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Franco R, Lillo A, Rivas-Santisteban R, Reyes-Resina I, Navarro G. Microglial Adenosine Receptors: From Preconditioning to Modulating the M1/M2 Balance in Activated Cells. Cells 2021; 10:1124. [PMID: 34066933 PMCID: PMC8148598 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal survival depends on the glia, that is, on the astroglial and microglial support. Neurons die and microglia are activated not only in neurodegenerative diseases but also in physiological aging. Activated microglia, once considered harmful, express two main phenotypes: the pro-inflammatory or M1, and the neuroprotective or M2. When neuroinflammation, i.e., microglial activation occurs, it is important to achieve a good M1/M2 balance, i.e., at some point M1 microglia must be skewed into M2 cells to impede chronic inflammation and to afford neuronal survival. G protein-coupled receptors in general and adenosine receptors in particular are potential targets for increasing the number of M2 cells. This article describes the mechanisms underlying microglial activation and analyzes whether these cells exposed to a first damaging event may be ready to be preconditioned to better react to exposure to more damaging events. Adenosine receptors are relevant due to their participation in preconditioning. They can also be overexpressed in activated microglial cells. The potential of adenosine receptors and complexes formed by adenosine receptors and cannabinoids as therapeutic targets to provide microglia-mediated neuroprotection is here discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Franco
- CiberNed, Network Research Center, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Spanish National Health Institute Carlos III, 28034 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro Lillo
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Rafael Rivas-Santisteban
- CiberNed, Network Research Center, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Spanish National Health Institute Carlos III, 28034 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene Reyes-Resina
- CiberNed, Network Research Center, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Spanish National Health Institute Carlos III, 28034 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Navarro
- CiberNed, Network Research Center, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Spanish National Health Institute Carlos III, 28034 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
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Ghaderi B, Amini S, Maroofi F, Jalali C, Javanmardi M, Roshani D, Abdi M. Adenosine Deaminase Activity in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia and Healthy Subjects. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF CANCER PREVENTION 2016; 9:e5069. [PMID: 27703646 PMCID: PMC5038830 DOI: 10.17795/ijcp-5069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia is one of the most frequent hematologic malignancies in the world. Cellular surface CD markers and serum Beta-2-microglobulin may be used as a prognostic tool in CLL patients. OBJECTIVES In the present study we introduce serum adenosine deaminase as a diagnostic marker in CLL. MATERIALS AND METHODS Blood samples were collected from B-CLL and healthy subjects. White blood cell, red blood cell and platelet count and blood Erythrocyte sedimentation rate was recorded and serum Beta-2-microglobulin, Lactate dehydrogenase and total ADA enzyme activity were determined. RESULTS Serum ADA activity was significantly higher in patients group than that of controls. ADA had a significant and direct correlation with B2M, WBC, LDH and ESR. However, there was not any relation between ADA and the stages of disease. Diagnostic cut-off, sensitivity and specificity of the serum ADA test were 27.97 U/L, 91% and 94%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS A higher ADA activity in patients group and its correlation with CLL markers were seen in our study. High diagnostic value of serum ADA in our study suggests that it might be considered as a useful screening tool among the other markers in CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayazid Ghaderi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, IR Iran
| | - Sabrieh Amini
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, IR Iran
| | - Farzad Maroofi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, IR Iran
| | - Chiya Jalali
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, IR Iran
| | - Mitra Javanmardi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, IR Iran
| | - Daem Roshani
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, IR Iran
| | - Mohammad Abdi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, IR Iran
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, IR Iran
