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Potential Valorization of Organic Waste Streams to Valuable Organic Acids through Microbial Conversion: A South African Case Study. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11080964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The notion of a “biobased economy” in the context of a developing country such as South Africa (SA) necessitates the development of technologies that utilize sustainable feedstocks, have simple and robust operations, are feasible at small scale and produce a variety of valuable bioproducts, thus fitting the biorefinery concept. This case study focuses on the microbial production of higher-value products from selected organic waste streams abundant in the South African agricultural sector using microbes adapted to utilize different parts of biomass waste streams. A ruminant-based carboxylate platform based on mixed or undefined anaerobic co-cultures of rumen microorganisms can convert the carbohydrate polymers in the lignocellulosic part of organic waste streams to carboxylic acids that can be upgraded to biofuels or green chemicals. Furthermore, yeast and fungi can convert the simpler carbohydrates (such as the sugars and malic acid in grape and apple pomace) to ethanol and high-value carboxylic acids, such as lactic, fumaric, succinic and citric acid. This review will discuss the combinational use of the ruminal carboxylate platform and native or recombinant yeasts to valorize biomass waste streams through the production of higher-value organic acids with various applications.
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Quartinello F, Kremser K, Schoen H, Tesei D, Ploszczanski L, Nagler M, Podmirseg SM, Insam H, Piñar G, Sterflingler K, Ribitsch D, Guebitz GM. Together Is Better: The Rumen Microbial Community as Biological Toolbox for Degradation of Synthetic Polyesters. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.684459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphical AbstractIdentfication of plastics degradation and microbial community analysis of Rumen.
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de Valk S, Feng C, Khadem AF, van Lier JB, de Kreuk MK. Elucidating the microbial community associated with the protein preference of sludge-degrading worms. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2019; 40:192-201. [PMID: 28967292 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2017.1384071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Sludge predation by aquatic worms results in an increased sludge reduction rate, which is mainly due to the specific removal of a protein fraction from the sludge. As microorganisms play an essential role in sludge hydrolysis a better understanding of the microbial community involved in the worm predation process will provide more insight into the relations between the aquatic worms, their associated microbiome and the efficient sludge reduction. In this study, the microbial community associated with predation by the Tubifex tubifex was investigated. The microbial diversity in the samples of the worm faeces (WF), predated activated sludge and protein-rich substrates were compared. The results indicated that predation on sludge resulted in a microbial change from Actinobacteria (44%) in the sludge, to Proteobacteria (64%) and Bacteriodites (36%) in the WF. Interestingly, the faecal microbial community was more related to the community in (predated) protein-rich substrates than to the community in predated or endogenously respirated activated sludge samples. This similar microbial community could be due to microbial utilisation of protein hydrolysis products. Alternatively, conditions in the worm gut could facilitate a protein hydrolysing community which assists in protein hydrolysis. The genera Burkholderiales, Chryseobacterium and Flavobacterium were found to be associated with predation by T. tubifex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steef de Valk
- a Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Department of Water Management, Section Sanitary Engineering , Delft University of Technology , Delft , The Netherlands
| | - Cuijie Feng
- a Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Department of Water Management, Section Sanitary Engineering , Delft University of Technology , Delft , The Netherlands
| | - Ahmad F Khadem
- a Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Department of Water Management, Section Sanitary Engineering , Delft University of Technology , Delft , The Netherlands
| | - Jules B van Lier
- a Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Department of Water Management, Section Sanitary Engineering , Delft University of Technology , Delft , The Netherlands
| | - Merle K de Kreuk
