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Racine CR, Ferguson T, Preston D, Ward D, Ball J, Anestis D, Valentovic M, Rankin GO. The role of biotransformation and oxidative stress in 3,5-dichloroaniline (3,5-DCA) induced nephrotoxicity in isolated renal cortical cells from male Fischer 344 rats. Toxicology 2016; 341-343:47-55. [PMID: 26808022 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Among the mono- and dichloroanilines, 3,5-dichloroaniline (3,5-DCA) is the most potent nephrotoxicant in vivo and in vitro. However, the role of renal biotransformation in 3,5-DCA induced nephrotoxicity is unknown. The current study was designed to determine the in vitro nephrotoxic potential of 3,5-DCA in isolated renal cortical cells (IRCC) obtained from male Fischer 344 rats, and the role of renal bioactivation and oxidative stress in 3,5-DCA nephrotoxicity. IRCC (∼ 4 million cells/ml) from male rats were exposed to 3,5-DCA (0-1.0mM) for up to 120 min. In IRCC, 3,5-DCA was cytotoxic at 1.0mM by 60 min as evidenced by the increased release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), but 120 min was required for 3,5-DCA 0.5mM to increase LDH release. In subsequent studies, IRCC were exposed to a pretreatment (antioxidant or enzyme inhibitor) prior to exposure to 3,5-DCA (1.0mM) for 90 min. Cytotoxicity induced by 3,5-DCA was attenuated by pretreatment with inhibitors of flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO; methimazole, N-octylamine), cytochrome P450 (CYP; piperonyl butoxide, metyrapone), or peroxidase (indomethacin, mercaptosuccinate) enzymes. Use of more selective CYP inhibitors suggested that the CYP 2C family contributed to 3,5-DCA bioactivation. Antioxidants (glutathione, N-acetyl-l-cysteine, α-tocopherol, ascorbate, pyruvate) also attenuated 3,5-DCA nephrotoxicity, but oxidized glutathione levels and the oxidized/reduced glutathione ratios were not increased. These results indicate that 3,5-DCA may be activated via several renal enzyme systems to toxic metabolites, and that free radicals, but not oxidative stress, contribute to 3,5-DCA induced nephrotoxicity in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Racine
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Toxicology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA
| | - Travis Ferguson
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Toxicology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA
| | - Debbie Preston
- Department of Pediatrics, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA
| | - Dakota Ward
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Toxicology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA
| | - John Ball
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Toxicology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA
| | - Dianne Anestis
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Toxicology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA
| | - Monica Valentovic
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Toxicology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA
| | - Gary O Rankin
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Toxicology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA.
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Miyakawa K, Albee R, Letzig LG, Lehner AF, Scott MA, Buchweitz JP, James LP, Ganey PE, Roth RA. A Cytochrome P450-Independent Mechanism of Acetaminophen-Induced Injury in Cultured Mouse Hepatocytes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 354:230-7. [PMID: 26065700 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.223537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse hepatic parenchymal cells (HPCs) have become the most frequently used in vitro model to study mechanisms of acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatotoxicity. It is universally accepted that APAP hepatocellular injury requires bioactivation by cytochromes P450 (P450s), but this remains unproven in primary mouse HPCs in vitro, especially over the wide range of concentrations that have been employed in published reports. The aim of this work was to test the hypothesis that APAP-induced hepatocellular death in vitro depends solely on P450s. We evaluated APAP cytotoxicity and APAP-protein adducts (a biomarker of metabolic bioactivation by P450) using primary mouse HPCs in the presence and absence of a broad-spectrum inhibitor of P450s, 1-aminobenzotriazole (1-ABT). 1-ABT abolished formation of APAP-protein adducts at all concentrations of APAP (0-14 mM), but eliminated cytotoxicity only at small concentrations (≦5 mM), indicating the presence of a P450-independent mechanism at larger APAP concentrations. P450-independent cell death was delayed in onset relative to toxicity observed at smaller concentrations. p-Aminophenol was detected in primary mouse HPCs exposed to large concentrations of APAP, and a deacetylase inhibitor [bis (4-nitrophenyl) phosphate (BNPP)] significantly reduced cytotoxicity. In conclusion, APAP hepatocellular injury in vitro occurs by at least two mechanisms, a P450-dependent mechanism that operates at concentrations of APAP ≦ 5 mM and a P450-independent mechanism that predominates at larger concentrations and is slower in onset. p-Aminophenol most likely contributes to the latter mechanism. These findings should be considered in interpreting results from APAP cytotoxicity studies in vitro and in selecting APAP concentrations for use in such studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhisa Miyakawa
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation (K.M., M.A.S., J.P.B.), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute for Integrative Toxicology (R.A., P.E.G., R.A.R.), and Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Section of Toxicology (A.F.L.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; and Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, Arkansas (L.G.L., L.P.J.)
