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Sun XQ, Klouda T, Barnasconi S, Schalij I, Schwab J, Nielsen-Kudsk AH, Axelsen JS, Andersen A, Aman J, de Man FS, Bogaard HJ, Yuan K, Yoshida K. Pneumonectomy combined with SU5416 or monocrotaline pyrrole does not cause severe pulmonary hypertension in mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2024; 327:L250-L257. [PMID: 38810241 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00105.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
In the field of pulmonary hypertension (PH), a well-established protocol to induce severe angioproliferation in rats (SuHx) involves combining the VEGF-R inhibitor Sugen 5416 (SU5416) with 3 wk of hypoxia (Hx). In addition, injecting monocrotaline (MCT) into rats can induce inflammation and shear stress in the pulmonary vasculature, leading to neointima-like remodeling. However, the SuHx protocol in mice is still controversial, with some studies suggesting it yields higher and reversible PH than Hx alone, possibly due to species-dependent hypoxic responses. To establish an alternative rodent model of PH, we hypothesized mice would be more sensitive to hemodynamic changes secondary to shear stress compared with Hx. We attempted to induce severe and irreversible PH in mice by combining SU5416 or monocrotaline pyrrole (MCTP) injection with pneumonectomy (PNx). However, our experiments showed SU5416 administered to mice at various time points after PNx did not result in severe PH. Similarly, mice injected with MCTP after PNx (MPNx) showed no difference in right ventricular systolic pressure or exacerbated pulmonary vascular remodeling compared with PNx alone. These findings collectively demonstrate that C57/B6 mice do not develop severe and persistent PH when PNx is combined with either SU5416 or MCTP.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We attempted to establish a mouse model of severe and irreversible pulmonary hypertension by substituting hypoxia with pulmonary overcirculation. To do so, we treated mice with either SU5416 or monocrotaline pyrrole after pneumonectomy and performed hemodynamic evaluations for PH. Despite this "two-hit" protocol, mice did not exhibit signs of severe pulmonary hypertension or exacerbated pulmonary vascular remodeling compared with PNx alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qing Sun
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Klouda
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Suzanne Barnasconi
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Schalij
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Janne Schwab
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anders Hammer Nielsen-Kudsk
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Julie Sørensen Axelsen
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Asger Andersen
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jurjan Aman
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frances S de Man
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harm Jan Bogaard
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ke Yuan
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Keimei Yoshida
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Semwal R, Semwal RB, Lehmann J, Semwal DK. Recent advances in immunotoxicity and its impact on human health: causative agents, effects and existing treatments. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 108:108859. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Câmara ACL, de Sousa Argenta VL, de Moraes DDA, Fonseca EF, Fino TCM, Paludo GR, Soto-Blanco B. Hematological and Serum Biochemical Changes and Their Prognostic Value in Horses Spontaneously Poisoned by Crotalaria spectabilis. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:741530. [PMID: 35097039 PMCID: PMC8795585 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.741530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining the prognosis of poisoning by plants containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids is usually challenging. This study aimed to identify important prognostic parameters that can determine the severity of spontaneous poisoning by Crotalaria spectabilis in horses. Blood samples from 42 horses spontaneously poisoned by oats contaminated with C. spectabilis seeds were evaluated. Complete blood counts (CBC) and serum biochemical tests [urea, creatinine, total protein, albumin, total and direct bilirubin concentrations, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT), and creatine kinase (CK) activities] were performed. Horses were followed up for 12 months to determine the long-term survival rate; after 12 months, they were divided into two groups: survivors (n = 30) and non-survivors (n = 12). Horses spontaneously poisoned with C. spectabilis had higher levels of urea, globulin, bilirubin (total, direct, and indirect), AST, GGT, and CK than the reference values. Non-survivor horses showed significantly higher (p < 0.05) values of hemoglobin, GGT, and direct bilirubin than the survivor horses. Horses with serum GGT activity higher than 95 U/l had 14.0 times the risk of death compared to animals showing activities equal to or lower than this value, whereas horses with serum direct bilirubin concentration higher than 0.6 mg/dl (10.26 μmol/L) had 5.78 times the risk of death compared to the others. In summary, serum GGT activity and direct bilirubin concentration may be useful prognostic indicators for assessing the severity of C. spectabilis-poisoned horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Carlos Lopes Câmara
- Large Animal Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | | | - Eduardo Ferreira Fonseca
- Secretaria de Estado da Agricultura, Abastecimento e Desenvolvimento Rural Do Distrito Federal, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Tayná Cardim Moraes Fino
- Large Animal Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Giane Regina Paludo
- Veterinary Clinical Pathology Laboratory, College of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Benito Soto-Blanco
- Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, Veterinary College, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Benito Soto-Blanco
