadavid
- Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53715, USA
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45
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Knapp LA, Lehmann E, Piekarczyk MS, Urvater JA, Watkins DI. A high frequency of Mamu-A*01 in the rhesus macaque detected by polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers and direct sequencing. TISSUE ANTIGENS 1997; 50:657-61. [PMID: 9458122 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.1997.tb02927.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SIV infection of rhesus macaques is an excellent model for HIV infection of humans. Unfortunately, it is has been difficult to identify macaques expressing particular MHC class I alleles. Here we describe the use of PCR-SSP for Mamu-A*01 typing of rhesus macaques. The Mamu-A*01 allele was amplified from genomic DNA using Mamu-A*01-specific primers and positive PCR products were directly sequenced. Our technique identified 15 Mamu-A*01-positive animals of 68 tested. We validated our molecular analysis by showing that lymphocytes from 8 Mamu-A*01-positive animals expressed Mamu-A*01 as determined by immunoprecipitation and 1-D IEF. The technical simplicity and accuracy of this typing method should facilitate selection of Mamu-A*01-positive rhesus macaques for AIDS virus pathogenesis and vaccine studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Knapp
- Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53715, USA
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46
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Cadavid LF, Watkins DI. Heirs of the jaguar and the anaconda: HLA, conquest and disease in the indigenous populations of the Americas. TISSUE ANTIGENS 1997; 50:209-18. [PMID: 9331944 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.1997.tb02865.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L F Cadavid
- Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
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47
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Cadavid LF, Watkins DI. The duplicative nature of the MHC class I genes: an evolutionary perspective. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOGENETICS : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE BRITISH SOCIETY FOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY AND IMMUNOGENETICS 1997; 24:313-22. [PMID: 9306100 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2370.1997.tb00026.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L F Cadavid
- Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Centre, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53715, USA
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Thomas JM, Neville DM, Contreras JL, Eckhoff DE, Meng G, Lobashevsky AL, Wang PX, Huang ZQ, Verbanac KM, Haisch CE, Thomas FT. Preclinical studies of allograft tolerance in rhesus monkeys: a novel anti-CD3-immunotoxin given peritransplant with donor bone marrow induces operational tolerance to kidney allografts. Transplantation 1997; 64:124-35. [PMID: 9233712 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199707150-00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge in clinical transplantation today is to design a practical and effective protocol for tolerance induction compatible with cadaver organ transplantation. A preclinical rhesus monkey kidney allograft model using immediate peritransplant anti-CD3 immunotoxin (anti-CD3-IT) and donor bone marrow (DBM) is shown here to induce operational tolerance with prolonged graft survival in the absence of chronic immunosuppressive drugs. Bone marrow harvested from the kidney donor was depleted of mature alloantigen-presenting cells and T cells by removing DR(bright) cells and CD3(bright) cells, respectively. In outbred, major histocompatibility complex-incompatible donor-recipient pairs with high pretransplant mixed lymphocyte response and cytotoxic T lymphocyte precursor activity, four of six allografts survived for periods of 120 days to >1.5 years. Graft acceptance after peritransplant treatment followed robust elimination of both peripheral blood T cells and lymph node T cells. In most recipients given anti-CD3-IT and DBM infusion, anti-donor immunoglobulin G responses were completely inhibited. Microchimerism was observed in all recipients studied, including those not given DBM, but levels of microchimerism did not correlate with graft survival. Anti-CD3-IT induction in combination with modified DBM protocols such as the depletion of mature T cells and DR(bright) antigen-presenting cells may offer new opportunities to improve clinical tolerance protocols beyond those attempted in the clinic to date. Overall, these results with anti-CD3-IT show promise for development of cadaver transplant tolerance induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Thomas
- University of Alabama at Birmingham Transplant Center, 35294-0012, USA
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Gaur LK, Nepom GT, Snyder KE, Anderson J, Pandarpurkar M, Yadock W, Heise ER. MHC-DRB allelic sequences incorporate distinct intragenic trans-specific segments. TISSUE ANTIGENS 1997; 49:342-55. [PMID: 9151386 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.1997.tb02762.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The second exon of primate MHC-DRB genes encodes discrete areas of allelic hypervariability (HVR), which are used as the basis for lineage assignments to determine genetic and evolutionary relationships. Comparisons of these regions have led to the "trans-species hypothesis", which proposes that certain MHC alleles from one species are more closely related to those from other species than they are to each other; i.e., that allelic lineages are ancestral in origin. We evaluated this paradigm in an analysis of macaque and baboon MHC-DRB genes using oligotyping and sequencing of 87 new nonhuman primate DRB alleles. A remarkable conservation of sequence motifs in the HVRIII region (codon 60-79) was observed, detected both by hybridization and by sequencing; some of these motifs were found in species such as prosimians that have diverged from the human lineage 50 MYA. However, these fixed HVRIII motif sequences nevertheless occur on a background of diverse lineages suggesting that it is the segmental motif, rather than the allele per se which is trans-specific in origin. Sequences within the first hypervariable region (codons 7-14) identified lineage assignments to several DRB loci (DRB1, DRB3, DRB4, DRB5, DRB6 and DRB7), although a large number of DRB nucleotide sequences did not correspond to a defined allelic motif, suggesting that many of the nonhuman sequences lack human HVRI homologs and have accumulated additional intraspecies variation subsequent to speciation. While there are certain allelic lineages in HVRI that show trans-species conservation, other sequence motifs seem purely species-specific. These differences suggest that HVRI and HVRIII regions have distinct mechanisms for maintenance of trans-specific sequence elements, with different evolutionary histories for segmental nucleotide conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Gaur
- Puget Sound Blood Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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50
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Knechtle SJ, Vargo D, Fechner J, Zhai Y, Wang J, Hanaway MJ, Scharff J, Hu H, Knapp L, Watkins D, Neville DM. FN18-CRM9 immunotoxin promotes tolerance in primate renal allografts. Transplantation 1997; 63:1-6. [PMID: 9000652 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199701150-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transplant tolerance, rather than immunity, may be favored in the setting of a lower mature lymphoid mass in the recipient induced by anti-T cell agents. A novel immunosuppressive agent, FN18-CRM9, known to specifically kill T cells with great potency, was evaluated in a transplant model. METHODS In order to ablate recipient T cells, the immunotoxin FN18-CRM9 was administered to rhesus monkey recipients of MHC-mismatched renal allografts. Donor lymphocytes were injected intrathymically into some animals. RESULTS All monkeys with T-cell depletion by immunotoxin had prolonged allograft survival, and tolerance confirmed by skin grafting has been confirmed in five of six long-surviving recipients. CONCLUSIONS In this clinically relevant model, profound but transient T-cell depletion by a single agent substantially promotes tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Knechtle
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53792, USA
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