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He JW, Yang R, Zhou T, Boland GJ, Scott PM, Bondy GS. An epimer of deoxynivalenol: purification and structure identification of 3-epi-deoxynivalenol. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 32:1523-30. [PMID: 26247304 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1072771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In an investigation of deoxynivalenol (DON)-transformation products by Devosia mutans 17-2-E-8, the major product was identified as 3-epi-DON. This DON-transformation product was analysed by liquid chromatography and identified by congruent retention time and UV/Vis spectrum, as well as mass spectrometric data. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments including correlation spectroscopy (COSY), heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) and nuclear overhauser effect (NOE) were conducted for structural characterisation of 3-epi-DON. High-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) was applied to scale up the separation of 3-epi-DON from DON in a D. mutans 17-2-E-8 culture. From the culture where 100 mg DON was applied, 56 mg of 3-epi-DON (purity of 96.8%) was obtained from the HSCCC. The purified 3-epi-DON will be used for toxicological characterisation studies of this chemical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wei He
- a Guelph Food Research Centre , Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Guelph, ON , Canada
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Wu W, He K, Zhou HR, Berthiller F, Adam G, Sugita-Konishi Y, Watanabe M, Krantis A, Durst T, Zhang H, Pestka JJ. Effects of oral exposure to naturally-occurring and synthetic deoxynivalenol congeners on proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine mRNA expression in the mouse. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 278:107-15. [PMID: 24793808 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The foodborne mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) induces a ribotoxic stress response in mononuclear phagocytes that mediate aberrant multi-organ upregulation of TNF-α, interleukins and chemokines in experimental animals. While other DON congeners also exist as food contaminants or pharmacologically-active derivatives, it is not known how these compounds affect expression of these cytokine genes in vivo. To address this gap, we compared in mice the acute effects of oral DON exposure to that of seven relevant congeners on splenic expression of representative cytokine mRNAs after 2 and 6h. Congeners included the 8-ketotrichothecenes 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON), fusarenon X (FX), nivalenol (NIV), the plant metabolite DON-3-glucoside (D3G) and two synthetic DON derivatives with novel satiety-inducing properties (EN139528 and EN139544). DON markedly induced transient upregulation of TNF-α IL-1β, IL-6, CXCL-2, CCL-2 and CCL-7 mRNA expressions. The two ADONs also evoked mRNA expression of these genes but to a relatively lesser extent. FX induced more persistent responses than the other DON congeners and, compared to DON, was: 1) more potent in inducing IL-1β mRNA, 2) approximately equipotent in the induction of TNF-α and CCL-2 mRNAs, and 3) less potent at upregulating IL-6, CXCL-2, and CCL-2 mRNAs. EN139528's effects were similar to NIV, the least potent 8-ketotrichothecene, while D3G and EN139544 were largely incapable of eliciting cytokine or chemokine mRNA responses. Taken together, the results presented herein provide important new insights into the potential of naturally-occurring and synthetic DON congeners to elicit aberrant mRNA upregulation of cytokines associated with acute and chronic trichothecene toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenda Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; Dept. of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Kaiyu He
- Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Dept. of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Hui-Ren Zhou
- Dept. of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Franz Berthiller
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Tulln, Austria
| | - Gerhard Adam
- Dept. of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yoshiko Sugita-Konishi
- Food and Life Sciences, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa Pref., 252-5201, Japan
| | - Maiko Watanabe
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Anthony Krantis
- Dept. of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - Tony Durst
- Dept. of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - Haibin Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - James J Pestka
- Dept. of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Dept. of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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3
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Comparison of murine anorectic responses to the 8-ketotrichothecenes 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, fusarenon X and nivalenol. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:2056-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Pestka J. Toxicological mechanisms and potential health effects of deoxynivalenol and nivalenol. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2010. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2010.1247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Produced by the mould genus Fusarium, the type B trichothecenes include deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV) and their acetylated precursors. These mycotoxins often contaminate cereal staples, posing a potential threat to public health that is still incompletely understood. Understanding the mechanistic basis by which these toxins cause toxicity in experimental animal models will improve our ability to predict the specific thresholds for adverse human effects as well as the persistence and reversibility of these effects. Acute exposure to DON and NIV causes emesis in susceptible species such as pigs in a manner similar to that observed for certain bacterial enterotoxins. Chronic exposure to these mycotoxins at low doses causes growth retardation and immunotoxicity whereas much higher doses can interfere with reproduction and development. Pathophysiological events that precede these toxicities include altered neuroendocrine responses, upregulation of proinflammatory gene expression, interference with growth hormone signalling and disruption of gastrointestinal tract permeability. The underlying molecular mechanisms involve deregulation of protein synthesis, aberrant intracellular cell signalling, gene transactivation, mRNA stabilisation and programmed cell death. A fusion of basic and translational research is now needed to validate or refine existing risk assessments and regulatory standards for DON and NIV. From the perspective of human health translation, biomarkers have been identified that potentially make it possible to conduct epidemiological studies relating DON consumption to potential adverse human health effects. Of particular interest will be linkages to growth retardation, gastrointestinal illness and chronic autoimmune diseases. Ultimately, such knowledge can facilitate more precise science-based risk assessment and management strategies that protect consumers without reducing availability of critical food sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Pestka
- Deptartment of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Deptartment of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Center for Integrative Toxicology, 234 G. Malcolm Trout Building, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1224, USA
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Sprando RL, Pestka J, Collins TF, Rorie J, O'Donnell M, Hinton D, Chirtel S. The effect of vomitoxin (Deoxnivalenol) on testicular morphology, testicular spermatid counts and epididymal sperm counts in IL-6KO [B6129-IL6 [TmlKopf] (IL-6 gene deficient)] and WT [B6129F2 (wild type to B6129-IL6 with an intact IL-6 gene)] mice. Food Chem Toxicol 1999; 37:1073-9. [PMID: 10566878 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-6915(99)00103-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The potential of vomitoxin (VT) to affect testicular morphology and testicular and epididymal sperm counts was assessed in three strains of mice: IL-6KO [B6129-IL6 (tmlKopf) (IL-6 gene deficient)], WT [B6129F2 (wild type to B6129-IL6 with an intact IL-6 gene)] and B6C3F1 mice in a 90-day feeding study. The treated mice received VT at a concentration of 10 ppm in their diet. The body weight of VT-treated animals was significantly reduced compared with control animals. Slight changes, not statistically significant, were observed in relative testis weight and testicular spermatid counts. Histological changes were not apparent in the testes of VT-treated animals. The diameter of the seminiferous tubules, the height of the seminiferous epithelium and the number of Sertoli cell nucleoli per cross-sectioned seminiferous tubule in the VT-treated groups were not significantly different from their respective untreated controls. The IL-6KO and B6C3F1 VT-treated mice had significantly reduced cauda epididymal weights compared with their respective controls. These changes were not attributed to decreased sperm counts and this finding suggests that VT may exert an adverse affect on the epididymis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Sprando
- Division of Toxicological Research, Center for Food Safety Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, Beltsville, MD 20708, USA
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Abouzied MM, Azcona-Olivera JI, Yoshizawa T, Pestka JJ. Production of polyclonal antibodies to the trichothecene mycotoxin 4,15-diacetylnivalenol with the carrier-adjuvant cholera toxin. Appl Environ Microbiol 1993; 59:1264-8. [PMID: 8517728 PMCID: PMC182075 DOI: 10.1128/aem.59.5.1264-1268.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The trichothecene mycotoxin 4,15-diacetylnivalenol (DNIV) was conjugated to cholera toxin (DNIV-CT) for use as an immunogen and as an adjuvant for specific antibody production. Repeated intravenous injection of 7.5 micrograms of the conjugate was effective at generating specific antibodies to DNIV in rabbits as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). When small amounts (1 to 10 micrograms per animal) of DNIV-CT were used to immunize mice, polyclonal antibodies were observed as early as 4 weeks of immunization. The relative affinity of the antibodies to DNIV increased with the immunogen dose in mice. Antibodies were not detectable in either rabbits or mice that were injected with DNIV conjugated to the carrier protein bovine serum albumin or when DNIV-CT was blocked with glutaraldehyde. Competitive ELISA of mouse and rabbit serum revealed that the antibodies were most specific for DNIV but reacted to a small extent with fusarenone-X, deoxynivalenol, and nivalenol. No reactivity was observed with 3- or 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol. The results suggest that specific polyclonal antibodies can be prepared against a trichothecene when CT is used as an adjuvant and carrier protein. DNIV antibodies will be useful for monitoring the compound in food in conjunction with other trichothecene antibodies, detection of DNIV-producing cultures, and investigation of 8-ketotrichothecene biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Abouzied
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824-1224