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Qiao L, Nishimura T, Shi L, Sessions D, Thrasher A, Trudell JR, Berry GJ, Pearl RG, Kao PN. Endothelial fate mapping in mice with pulmonary hypertension. Circulation 2013; 129:692-703. [PMID: 24201301 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.113.003734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary endothelial injury triggers a reparative program, which in susceptible individuals is characterized by neointima formation, vascular narrowing, and the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension. The neointimal cells in human pathological plexiform lesions frequently coexpress smooth muscle α-actin and the endothelial von Willebrand antigen, creating a question about their cellular lineage of origin. METHODS AND RESULTS Experimental pulmonary hypertension with neointima formation develops in C57Bl/6 mice subjected to left pneumonectomy followed 1 week later by jugular vein injection of monocrotaline pyrrole (20 μg/μL and 1 μL/g; group P/MCTP). Compared with the group vehicle, by day 35, group P/MCTP developed higher right ventricular systolic pressure (54±5 versus 25±2 mm Hg; P<0.01) and right ventricular hypertrophy (0.58±0.16 versus 0.26±0.05; P<0.01). Transgenic vascular endothelial-cadherin Cre recombinase or Tie-2 Cre mice were intercrossed with mTomato/mGreen fluorescent protein double-fluorescent Cre reporter mice to achieve endothelial genetic lineage marking with membrane-targeted green fluorescent protein. In control mice, few endothelial lineage-marked cells lining the lumen of small pulmonary arteries demonstrate expression of smooth muscle α-actin. Concurrent with the development of pulmonary hypertension, endothelial lineage-marked cells are prominent in the neointima and exhibit expression of smooth muscle α-actin and smooth muscle myosin heavy chain. Human pulmonary arterial hypertension neointimal lesions contain cells that coexpress endothelial CD31 or von Willebrand antigen and smooth muscle α-actin. CONCLUSION Neointimal cells in pulmonary hypertension include contributions from the endothelial genetic lineage with induced expression of smooth muscle α-actin and smooth muscle myosin heavy chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Qiao
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (T.N., L.S., D.S., A.T., P.N.K.) and the Departments of Pathology (G.J.B.) and Anesthesiology (J.R.T., R.G.P.), Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA; and Department of Pediatric Cardiology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (L.Q.)
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Abstract
Genetically modified mouse models have unparalleled power to determine the mechanisms behind different processes involved in the molecular and physiologic etiology of various classes of human pulmonary hypertension (PH). Processes known to be involved in PH for which there are extensive mouse models available include the following: (1) Regulation of vascular tone through secreted vasoactive factors; (2) regulation of vascular tone through potassium and calcium channels; (3) regulation of vascular remodeling through alteration in metabolic processes, either through alteration in substrate usage or through circulating factors; (4) spontaneous vascular remodeling either before or after development of elevated pulmonary pressures; and (5) models in which changes in tone and remodeling are primarily driven by inflammation. PH development in mice is of necessity faster and with different physiologic ramifications than found in human disease, and so mice make poor models of natural history of PH. However, transgenic mouse models are a perfect tool for studying the processes involved in pulmonary vascular function and disease, and can effectively be used to test interventions designed against particular molecular pathways and processes involved in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mita Das
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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Pulmonary oxidative stress is increased in cyclooxygenase-2 knockdown mice with mild pulmonary hypertension induced by monocrotaline. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23439. [PMID: 21850273 PMCID: PMC3151294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the role of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and downstream signaling of prostanoids in the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension (PH) using mice with genetically manipulated COX-2 expression. COX-2 knockdown (KD) mice, characterized by 80–90% suppression of COX-2, and wild-type (WT) control mice were treated weekly with monocrotaline (MCT) over 10 weeks. Mice were examined for cardiac hypertrophy/function and right ventricular pressure. Lung histopathological analysis was performed and various assays were carried out to examine oxidative stress, as well as gene, protein, cytokine and prostanoid expression. We found that MCT increased right ventricular systolic and pulmonary arterial pressures in comparison to saline-treated mice, with no evidence of cardiac remodeling. Gene expression of endothelin receptor A and thromboxane synthesis, regulators of vasoconstriction, were increased in MCT-treated lungs. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lung sections demonstrated mild inflammation and perivascular edema but activation of inflammatory cells was not predominant under the experimental conditions. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression and indicators of oxidative stress in lungs were significantly increased, especially in COX-2 KD MCT-treated mice. Gene expression of NOX-4, but not NOX-2, two NADPH oxidase subunits crucial for superoxide generation, was induced by ∼4-fold in both groups of mice by MCT. Vasodilatory and anti-aggregatory prostacyclin was reduced by ∼85% only in MCT-treated COX-2 KD mice. This study suggests that increased oxidative stress-derived endothelial dysfunction, vasoconstriction and mild inflammation, exacerbated by the lack of COX-2, contribute to the pathogenesis of early stages of PH when mild hemodynamic changes are evident and not yet accompanied by vascular and cardiac remodeling.