| | - Ryan Albee
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation (K.M., M.A.S., J.P.B.), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute for Integrative Toxicology (R.A., P.E.G., R.A.R.), and Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Section of Toxicology (A.F.L.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; and Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, Arkansas (L.G.L., L.P.J.)
| | - Lynda G Letzig
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation (K.M., M.A.S., J.P.B.), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute for Integrative Toxicology (R.A., P.E.G., R.A.R.), and Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Section of Toxicology (A.F.L.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; and Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, Arkansas (L.G.L., L.P.J.)
| | - Andreas F Lehner
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation (K.M., M.A.S., J.P.B.), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute for Integrative Toxicology (R.A., P.E.G., R.A.R.), and Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Section of Toxicology (A.F.L.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; and Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, Arkansas (L.G.L., L.P.J.)
| | - Michael A Scott
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation (K.M., M.A.S., J.P.B.), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute for Integrative Toxicology (R.A., P.E.G., R.A.R.), and Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Section of Toxicology (A.F.L.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; and Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, Arkansas (L.G.L., L.P.J.)
| | - John P Buchweitz
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation (K.M., M.A.S., J.P.B.), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute for Integrative Toxicology (R.A., P.E.G., R.A.R.), and Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Section of Toxicology (A.F.L.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; and Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, Arkansas (L.G.L., L.P.J.)
| | - Laura P James
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation (K.M., M.A.S., J.P.B.), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute for Integrative Toxicology (R.A., P.E.G., R.A.R.), and Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Section of Toxicology (A.F.L.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; and Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, Arkansas (L.G.L., L.P.J.)
| | - Patricia E Ganey
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation (K.M., M.A.S., J.P.B.), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute for Integrative Toxicology (R.A., P.E.G., R.A.R.), and Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Section of Toxicology (A.F.L.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; and Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, Arkansas (L.G.L., L.P.J.)
| | - Robert A Roth
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation (K.M., M.A.S., J.P.B.), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute for Integrative Toxicology (R.A., P.E.G., R.A.R.), and Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Section of Toxicology (A.F.L.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; and Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, Arkansas (L.G.L., L.P.J.)