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Bosch U, Mirocha CJ. Toxin production by Fusarium species from sugar beets and natural occurrence of zearalenone in beets and beet fibers. Appl Environ Microbiol 1992; 58:3233-9. [PMID: 1444361 PMCID: PMC183085 DOI: 10.1128/aem.58.10.3233-3239.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Fifty-five Fusarium isolates belonging to nine species were collected from fungus-invaded tissue of stored sugar beets and identified as F. acuminatum (11 isolates), F. avenaceum (1 isolate), F. culmorum (1 isolate), F. equiseti (23 isolates), F. graminearum (4 isolates), F. oxysporum (1 isolate), F. solani (4 isolates), F. sporotrichioides (7 isolates), and F. subglutinans (2 isolates). All isolates were cultured on autoclaved rice grains and assayed for toxicity by feeding weanling female rats the ground-rice cultures of the isolates in a 50% mixture with a regular diet for 5 days. Fifty-eight percent of the isolates were acutely toxic to rats, 26% caused hematuria, 18% caused hemorrhages, and 29% caused uterine enlargement. In most cases, toxicity could not be accounted for by the known toxins found. The following mycotoxins were found in extracts of the rice cultures: zearalenone (22 to 6,282 micrograms/g), chlamydosporol (HM-8) (68 to 4,708 micrograms/g), moniliformin (45 to 400 micrograms/g), deoxynivalenol (10 to 34 micrograms/g), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (5 to 10 micrograms/g), diacetoxyscirpenol (22 to 63 micrograms/g), monoacetoxyscirpenol (21 to 26 micrograms/g), scirpenetriol (24 micrograms/g), T-2 toxin (4 to 425 micrograms/g), HT-2 toxin (2 to 284 micrograms/g), neosolaniol (2 to 250 micrograms/g), and T-2 tetraol (4 to 12 micrograms/g). F. equiseti was the predominant species found on visibly molded beets in the field. Six of 25 moldy sugar beet root samples collected in the field contained zearalenone in concentrations ranging between 12 and 391 ng/g, whereas 10 samples from commercial stockpiles were negative for zearalenone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- U Bosch
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108
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Abbas HK, Mirocha CJ, Kommedahl T, Vesonder RF, Golinski P. Production of trichothecene and non-trichothecene mycotoxins by Fusarium species isolated from maize in Minnesota. Mycopathologia 1989; 108:55-8. [PMID: 2615802 DOI: 10.1007/bf00436784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Eighty-two cultures of Fusarium species isolated in 1986 from moldy maize in Minnesota were each cultured on rice for 4 weeks and found to produce the following mycotoxins: F. graminearum isolates, deoxynivalenol (DON, 4-225 micrograms/g), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON, 2-4 micrograms/g), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON, 1-35 micrograms/g) and zearalenone (ZEA, 5-4350 micrograms/g); F. moniliforme, fusarin C (detectable amounts to 1000 micrograms/g); F. moniliforme, F. oxysporum, F. proliferatum and F. subglutinans isolates, moniliformin (15-6775 micrograms/g); F. moniliforme, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans isolates, fusaric acid (detectable amounts). Other mycotoxins screened for in each rice sample and not detected were T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, neosolaniol, T-2 tetraol, nivalenol, fusarenon-X, scirpenols, alpha and beta trans-zearalenols, wortmannin, and fusarochromanone. The rat feeding bioassay indicated that other, unidentified toxins may be present.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Abbas
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108
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Pestka JJ, Lin WS, Miller ER. Emetic activity of the trichothecene 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol in swine. Food Chem Toxicol 1987; 25:855-8. [PMID: 3692388 DOI: 10.1016/0278-6915(87)90264-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The emetic activity of 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON), a deoxynivalenol (DON) precursor, was evaluated in swine over a dose range of 25-200 micrograms/kg body weight and found to be very similar to that of DON. The minimum effective oral doses for 15-ADON and DON were 75 and 50 micrograms/kg, respectively, with 3/15 of the 15-ADON- and 4/15 of the DON-treated pigs exhibiting emesis, over the total dose range. The minimum effective ip doses for 15-ADON and DON were also 75 and 50 micrograms/kg, respectively, with 9/15 pigs in each group exhibiting emesis, over the total dose range. For pigs receiving 15-ADON and DON ip, increased dosage was associated with decreased average time to vomition, increased duration of emesis and increased average number of vomitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Pestka
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824-1224
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Forsell JH, Jensen R, Tai JH, Witt M, Lin WS, Pestka JJ. Comparison of acute toxicities of deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol in the B6C3F1 mouse. Food Chem Toxicol 1987; 25:155-62. [PMID: 3557238 DOI: 10.1016/0278-6915(87)90149-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The acute toxic effects of deoxynivalenol (DON) and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON) were compared in the B6C3F1 female mouse after oral and intraperitoneal exposure. Using the abbreviated procedure of Lorke (Archs Toxicol. 1983, 54, 275), LD50 values for DON were estimated to be 78 mg/kg (oral) and 49 mg/kg (ip) whereas the LD50 values for 15-ADON were 34 mg/kg (oral) and 113 mg/kg (ip). Acute doses of these toxins resulted in extensive necrosis of the gastro-intestinal tract, bone marrow and lymphoid tissues, and focal lesions in kidney and cardiac tissue. The minimum doses required for these histopathological effects were consistent with LD50 estimations. The results indicate that 15-ADON was more or less toxic than DON depending on the route of administration. Risk assessments for DON should therefore consider the potential for 15-ADON occurrence and toxicity in food and feed.
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