- a Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Department of Water Management, Section Sanitary Engineering , Delft University of Technology , Delft , The Netherlands
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de Valk S, Khadem AF, van Lier JB, de Kreuk MK. Unravelling the protein preference of aquatic worms during waste activated sludge degradation. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2018; 39:182-189. [PMID: 28271748 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2017.1296898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Worm predation (WP) by Tubifex tubifex was investigated using waste activated sludge (WAS) as the substrate. In order to better understand the sludge degradation mechanisms during WP, the activity of five common hydrolytic enzymes was determined and compared among the initial feed activated sludge, endogenous respirated sludge and worm predated sludge. The results showed that the enzymatic activity decreased upon aerobic (worm) treatment of WAS and that this activity was predominantly associated with the removed solids fraction of the sludge. Interestingly, the protease activity showed a smaller decrease in activity when the worms were present. Flow cell cytometry revealed the release of intestinal bacteria from the worms, which are presumed to be largely responsible for the observed protease activity. Additionally, experiments in which T. tubifex were treated with antibiotics showed that the worms are responsible for a maximum of 73% of the observed proteolytic activity. The remaining 27% is attributed to the intestinal bacteria that exhibit a synergistic relationship with T. tubifex towards protein hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steef de Valk
- a Section Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences , Delft University of Technology , Delft , Netherlands
| | - Ahmad F Khadem
- a Section Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences , Delft University of Technology , Delft , Netherlands
| | - Jules B van Lier
- a Section Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences , Delft University of Technology , Delft , Netherlands
| | - Merle K de Kreuk
- a Section Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences , Delft University of Technology , Delft , Netherlands
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Carrillo-Reyes J, Barragán-Trinidad M, Buitrón G. Biological pretreatments of microalgal biomass for gaseous biofuel production and the potential use of rumen microorganisms: A review. ALGAL RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Jin W, Xu X, Gao Y, Yang F, Wang G. Anaerobic fermentation of biogas liquid pretreated maize straw by rumen microorganisms in vitro. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 153:8-14. [PMID: 24326083 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study intended to investigate the effect of pretreatment of maize straw with biogas liquid on followed fermentation by rumen microorganisms in vitro. The multiple effects including treated time, temperature and dosage of biogas liquid in pretreatment on the followed fermentation performance were analyzed by orthogonal array. The optimum conditions of pretreatment were 9days, 25°C and 50% (v/w) dosage of biogas liquid, which were indicated by the corresponding crystallinity index, dry matter digestibility (DMD) and acetate limiting-step concentration were 57.5%, 73.76% and 1756mg/L, respectively. The ordering sequence of the influential factors for pretreatment was treated time > temperature > dosage of biogas liquid. The results of fermentation showed that the maize straw pretreated by biogas liquid was an efficient and economic pretreatment method of maize straw.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyao Jin
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environment Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xiaochen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environment Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environment Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Fenglin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environment Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Gang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environment Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, China
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Chapleur O, Bize A, Serain T, Mazéas L, Bouchez T. Co-inoculating ruminal content neither provides active hydrolytic microbes nor improves methanization of13C-cellulose in batch digesters. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2013; 87:616-29. [DOI: 10.1111/1574-6941.12249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Chapleur
- Hydrosystems and Bioprocesses Research Unit; Irstea; Antony Cedex France
| | - Ariane Bize
- Hydrosystems and Bioprocesses Research Unit; Irstea; Antony Cedex France
| | - Thibaut Serain
