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Bernacchi DL. Bulimia Nervosa: A Comprehensive Analysis of Treatment, Policy, and Social Work Ethics. SOCIAL WORK 2017; 62:174-180. [PMID: 28164234 DOI: 10.1093/sw/swx006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Bulimia nervosa is an often debilitating eating disorder with a biopsychosocial set of risk factors. Those presenting are at an increased mortality rate and often have physical health complications as well as harmful cognitions related to self-esteem and overall self-concept. This article examines treatment, policy, and social work ethics as they relate to bulimia nervosa. A comprehensive cognitive-behavioral approach including psychoeducation, self-monitoring, exposure therapy, interpersonal therapy, body image therapy, energy balance training, and relapse prevention is recommended as evidence-based practice for treating bulimia nervosa. Authors identify health care policy and analyze it as a common barrier to treatment access. They also review ethical principles of competency and social justice as they relate to social work practitioners working with those diagnosed with bulimia nervosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Lynn Bernacchi
- Dana Lynn Bernacchi, MSW, is a mental health and substance abuse counselor, Damien Center, 26 North Arsenal Avenue, Indianapolis, IN, 46201; e-mail:
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Spettigue W, Buchholz A, Henderson K, Feder S, Moher D, Kourad K, Gaboury I, Norris M, Ledoux S. Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of olanzapine as an adjunctive treatment for anorexia nervosa in adolescent females: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. BMC Pediatr 2008; 8:4. [PMID: 18234120 PMCID: PMC2258294 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2431-8-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2007] [Accepted: 01/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anorexia Nervosa (AN) is a serious, debilitating condition that causes significant physical, emotional, and functional impairment. The condition is characterized by destructive weight loss behaviours and a refusal to maintain body weight at or above a minimally normal weight for age and height. AN often develops in adolescence and is a predominantly female disorder. Treatment for AN typically involves medical, nutritional and psychological interventions. Pharmacotherapy is also often used; however, the literature on the effectiveness of these drugs in a pediatric population is very limited. Olanzapine, which is an 'atypical' antipsychotic, is becoming more widespread in the treatment of AN. Olanzapine is hypothesized to facilitate weight gain, while decreasing levels of agitation and decreasing resistance to treatment in young women with AN. This randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial seeks to examine the effectiveness and safety of olanzapine in female youth with AN. METHODS/DESIGN Adolescent females between the ages of 12 and 17 diagnosed with AN (either restricting or binge/purge type) or Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified with a Body Mass Index of less than or equal to 17.5, will be offered inclusion in the study. Patients will be randomly assigned to receive either olanzapine or placebo. Patients assigned to receive olanzapine will start at a low dose of 1.25 mg/day for three days, followed by 2.5 mg/day for four days, 5 mg/day for one week, then 7.5 mg/day (the target dose chosen) for 10 weeks. After 10 weeks at 7.5 mg the medication will be tapered and discontinued over a period of two weeks. The effectiveness of olanzapine versus placebo will be determined by investigating the change from baseline on measures of eating attitudes and behaviors, depression and anxiety, and change in Body Mass Index at week 12, and after a follow-up period at week 40. It is anticipated that 67 participants will be recruited over two years to complete enrollment. DISCUSSION Randomized controlled trials designed to measure the safety and effectiveness of olanzapine in comparison to placebo are desperately needed, particularly in the adolescent population. TRIAL REGISTRATION Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN23032339.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Spettigue
- Mental Health Department, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Ottawa, 550 Cumberland, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Annick Buchholz
- Mental Health Department, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Katherine Henderson
- Mental Health Department, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Stephen Feder
- Mental Health Department, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, 401 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - David Moher
- Mental Health Department, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada
- Chalmers Research Group, 401 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 550 Cumberland, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Kader Kourad
- Chalmers Research Group, 401 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Isabelle Gaboury
- Clinical Research Unit, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Mark Norris
- Mental Health Department, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, 401 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Sheila Ledoux
- Clinical Research Unit, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada
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Lundgren JD, Danoff-Burg S, Anderson DA. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for bulimia nervosa: an empirical analysis of clinical significance. Int J Eat Disord 2004; 35:262-74. [PMID: 15048942 DOI: 10.1002/eat.10254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this review was to assess the clinical significance of cognitive-behavioral therapy for bulimia nervosa using the reliable change index and normative comparison analyses. METHOD Fifteen treatment outcome studies using either individual or group cognitive-behavioral therapy for bulimia nervosa were selected for inclusion. RESULTS Results suggest that cognitive-behavioral therapy for bulimia nervosa produces clinically significant change for many treatment outcome measures when using the reliable change index. However, posttreatment symptomatology is rarely within a normative range when examined with normative comparison analyses. DISCUSSION This review provides a first step in examining the clinical significance of treatment for bulimia nervosa. Future studies should further this work by comparing the clinical significance of different types of treatment for bulimia nervosa using additional assessment measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer D Lundgren
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, The State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, USA.