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Dumitrascu R, Koebrich S, Dony E, Weissmann N, Savai R, Pullamsetti SS, Ghofrani HA, Samidurai A, Traupe H, Seeger W, Grimminger F, Schermuly RT. Characterization of a murine model of monocrotaline pyrrole-induced acute lung injury. BMC Pulm Med 2008; 8:25. [PMID: 19087359 PMCID: PMC2635347 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2466-8-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2008] [Accepted: 12/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background New animal models of chronic pulmonary hypertension in mice are needed. The injection of monocrotaline is an established model of pulmonary hypertension in rats. The aim of this study was to establish a murine model of pulmonary hypertension by injection of the active metabolite, monocrotaline pyrrole. Methods Survival studies, computed tomographic scanning, histology, bronchoalveolar lavage were performed, and arterial blood gases and hemodynamics were measured in animals which received an intravenous injection of different doses of monocrotaline pyrrole. Results Monocrotaline pyrrole induced pulmonary hypertension in Sprague Dawley rats. When injected into mice, monocrotaline pyrrole induced dose-dependant mortality in C57Bl6/N and BALB/c mice (dose range 6–15 mg/kg bodyweight). At a dose of 10 mg/kg bodyweight, mice developed a typical early-phase acute lung injury, characterized by lung edema, neutrophil influx, hypoxemia and reduced lung compliance. In the late phase, monocrotaline pyrrole injection resulted in limited lung fibrosis and no obvious pulmonary hypertension. Conclusion Monocrotaline and monocrotaline pyrrole pneumotoxicity substantially differs between the animal species.
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Fu PP, Xia Q, Lin G, Chou MW. Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids—Genotoxicity, Metabolism Enzymes, Metabolic Activation, and Mechanisms. Drug Metab Rev 2004; 36:1-55. [PMID: 15072438 DOI: 10.1081/dmr-120028426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloid-containing plants are widely distributed in the world and are probably the most common poisonous plants affecting livestock, wildlife, and humans. Because of their abundance and potent toxicities, the mechanisms by which pyrrolizidine alkaloids induce genotoxicities, particularly carcinogenicity, were extensively studied for several decades but not exclusively elucidated until recently. To date, the pyrrolizidine alkaloid-induced genotoxicities were revealed to be elicited by the hepatic metabolism of these naturally occurring toxins. In this review, we present updated information on the metabolism, metabolizing enzymes, and the mechanisms by which pyrrolizidine alkaloids exert genotoxicity and tumorigenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter P Fu
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, USA.
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Goto J, Ishikawa K, Kawamura K, Watanabe Y, Matumoto H, Sugawara D, Maruyama Y. Heme oxygenase-1 reduces murine monocrotaline-induced pulmonary inflammatory responses and resultant right ventricular overload. Antioxid Redox Signal 2002; 4:563-8. [PMID: 12230867 DOI: 10.1089/15230860260220058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Monocrotaline (MT), a pyrrolizidine alkaloid, causes pulmonary hypertension (PH) in rats and is widely utilized to analyze the pathophysiology of PH. However, a murine PH model with which transgenic animals may be used has not been established. To establish a murine MT-induced PH model, we administered different amounts of MT and determined the extent of right ventricular (RV) overload and PH. We also examined the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), a potential antistress protein in MT-treated animals, and evaluated the functional role of HO-1 by administering an HO-1 inhibitor. Significant pulmonary inflammation and RV hypertrophy were observed when mice were given 600 mg/kg weight of MT weekly for 8 weeks. In addition, elevated RV pressure and induction of HO-1 in lung and RV were observed with this dose of MT. Interestingly, inhibition of HO activity promoted inflammatory changes in the lung and the resultant RV hypertrophy. HO-1 may play defensive roles against murine MT-induced pulmonary inflammation and the resultant RV overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Goto
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
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Abstract
Pyrrolizidine poisoning in humans is regarded by most clinical toxicologists as of little relevance. However, a number of individual case studies in the West and some severe cases of mass poisoning by contaminated grains have led to increased interest in these alkaloids. The increasing use of herbal remedies, some of which contain toxic pyrrolizidines, suggests that the incidence of pyrrolizidine poisoning is likely to increase. In this review the authors describe the chemistry and metabolism of pyrrolizidine alkaloids, the salient features of pyrrolizidine poisoning, and the methods available for detection of these compounds in human fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Stewart
- Indigenous Toxicology Unit, Department of Chemical Pathology, South African Institute for Medical Research, University of the Witwatersrand Medical School, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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