- Hydrosystems and Bioprocesses Research Unit; Irstea; Antony Cedex France
| | - Laurent Mazéas
- Hydrosystems and Bioprocesses Research Unit; Irstea; Antony Cedex France
| | - Théodore Bouchez
- Hydrosystems and Bioprocesses Research Unit; Irstea; Antony Cedex France
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Procházka J, Mrázek J, Štrosová L, Fliegerová K, Zábranská J, Dohányos M. Enhanced biogas yield from energy crops with rumen anaerobic fungi. Eng Life Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201100076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jindřich Procházka
- Department of Water Technology and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Environmental Technology; Institute of Chemical Technology in Prague; Prague; Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Mrázek
- Laboratory of Anaerobic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics; CAS, v.v.i.; Prague; Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Štrosová
- Laboratory of Anaerobic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics; CAS, v.v.i.; Prague; Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Fliegerová
- Laboratory of Anaerobic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics; CAS, v.v.i.; Prague; Czech Republic
| | - Jana Zábranská
- Department of Water Technology and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Environmental Technology; Institute of Chemical Technology in Prague; Prague; Czech Republic
| | - Michal Dohányos
- Department of Water Technology and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Environmental Technology; Institute of Chemical Technology in Prague; Prague; Czech Republic
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Walker M, Banks CJ, Heaven S. Two-stage anaerobic digestion of biodegradable municipal solid waste using a rotating drum mesh filter bioreactor and anaerobic filter. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2009; 100:4121-4126. [PMID: 19406634 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.03.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Revised: 03/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A rotating drum mesh filter bioreactor (RDMFBR) with a 100 microm mesh coupled to an anaerobic filter was used for the anaerobic digestion of biodegradable municipal solid waste (BMW). Duplicate systems were operated for 72 days at an organic loading rate (OLR) of 7.5 g VS l(-1) d(-1). Early in the experiment most of the methane was produced in the 2nd stage. This situation gradually reversed as methanogenesis became established in the 1st stage digester, which eventually produced 86-87% of the total system methane. The total methane production was 0.2 l g(-1) VS(added) with 60-62% volatile solids destruction. No fouling was experienced during the experiment at a transmembrane flux rate of 3.5 l m(-2) h(-1). The system proved to be robust and stably adjusted to a shock loading increase to 15 g VS l(-1) d(-1), although this reduced the overall methane production to 0.15 l g(-1) VS(added).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Walker
- Bioenergy and Organic Resources Research Group, School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
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O'Sullivan C, Burrell PC, Clarke WP, Blackall LL. The effect of biomass density on cellulose solubilisation rates. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2008; 99:4723-4731. [PMID: 18006300 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2007.09.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2007] [Revised: 09/22/2007] [Accepted: 09/24/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to compare the impact of inoculation density on the rate of cellulose hydrolysis by a rumen derived culture with that of a microbial enrichment from an organic waste anaerobic digester. The results showed a linear relationship between the mass of biomass at the start of the first order degradation phase (Xo) and the first order hydrolysis rate (r) for both rumen inoculated and leachate inoculated cellulose digestions and that the slopes of these relationships were not distinguishable. This suggested that differences in the microbial community, media and other environmental factors had a lesser impact on the hydrolysis rate compared to the effect of the number of cells in the system. This could be of great importance to industrial applications of anaerobic digestion technologies as it suggested that if cells densities in the waste treatment digesters could be boosted to match those seen in the rumen, then the rates of the cellulose hydrolysis would rise.
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Affiliation(s)
- C O'Sullivan
- Division of Environmental Engineering, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072 Queensland, Australia.