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Boachie A, Goldfield GS, Spettigue W. Olanzapine use as an adjunctive treatment for hospitalized children with anorexia nervosa: case reports. Int J Eat Disord 2003; 33:98-103. [PMID: 12474205 DOI: 10.1002/eat.10115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A recent case report suggested that olanzapine resulted in improved weight gain and maintenance, as well as decreased anxiety and agitation, for two hospitalized inpatients with anorexia nervosa (AN). However, a subsequent larger case study did not show a relationship between the use of olanzapine and rate of weight gain among a primarily adult population. The aim of this case report was to clinically examine the therapeutic benefit and tolerability of olanzapine as an adjunctive treatment for four children with AN in a pediatric inpatient setting. RESULTS Olanzapine use was associated with considerable weight gain and maintenance, with an average rate of weight gain during hospitalization of 0.99 kg per week. In addition to weight gain, olanzapine was associated with a clinically notable decrease in levels of agitation and premeal anxiety and almost immediate improvement in sleep, general functioning, and overall compliance with treatment. Olanzapine was also well tolerated in these young patients. DISCUSSION These case report findings warrant more controlled research, including randomized controlled studies, to better determine the therapeutic benefits and safety of olanzapine use in children with AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Boachie
- Department of Psychiatry, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada
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Abstract
The rate of obesity in adults and youth has doubled in the past 20 years; during this same period there has been an increase in the prevalence of "dysfunctional eating behaviors," including eating disorders and unhealthy weight loss practices. Despite the fact that obesity, eating disorders, and unhealthy weight loss practices are cultivated in the same cultural context-an increasingly "toxic" environment regarding food and weight-these problems are regarded as distinct, with different origins, courses, and approaches to prevention and treatment. In this article, we present conceptual and practical reasons for adopting an integrated approach to the prevention of the spectrum of problems related to eating and weight (i.e., eating disorders, obesity, and unhealthy weight loss practices), suggest personal, socioenvironmental, and behavioral factors to be included in an integrated approach to prevention, and provide some ideas for developing an integrated program using a media literacy/advocacy approach. We conclude with a discussion of challenges to the development of interventions aimed at the broad spectrum of weight-related problems and suggestions for addressing these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori M Irving
- Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
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Narduzzi KJ, Jackson T. Personality differences between eating-disordered women and a nonclinical comparison sample: a discriminant classification analysis. J Clin Psychol 2000; 56:699-710. [PMID: 10877460 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4679(200006)56:6<699::aid-jclp1>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the extent to which eating-disordered and nonclinical comparison samples could be differentiated on self-reported personality measures of autonomy and sociotropy and a projective measure of dependency. Sixty-two women meeting diagnostic criteria for eating disorder and a nonpsychiatric comparison group of 62 women completed the autonomy and sociotropy subscales of the Personal Style Inventory-II and the Rorschach Oral Dependency Scale (ROD). A discriminant classification analysis indicated 85.5% of eating-disordered subjects and 88.7% of control subjects were identified accurately from their scores on autonomy, sociotropy. and ROD. Results suggest that the experience of eating disorders is associated with a mixed clinical presentation characterized by issues related to sociotropy-dependency, and especially, achievement-related vulnerabilities. Potentially fruitful areas for future study include assessing the utility of autonomy and sociotropy as predictors of eating disturbances in prospective research and evaluating their utility in predicting treatment prognosis among patients with eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Narduzzi
- Brandon Regional Health Centre, Centre for Adult Psychiatry, MB, Canada
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