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Rankin GO, Sweeney A, Racine C, Ferguson T, Preston D, Anestis DK. 4-Amino-2-chlorophenol: Comparative in vitro nephrotoxicity and mechanisms of bioactivation. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 222:126-32. [PMID: 25446496 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Chlorinated anilines are nephrotoxicants both in vivo and in vitro. The mechanism of chloroaniline nephrotoxicity may occur via more than one mechanism, but aminochlorophenol metabolites appear to contribute to the adverse in vivo effects. The purpose of this study was to compare the nephrotoxic potential of 4-aminophenol (4-AP), 4-amino-2-chlorophenol (4-A2CP), 4-amino-3-chlorophenol (4-A3CP) and 4-amino-2,6-dichlorophenol (4-A2,6DCP) using isolated renal cortical cells (IRCC) from male Fischer 344 rats as the model and to explore renal bioactivation mechanisms for 4-A2CP. For these studies, IRCC (∼4×10(6)cells/ml) were incubated with an aminophenol (0.5 or 1.0mM) or vehicle for 60min at 37°C with shaking. In some experiments, cells were pretreated with an antioxidant or cytochrome P450 (CYP), flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO), peroxidase or cyclooxygenase inhibitor prior to 4-A2CP (1.0mM). Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release served as a measure of cytotoxicity. The order of decreasing nephrotoxic potential in IRCC was 4-A2,6-DCP>4-A2CP>4-AP>4-A3CP. The cytotoxicity induced by 4-A2CP was reduced by pretreatment with the peroxidase inhibitor mercaptosuccinic acid, and some antioxidants (ascorbate, glutathione, N-acetyl-l-cysteine) but not by others (α-tocopherol, DPPD). In addition, pretreatment with the iron chelator deferoxamine, several CYP inhibitors (except for the general CYP inhibitor piperonyl butoxide), FMO inhibitors or indomethacin (a cyclooxygenase inhibitor) failed to attenuate 4-A2CP cytotoxicity. These results demonstrate that the number and ring position of chloro groups can influence the nephrotoxic potential of 4-aminochlorophenols. In addition, 4-A2CP may be bioactivated by cyclooxygenase and peroxidases, and free radicals appear to play a role in 4-A2CP cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary O Rankin
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Toxicology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, United States.
| | - Adam Sweeney
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Toxicology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, United States
| | - Christopher Racine
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Toxicology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, United States
| | - Travis Ferguson
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Toxicology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, United States
| | - Deborah Preston
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Toxicology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, United States
| | - Dianne K Anestis
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Toxicology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, United States
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4
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Uterotrophic assay, Hershberger assay, and subacute oral toxicity study of 4,4′-butylidenebis(2-tert-butyl-5-methylphenol) and 3-(dibutylamino)phenol, based on the OECD draft protocols. Arch Toxicol 2007; 82:301-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-007-0250-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2007] [Accepted: 09/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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He Z, Song S, Ying H, Xu L, Chen J. p-Aminophenol degradation by ozonation combined with sonolysis: operating conditions influence and mechanism. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2007; 14:568-574. [PMID: 17123854 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2006.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2005] [Revised: 09/27/2006] [Accepted: 10/05/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The degradation of p-aminophenol (PAP) in aqueous solution by sonolysis, by ozonation, and by a combination of both was investigated in laboratory-scale experiments. Operation parameters such as pH, temperature, ultrasonic energy density and ozone dose were optimized with regard to the efficiency of PAP removal. The concentration of PAP during the reaction was detected by high-pressure liquid chromatography. The concentrations of ammonium ions and nitrate ions were monitored during the degradation. Intermediate products such as 4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-one, phenol, but-2-enedioic acid, and acetic acid were detected by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The degradation rate of PAP was higher in the combined system than in the linear combination of separate experiments. The degradation efficiency was decreased rapidly when n-butanol was added to the combined reaction system, which showed that some radical reaction might proceed during the laboratory experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiao He
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Song
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, People's Republic of China.