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Liu F, Cui SJ, Hu W, Feng Z, Wang ZQ, Han ZG. Excretory/secretory proteome of the adult developmental stage of human blood fluke, Schistosoma japonicum. Mol Cell Proteomics 2009; 8:1236-51. [PMID: 19299421 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m800538-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomes are the causative agents of schistosomiasis, one of the most prevalent and serious of the parasitic diseases that currently infects approximately 200 million people worldwide. Schistosome excretory/secretory (ES) proteins have been shown to play important roles in modulating mammalian host immune systems. In our current study, we performed a global proteomics identification of the ES proteins from adult worms of Schistosoma japonicum, one of the three major schistosome species. Our results unambiguously identified 101 proteins, including 53 putatively secreted proteins. By quantitative analysis, we revealed fatty acid-binding protein as a major constituent of the in vitro ES proteome. Strikingly the heat shock proteins HSP70s, HSP90, and HSP97 constituted the largest protein family in the ES proteome, implying a central role for these proteins in immunomodulation in the host-parasite relationship. Other important S. japonicum ES proteins included actins, 14-3-3, aminopeptidase, enolase, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, some of which have been considered as viable vaccine candidates and therapeutic targets. A comparison with previous studies suggests that 48.5% of S. japonicum ES proteins are common to other parasite ES products, indicating that the molecular mechanisms involved in evading the host immune response may be conserved across different parasites. Interestingly seven host proteins, including antimicrobial protein CAP18, immunoglobulins, and a complement component, were identified among in vitro S. japonicum ES products likely originating from the schistosome tegument or gut, indicating that host innate and acquired immune systems could defend against schistosome invasion. Our present study represents the first attempt at profiling S. japonicum ES proteins, provides an insight into host-parasite interactions, and establishes a resource for the development of diagnostic agents and vaccines for the control of schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liu
- double daggerShanghai-Ministry of Science and Technology Key Laboratory for Disease and Health Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, 351 Guo Shou-Jing Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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Hartmann TB, Mattern E, Wiedemann N, van Doorn R, Willemze R, Niikura T, Hildenbrand R, Schadendorf D, Eichmüller SB. Identification of selectively expressed genes and antigens in CTCL. Exp Dermatol 2007; 17:324-34. [PMID: 17979976 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2007.00637.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The knowledge of tumor-associated antigens is required for most types of immunotherapy and can substantially facilitate diagnosis. To identify potential tumor-associated genes expressed in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), we used three complementary strategies: antigens which elicit a humoral immune response in CTCL patients were detected by serological analysis of a recombinant cDNA expression library. cDNAs differentially expressed in CTCL but not peripheral blood monocytes were identified by comparative cDNA hybridization and suppression subtractive hybridization. We identified 43 genes selectively expressed by CTCL cells, that have not yet been described in the context of CTCL development, but most of which had been reported to be associated with cancer. Expression analysis by database mining and subsequently RT-PCR on selected clones confirmed their selective expression in CTCL tissues. Serological tests showed that 15 clones were recognized by sera of CTCL patients but not of healthy donors. Analysis of serological tests for 11 clones using serum antibody detection array (SADA) and 100 sera of controls and CTCL patients each revealed up to 5% reactive sera in the tumor group. The expression pattern of the detected clones and their immunogenicity demonstrates that they might be relevant for the understanding of CTCL and suggests particularly three clones, HD-CL-41 (DRAK2), HD-CL-49 (nudC) and HD-CL-12 (ZNF195) for further analysis with respect to their prognostic and therapeutic value for CTCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja B Hartmann
- German Cancer Research Center, Skin Cancer Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
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Paul MK, Grover V, Mukhopadhyay AK. Merits of HPLC-based method over spectrophotometric method for assessing the kinetics and inhibition of mammalian adenosine deaminase. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2005; 822:146-53. [PMID: 15993664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2005] [Revised: 06/01/2005] [Accepted: 06/03/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Measurement of adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity using spectrophotometric method presents problem, regarding the quantitative estimation of the substrate degradation and product formation, due to the closely apposed lambda(max) of the substrates, product and the inhibitor. The feasibility of applying reverse-phase HPLC technique, for studying adenosine deaminase-catalyzed reaction product and inhibition study was examined. We have drawn a comparison between the HPLC-based method over the corresponding spectrophotometric method. A gradient elution pattern was used to separate substrate (adenosine and deoxyadenosine), product (inosine and deoxyinosine) and standard adenosine deaminase inhibitor (erythro-9-(3-nonyl-p-aminobenzyl)-adenine) in the HPLC method. The product formation was quantitated by monitoring the absorbance at 260 nm with the progress of time. The limit of detection as well as the limit of quantification of the respective enzymatic product were found to be in nano molar (nM) range in the HPLC method. This study was also extended to monitor adenosine deaminase activity in different cancer cells of hematological origin. The HPLC-based method is found to be suitable for the quantitative estimation of adenosine deaminase-catalyzed reaction product and for studying inhibition mechanism of different inhibitors. The HPLC-based method has specific advantages over the spectrophotometric method. Moreover, the concentration of different nucleotides in cell lysate and body fluid can be measured using this HPLC method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manash K Paul
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector-67, S.A.S Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
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Abstract
Adenosine deaminase (ADA) is an enzyme involved in purine metabolism and has a major role in the development and function of lymphoid cells. Congenital deficiency of ADA results in severe immunodeficiency. Patients with congenital ADA deficiency treated with polyethylene glycol-conjugated bovine ADA develop antibodies to ADA. This leads us to investigate the role of anti-ADA antibodies in patients with systemic rheumatic diseases. Commercially available ADA was used in ELISA and immunoblots for detection of anti-ADA antibodies. Four out of 100 patients examined were positive for anti-ADA antibodies. Two of them had peripheral blood lymphopenia but the antibody levels did not appear to correlate with the lymphocyte counts. Immunoblotting revealed that the antibodies recognized a 40 kDa peptide of ADA, corresponding to ADA1, the major component of ADA. Affinity-purified antibodies were used to locate the distribution of ADA on Hep-2 cells and lymphocytes by indirect immunofluorescence. Anti-ADA antibodies gave a distinct nuclear speckled pattern on acetone-fixed cells. With viable cell immunofluorescence, anti-ADA antibodies also stained the cell surface of HEp-2 cells and lymphocytes, indicating surface expression of ADA. The anti-ADA antibodies failed to gain access into the cytoplasm or nuclei when added to the cultures of HEp-2 cells. In summary, this is the first report of detection of anti-ADA1 autoantibody which is a new type of ANA with discrete, speckled nuclear staining, but which may not be associated with lymphopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Y Lee
- Department of Dermatology, National Cheng-Kung University, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Regulation of epithelial and lymphocyte cell adhesion by adenosine deaminase-CD26 interaction. Biochem J 2002. [PMID: 11772392 DOI: 10.1042/0264-6021: 3610203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The extra-enzymic function of cell-surface adenosine deaminase (ADA), an enzyme mainly localized in the cytosol but also found on the cell surface of monocytes, B cells and T cells, has lately been the subject of numerous studies. Cell-surface ADA is able to transduce co-stimulatory signals in T cells via its interaction with CD26, an integral membrane protein that acts as ADA-binding protein. The aim of the present study was to explore whether ADA-CD26 interaction plays a role in the adhesion of lymphocyte cells to human epithelial cells. To meet this aim, different lymphocyte cell lines (Jurkat and CEM T) expressing endogenous, or overexpressing human, CD26 protein were tested in adhesion assays to monolayers of colon adenocarcinoma human epithelial cells, Caco-2, which express high levels of cell-surface ADA. Interestingly, the adhesion of Jurkat and CEM T cells to a monolayer of Caco-2 cells was greatly dependent on CD26. An increase by 50% in the cell-to-cell adhesion was found in cells containing higher levels of CD26. Incubation with an anti-CD26 antibody raised against the ADA-binding site or with exogenous ADA resulted in a significant reduction (50-70%) of T-cell adhesion to monolayers of epithelial cells. The role of ADA-CD26 interaction in the lymphocyte-epithelial cell adhesion appears to be mediated by CD26 molecules that are not interacting with endogenous ADA (ADA-free CD26), since SKW6.4 (B cells) that express more cell-surface ADA showed lower adhesion than T cells. Adhesion stimulated by CD26 and ADA is mediated by T cell lymphocyte function-associated antigen. A role for ADA-CD26 interaction in cell-to-cell adhesion was confirmed further in integrin activation assays. FACS analysis revealed a higher expression of activated integrins on T cell lines in the presence of increasing amounts of exogenous ADA. Taken together, these results suggest that the ADA-CD26 interaction on the cell surface has a role in lymphocyte-epithelial cell adhesion.