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O'Sullivan CA, Burrell PC. The effect of media changes on the rate of cellulose solubilisation by rumen and digester derived microbial communities. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2007; 27:1808-14. [PMID: 17161596 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2006.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2005] [Revised: 08/28/2006] [Accepted: 10/09/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of rumen fluid and leachate-based media on the ability of rumen and anaerobic digester derived microorganisms to degrade cellulose. The results demonstrated that rumen microorganisms are not capable of solubilising cellulose, or generating biomass, at an optimal rate when grown in leachate-based media when compared to the rates achieved when grown in rumen-based media. In contrast, the rate of biomass generation and cellulose solubilisation by digester microorganisms was not strongly affected by a change in media type. Several authors have theorised that cellulose degradation rates in anaerobic digesters can be increased by inoculation with rumen-derived microorganisms. The results from this study show that this approach is unlikely to be successful, because the rumen microorganisms would likely be unable to solubilise and out-compete native solid waste microorganisms for the cellulose in a foreign (leachate based) medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathryn A O'Sullivan
- School of Engineering, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Qld, Australia
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O'Sullivan CA, Burrell PC, Clarke WP, Blackall LL. Comparison of cellulose solubilisation rates in rumen and landfill leachate inoculated reactors. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2006; 97:2356-63. [PMID: 16314094 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2005.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2005] [Revised: 10/13/2005] [Accepted: 10/17/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to conduct a number of controlled digestions to obtain easily comparable cellulose solubilisation rates and to compare these rates to those found in the literature to see which operational differences were significant in affecting cellulose degradation during anaerobic digestion. The results suggested that differences in volumetric cellulose solubilisation rates were not indicative of the true performance of cellulose digestion systems. When cellulose solubilisation rates were normalised by the mass of cellulose in the reactor at each time step, the comparison of the rates became more meaningful. Cellulose solubilisation was surface area limited. Therefore, changes in the loading rate of cellulose to the reactor altered the volumetric solubilisation rate without changing the mass normalised rate. Comparison of mass normalised solubilisation rates from this study and the literature demonstrated that differences in reactor configuration and operational conditions did not significantly impact on the solubilisation rate whereas the difference in composition of the microbial communities showed a marked effect. This work highlights the importance of using appropriately normalised data when making comparisons between systems with differing operational conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathryn A O'Sullivan
- Division of Environmental Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Qld, Australia
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13
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Degradation of structural polysaccharides by the plant cell-wall degrading enzyme system from anaerobic fungi: An application study. Enzyme Microb Technol 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(96)00251-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Ezeonu F, Okaka A. Process kinetics and digestion efficiency of anaerobic batch fermentation of brewer's spent grains (BSG). Process Biochem 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-9592(94)00064-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Kivaisi AK, Gijzen HJ, Op den Camp HJM, Vogels GD. Conversion of cereal residues into biogas in a rumen-derived process. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 1992; 8:428-33. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01198760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/1992] [Accepted: 04/02/1992] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Gijzen HJ, Derikx PJ, Vogels GD. Application of rumen microorganisms for a high rate anaerobic digestion of papermill sludge. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0269-7483(90)90046-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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17
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Cecchi F, Alvarez JM, Traverso PG, Medici F, Fazzini G. A new approach to the kinetic study of anaerobic degradation of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0144-4565(90)90028-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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The performances of digesters treating the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes differently sorted. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0269-7483(90)90004-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Mata-Alvarez J. A simulation study of a continuous two-phase dry digestion system. Biotechnol Bioeng 1989; 34:609-16. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260340505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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20
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Application of rumen microorganisms in the anaerobic fermentation of an organic fraction of domestic refuse. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0269-7483(89)90059-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Influence of operating variables on the anaerobic digestion of crude and treated vine shoots. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0269-7483(89)90132-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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22
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den Camp HJMO, Verhagen FJM, Kivaisi AK, de Windt FE. Effects of lignin on the anaerobic degradation of (ligno) cellulosic wastes by rumen microorganisms. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00265827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Zwart KB, Gijzen HJ, Cox P, Vogels GD. Anaerobic digestion of a cellulosic fraction of domestic refuse by a two-phase rumen-derived process. Biotechnol Bioeng 1988; 32:719-24. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260320519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Lubberding HJ, Gijzen HJ, Heck M, Vogels GD. Anaerobic digestion of onion waste by means of rumen microorganisms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0269-7483(88)90128-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Anaerobic degradation of papermill sludge in a two-phase digester containing rumen microorganisms and colonized polyurethane foam. Biotechnol Lett 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01030025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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26
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Gijzen HJ, Lubberding HJ, Gerhardus MJ, Vogels GD. Contribution of rumen protozoa to fibre degradation and cellulase activity in vitro. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1988. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1988.tb02645.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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27
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Cecchi F, Traverso P, Mata-Alvarez J, Clancy J, Zaror C. State of the art of R&D in the anaerobic digestion process of municipal solid waste in Europe. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0144-4565(88)90031-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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