| | - Haiping Ying
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, People's Republic of China
| | - Lejin Xu
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianmeng Chen
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, People's Republic of China
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6
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Hong SK, Anestis DK, Henderson TT, Rankin GO. Haloaniline-induced in vitro nephrotoxicity: effects of 4-haloanilines and 3,5-dihaloanilines. Toxicol Lett 2000; 114:125-33. [PMID: 10713477 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4274(99)00287-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Haloanilines are widely used as chemical intermediates in the manufacture of pesticides, dyes and drugs. The purpose of this study was to examine the in vitro nephrotoxic effects of the four 4-haloaniline and four 3,5-dihaloaniline isomers using renal cortical slices obtained from the kidneys of untreated, male Fischer 344 rats. Renal cortical slices were incubated with a haloaniline hydrochloride (0.1, 0.5, 1.0 or 2.0 mM, final concentration) or vehicle for 2 h, and toxicity determined by monitoring lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and changes in tissue gluconeogenesis capacity. At the concentrations tested, none of the 4-haloanilines increased LDH release. 4-Bromoaniline reduced gluconeogenesis at the lowest concentration (0.1 mM), but 4-iodoaniline 2.0 mM induced the largest decrease in gluconeogenesis (92% downward arrow). Among the 3,5-dihaloanilines, 3,5-dibromoaniline proved to be the most potent nephrotoxicant and 3,5-difluoroaniline the least potent nephrotoxicant. LDH release was increased by the dibromo (1.0 and 2. 0 mM), dichloro (2.0 mM) and diiodo (2.0 mM) derivatives, but not by 3,5-difluoroaniline. These results demonstrate that 3, 5-dihaloanilines are generally more potent nephrotoxicants in vitro than the 4-haloaniline isomers, and that bromo and iodo substitutions enhanced the nephrotoxic potential of aniline to the greatest degree.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Hong
- Department of Pharmacology, Marshall University School of Medicine, 1542 Spring Valley Drive, Huntington, WV 25704-9388, USA
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7
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Valentovic M, Meadows MK, Harmon RC, Ball JG, Hong SK, Rankin GO. 2-Amino-5-chlorophenol toxicity in renal cortical slices from Fischer 344 rats: effect of antioxidants and sulfhydryl agents. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1999; 161:1-9. [PMID: 10558918 DOI: 10.1006/taap.1999.8784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
2-Amino-5-chlorophenol is nephrotoxic through an unidentified mechanism. This study examined the in vitro toxicity of 2-amino-5-chlorophenol in renal cortical slices from Fischer 344 rats and specifically assessed induction of lipid peroxidation and depletion of renal glutathione. Renal cortical slices exposed to 0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mM 2-amino-5-chlorophenol exhibited a concentration- and time-dependent increase in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage. Pyruvate-directed gluconeogenesis was diminished in a concentration-dependent manner following a 90-min incubation with 0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mM 2-amino-5-chlorophenol. Lipid peroxidation was induced within 60 min by 1 mM 2-amino-5-chlorophenol in renal slices relative to control tissue. Total glutathione (GSH) levels were decreased below control values within 30 min of exposure to 0.5 and 1 mM 2-amino-5-chlorophenol. These results indicated that GSH levels were decreased prior to the appearance of increased LDH leakage and diminished membrane integrity. 2-Amino-5-chlorophenol toxicity was increased in renal slices isolated from animals pretreated with buthionine sulfoximine (BSO, 890 mg/kg ip). Pretreatment of renal slices with the phenolic antioxidant N,N'-diphenyl-1, 4-phenylenediamine (DPPD, 50 microM) or the iron chelator deferoxamine did not reduce 2-amino-5-chlorophenol cytotoxicity. These results suggest that 2-amino-5-chlorophenol toxicity was not mediated through an iron-dependent mechanism. 2-Amino-5-chlorophenol cytotoxicity was reduced by a 15-min pre-incubation with 2 mM ascorbate or a 30-min preincubation with the thiol-containing agents GSH (1 mM) or dithiothreitol (1 mM, DTT). Pretreatment with GSH, DTT, or ascorbate reduced LDH leakage and lipid peroxide generation induced by 2-amino-5-chlorophenol. These results suggest that 2-amino-5-chlorophenol cytotoxicity involved free radical generation through an iron-independent mechanism. Toxicity was reduced by the presence of the antioxidant ascorbate or by addition of glutathione.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Valentovic
- Department of Pharmacology, Marshall University School of Medicine, 1542 Spring Valley Drive, Huntington, West Virginia, 25704-9388, USA.