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Ginés S, Mariño M, Mallol J, Canela EI, Morimoto C, Callebaut C, Hovanessian A, Casadó V, Lluis C, Franco R. Regulation of epithelial and lymphocyte cell adhesion by adenosine deaminase-CD26 interaction. Biochem J 2002; 361:203-9. [PMID: 11772392 PMCID: PMC1222300 DOI: 10.1042/0264-6021:3610203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The extra-enzymic function of cell-surface adenosine deaminase (ADA), an enzyme mainly localized in the cytosol but also found on the cell surface of monocytes, B cells and T cells, has lately been the subject of numerous studies. Cell-surface ADA is able to transduce co-stimulatory signals in T cells via its interaction with CD26, an integral membrane protein that acts as ADA-binding protein. The aim of the present study was to explore whether ADA-CD26 interaction plays a role in the adhesion of lymphocyte cells to human epithelial cells. To meet this aim, different lymphocyte cell lines (Jurkat and CEM T) expressing endogenous, or overexpressing human, CD26 protein were tested in adhesion assays to monolayers of colon adenocarcinoma human epithelial cells, Caco-2, which express high levels of cell-surface ADA. Interestingly, the adhesion of Jurkat and CEM T cells to a monolayer of Caco-2 cells was greatly dependent on CD26. An increase by 50% in the cell-to-cell adhesion was found in cells containing higher levels of CD26. Incubation with an anti-CD26 antibody raised against the ADA-binding site or with exogenous ADA resulted in a significant reduction (50-70%) of T-cell adhesion to monolayers of epithelial cells. The role of ADA-CD26 interaction in the lymphocyte-epithelial cell adhesion appears to be mediated by CD26 molecules that are not interacting with endogenous ADA (ADA-free CD26), since SKW6.4 (B cells) that express more cell-surface ADA showed lower adhesion than T cells. Adhesion stimulated by CD26 and ADA is mediated by T cell lymphocyte function-associated antigen. A role for ADA-CD26 interaction in cell-to-cell adhesion was confirmed further in integrin activation assays. FACS analysis revealed a higher expression of activated integrins on T cell lines in the presence of increasing amounts of exogenous ADA. Taken together, these results suggest that the ADA-CD26 interaction on the cell surface has a role in lymphocyte-epithelial cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Ginés
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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Cordero OJ, Salgado FJ, Fernández‐Alonso CM, Herrera C, Lluis C, Franco R, Nogueira M. Cytokines regulate membrane adenosine deaminase on human activated lymphocytes. J Leukoc Biol 2001. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.70.6.920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar J. Cordero
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela
| | - Francisco J. Salgado
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela
| | - Carmen M. Fernández‐Alonso
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela
| | - Carolina Herrera
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona, 08108 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Lluis
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona, 08108 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Franco
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona, 08108 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Nogueira
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela
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Karp DR, Carlisle ML, Mobley AB, Nichols TC, Oppenheimer-Marks N, Brezinschek RI, Holers VM. Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase is up-regulated on memory T lymphocytes. Int Immunol 1999; 11:1791-800. [PMID: 10545483 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/11.11.1791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ectoenzyme gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) hydrolyzes glutathione (GSH), is required for the maintenance of normal intracellular GSH levels and modifies the activity of GSH-containing adducts. Previous data suggested that this enzyme was present on mitogen-activated T lymphocytes. However, the level of GGT protein expression on human mononuclear cell subsets has not been determined. A novel mAb to human GGT, 3A8, was developed. 3A8 was used to show that the expression of GGT is, in fact, highest on resting T cells that express markers of the memory phenotype, specifically CD45RO and decreased expression of CD45RB. The peripheral blood of patients with rheumatoid arthritis was found to have expanded numbers of T cells expressing levels of GGT up to 10-fold higher than controls. In addition, the CD4(+) T cell subset with the capacity to migrate across a human endothelial cell monolayer expresses high GGT levels. GGT expression was up-regulated on peripheral blood T cells following activation in vitro by either superantigen, phorbol ester, or IL-15, a stimulatory cytokine synthesized in rheumatoid synovium. Resting peripheral blood T cells that express GGT have higher levels of intracellular thiols than those that do not. These observations suggest that GGT may play an important role in the regulation of lymphocytes that are at a particular developmental stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Karp
- The Simmons Arthritis Research Center and Department of Microbiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
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Abstract
A stability study of adenosine receptor agonists in rat and human whole blood was performed. The compounds were incubated at 37 degrees in fresh blood, and aliquots of the incubation mixture were hemolyzed at regular time intervals and analyzed with HPLC. N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA) and N6-cyclobutyladenosine (CBA) were degraded, whereas N6-cyclohexyladenosine, N6-cycloheptyladenosine and N6-sulfophenyladenosine were not. 2-Chloroadenosine had a half-life very similar to that of CPA. However, the 2'-, 3'-, and 5'-deoxyribose derivatives of CPA remained intact. The nucleoside transport inhibitor nitrobenzylthioinosine attenuated CBA and CPA metabolism in rat blood as did the inhibitor of adenosine deaminase erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine, albeit at relatively high concentrations. Complete blockade of CBA and CPA degradation was achieved by a preincubation of rat and human blood with the adenosine kinase (AK) inhibitor 5'-amino-5'-deoxyadenosine. We conclude that the two adenosine analogues are metabolized by AK both in rat and in human whole blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Pavan
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, The Netherlands
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Zimmermann H, Pearson JD. Extracellular Metabolism of Nucleotides and Adenosine in the Cardiovascular System. DEVELOPMENTS IN CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-5603-9_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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