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Dial LD, Anestis DK, Kennedy SR, Rankin GO. Tissue distribution, subcellular localization and covalent binding of 2-chloroaniline and 4-chloroaniline in Fischer 344 rats. Toxicology 1998; 131:109-19. [PMID: 9928626 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-483x(98)00122-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chloroanilines (CA) are widely used chemical intermediates which induce numerous toxicities including hematotoxicity, splenotoxicity, hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Although chloroaniline-induced hematotoxicity has been studied in detail, little information is available on the organ-directed toxicity seen following exposure to these agents. The purpose of this study was to examine and compare the excretion and distribution of two nephrotoxicant and hepatotoxicant chloroanilines (2- and 4-chloroaniline) to liver, kidney, spleen, plasma and erythrocytes. Subcellular distribution and covalent binding in kidney and liver were also determined. Male Fischer 344 rats (four per group) were administered [14C]-2-chloroaniline or [14C]-4-chloroaniline (0.5 or 1.0 mmol/kg; approximately 50 microCi/rat) intraperitoneally (i.p.). Urine, feces, blood and tissues were collected at 3 and 24 h. Both 2- and 4-chloroaniline-derived radioactivity were primarily renally excreted with < 1% excretion in the feces by 24 h post-treatment. Both chloroanilines accumulated mainly in liver (percentage of administered dose/total tissue), but kidney generally had similar or higher equivalent concentrations (micromol/g tissue) compared to liver. Subcellular distribution revealed that for both chloroanilines, the cytosolic fraction generally had the highest level of radioactivity independent of time or dose. Covalent binding was detected in both liver and kidney, with the highest concentration (pmol/mg protein) of binding observed in the hepatic microsomal fraction regardless of compound, dose or time studied. In general, 2-chloroaniline derived radioactivity was excreted faster, reached peak tissue concentrations earlier, disappeared from tissues faster and had less covalent binding in target tissue at 24 h than 4-chloroaniline-derived radioactivity. These results suggest that the increased toxic potential of 4-chloroaniline as compared to 2-chloroaniline may be due in part to a more prolonged and persistent accumulation of 4-chloroaniline and/or its metabolites in target tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Dial
- Department of Pharmacology, Marshall University School of Medicine, Huntington, WV 25704-9388, USA
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9
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Hong SK, Anestis DK, Ball JG, Valentovic MA, Brown PI, Rankin GO. 4-Amino-2,6-dichlorophenol nephrotoxicity in the Fischer 344 rat: protection by ascorbic acid, AT-125, and aminooxyacetic acid. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1997; 147:115-25. [PMID: 9356314 DOI: 10.1006/taap.1997.8280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A halogenated derivative of 4-aminophenol, 4-amino-2, 6-dichlorophenol (ADCP), is a potent nephrotoxicant and a weak hepatotoxicant in Fischer 344 rats. Although the mechanism of ADCP nephrotoxicity is unknown, ADCP could undergo oxidation to a reactive intermediate, such as a 4-amino-2,6-dichlorophenoxy radical or 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinoneimine, which can generate additional free radicals and/or covalently bind to cellular proteins. The toxic process might also be mediated by glutathione (GSH) conjugates of ADCP, as suggested for the mechanism of 4-aminophenol nephrotoxicity. In this study, the effects of modulators of oxidation and GSH conjugation-related metabolism or transport on ADCP-induced nephrotoxicity were examined. In one set of experiments, male Fischer 344 rats (four/group) were intraperitoneally (ip) administered ADCP (0.38 mmol/kg) only or coadministered an antioxidant, ascorbic acid (1.14 mmol/kg, ip) with ADCP. Administration of ascorbic acid markedly reduced both functional nephrotoxicity and morphological changes induced by ADCP. Administration of a gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) inhibitor, l-(alphaS, 5S)-alpha-amino-3-chloro-4,5-dihydroxy-5-isoxazoleacetic acid (10 mg/kg, ip), or a cysteine conjugate beta-lyase inhibitor, aminooxyacetic acid (0.5 mmol/kg, ip), 1 hr before ADCP (0.38 mmol/kg) challenge partially protected rats against ADCP nephrotoxicity. In contrast, administration of an organic anion transport inhibitor, probenecid (140 mg/kg, ip), 30 min before ADCP had little effect on ADCP nephrotoxicity. The GSH depletor, buthionine sulfoximine (890 mg/kg, ip), was given 2 hr prior to ADCP and only minimal protection was noted. In addition, the nonprotein sulfhydryl (NPSH) contents in renal cortex and liver were determined at 2 hr following the administration of ADCP only or ascorbic acid/ADCP. Ascorbic acid afforded complete prevention of the depletion of NPSH in the kidney and liver caused by ADCP administration and also prevented the elevation of renal glutathione disulfide content induced by ADCP. The results indicate that oxidation of ADCP appears to be essential to ADCP nephrotoxicity and that GSH or GSH-derived conjugates of ADCP may be partly responsible for the nephrotoxic effects of ADCP via a GGT-mediated mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Hong
- Department of Pharmacology, Marshall University School of Medicine, Huntington, West Virginia 25704-9388, USA
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In Vitro toxicity of 2- and 4-chloroaniline: comparisons with 4-amino-3-chlorophenol, 2-amino-5-chlorophenol and aminophenols. Toxicol In Vitro 1996; 10:713-20. [DOI: 10.1016/s0887-2333(96)00060-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/1996] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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11
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Hong SK, Valentovic MA, Anestis DK, Ball JG, Brown PI, Rankin GO. Nephrotoxicity of 4-amino-2-chlorophenol and 2-amino-4-chlorophenol in the Fischer 344 rat. Toxicology 1996; 110:47-58. [PMID: 8658559 DOI: 10.1016/0300-483x(96)03327-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Aminophenols and halogenated anilines induce nephrotoxicity and mild hepatotoxicity in rats. In this study, the in vivo and in vitro nephrotoxic potential of 4-amino-2-chlorophenol and 2-amino-4-chlorophenol, monochlorinated aminophenols and potential metabolites of 3-chloroaniline, was evaluated. Hepatotoxicity of both compounds was also examined in vivo. Male Fischer 344 rats (four/group) were administered 4-amino-2-chlorophenol hydrochloride (0.4, 0.8 or 1.0 mmol/kg), 2-amino-4-chlorophenol hydrochloride (0.4, 0.8 or 1.2 mmol/kg) or vehicle intraperitoneally (i.p.) and renal and hepatic function monitored for 48 h. Administration of 4-amino-2-chlorophenol (0.8 mmol/kg) induced nephrotoxicity, while only minor changes in kidney function were observed following administration of 0.4 mmol/kg of 4-amino-2-chlorophenol or 0.8 mmol/kg of 2-amino-4-chlorophenol. Increasing the dose of 4-amino-2-chlorophenol to 1.0 mmol/kg or 2-amino-4-chlorophenol to 1.2 mmol/kg resulted in lethality. Nephrotoxicity induced by 4-amino-2-chlorophenol was characterized by diuresis, increased proteinuria, glucosuria, hematuria, elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration and kidney weight, and marked proximal tubular damage, while 2-amino-4-chlorophenol induced milder effects on renal function and transient oliguria instead of diuresis. No hepatotoxicity was observed with either compound at any dose tested. In the in vitro studies, the direct effects of 4-amino-2-chlorophenol or 2-amino-4-chlorophenol on organic ion accumulation, pyruvate-stimulated gluconeogenesis and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage were determined using renal cortical slices. 4-Amino-2-chlorophenol and 2-amino-4-chlorophenol were almost equally effective in inhibiting organic anion or cation uptake and gluconeogenesis or increasing LDH leakage, although small differences in the minimum effective concentrations were present (minimum effective concentration, 0.01-0.5 mM range). These results demonstrate that 4-amino-2-chlorophenol is a more potent nephrotoxicant than 2-amino-4-chlorophenol in vivo. The results also indicate that the addition of a chloride group to aminophenols enhances renal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Hong
- Department of Pharmacology, Marshall University School of Medicine, Huntington, WV 25704-9388, USA
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