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SCHMITT KARIN, CILENTO GIUSEPPE. THE PEROXIDASE-PROMOTED METABOLIC ACTIVATION OF ACETAMINOPHEN PRODUCES ELECTRONICALLY EXCITED SPECIES. Photochem Photobiol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/php.1990.51.6.719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Núñez-Delicado E, Sojo M, García-Carmona F, Sánchez-Ferrer A. Anomalous oxidation of MDL 73,404 by horseradish peroxidase. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2003; 35:183-91. [PMID: 12479868 DOI: 10.1016/s1357-2725(02)00168-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
3,4-Dihydro-6-hydroxy-N,N,N-2,5,7,8-heptamethyl-2H-1-benzopyran-2-ethanaminium-4-methylbenzene sulfonate (MDL 73,404) is a cardioselective water-soluble quaternary ammonium analogue of Vitamin E which is synthesized to augment the antioxidant defence in situations of free radical injury such as myocardial infarction/reperfusion. Its oxidation by any peroxidative enzyme has not been studied kinetically. This paper describes its enzymatic oxidation by horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The activity was followed spectrophotometrically at 255nm, and the experimental results were simulated using the program "KINETIC 3.1" for Windows 3.x. The MDL 73,404 was oxidized by horseradish peroxidase in the presence of H2O2 to its corresponding MDL 73,404 quinone. During this oxidation, the horseradish peroxidase showed an unexpectedly slow kinetic response with time, which contrast with the linear product accumulation curve measured with 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-estilbenzotiazol-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS). This response was dependent on the respective concentrations of enzyme, MDL 73,404 and H2O2. However, when the enzyme was incubated with H2O2, the slow kinetic response disappeared and a lag period was observed. Furthermore, when p-coumaric acid (PCA) was added, the activity increased and the slow kinetic response became a straight line. In order to explain this anomalous behaviour, a kinetic model has been proposed and its differential equations simulated. From the correlation between experimental and simulated results it is concluded that MDL 73,404 can act as a slow response substrate for peroxidase, probably due to the presence of a quaternary ammonium side chain that confers on it a slow capacity to convert compound III into ferriperoxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estrella Núñez-Delicado
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, E-30071, Murcia, Spain
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The Optimum pH of Oxidoreductases: A Comparison Between Experimental and Calculated pH Optimum. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY-DAEHAN HWAHAK HOE JEE 2002. [DOI: 10.5012/jkcs.2002.46.5.432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Neal TJ, Kang SJ, Turowska-Tyrk I, Schulz CE, Scheidt WR. Magnetic interactions in the high-spin iron(III) oxooctaethylchlorinato derivative [Fe(oxoOEC)(Cl)] and its pi-cation radical [Fe(oxoOEC.)(Cl)]SbCl6. Inorg Chem 2000; 39:872-80. [PMID: 12526364 DOI: 10.1021/ic991052w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The preparation and characterization of the beta-oxochlorin derivative [3,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octaethyl-(3H)-porphin-2-onato(2-)]iron(III) chloride, [Fe(oxoOEC)(Cl)], and its pi-cation radical derivative [Fe(oxoOEC.)(Cl)]SbCl6 is described. Both compounds have been characterized by single-crystal X-ray structure determinations, IR, UV/vis/near-IR, and Mössbauer spectroscopies, and temperature-dependent magnetic susceptibility measurements. The macrocycles of [Fe(oxoOEC)(Cl)] and [Fe(oxoOEC.)(Cl)]SbCl6 are both saddled, and [Fe(oxoOEC.)(Cl)]-SbCl6 is slightly ruffled as well. [Fe(oxoOEC)(Cl)] shows a laterally shifted dimeric unit in the solid state, with a mean plane separation of 3.39 A and a lateral shift of 7.39 A. Crystal data for [Fe(oxoOEC)(Cl)]: triclinic, space group P1, Z = 2, a = 9.174(2) A, b = 13.522(3) A, c = 14.838(3) A, alpha = 95.79(3) degrees, beta = 101.46(2) degrees, gamma = 104.84(3) degrees. Upon oxidation, the inter-ring geometric parameters increase; the mean plane separation and the lateral shift of the dimeric unit of [Fe(oxoOEC.)(Cl)]SbCl6 are 4.82 and 8.79 A, respectively. Crystal data for [Fe(oxoOEC.)(Cl)]SbCl6: monoclinic, space group Cc, Z = 4, a = 19.8419(13) A, b = 10.027(2) A, c = 22.417(4) A, beta = 96.13(2) degrees. A broad near-IR absorption band appears at 1415 nm for the pi-cation radical, [Fe(oxoOEC.)(Cl)]SbCl6. Zero-field Mössbauer measurements at 4.2 K for both [Fe(oxoOEC)(Cl)] and [Fe(oxoOEC.)(Cl)]SbCl6 confirmed that the oxidation state of the iron atom did not change upon chemical oxidation. Solid-state magnetic susceptibility measurements for [Fe(oxoOEC.)(Cl)]SbCl6 resulted in a large temperature dependence of the magnetic moment that can best be fit with a model that includes a zero-field splitting parameter of D = 6 cm-1, antiferromagnetic intermolecular iron-iron coupling (2JFe-Fe = -0.14 cm-1), antiferromagnetic intramolecular iron-radical coupling (2JFe-r = -76 cm-1), and antiferromagnetic radical-radical coupling (2Jr-r = -13 cm-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Neal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
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Neal TJ, Kang SJ, Schulz CE, Scheidt WR. Molecular Structures and Magnetochemistry of Two (β-Oxooctaethylchlorinato)copper(II) Derivatives: [Cu(oxoOEC)] and [Cu(oxoOEC•)]SbCl6. Inorg Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ic9903026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa J. Neal
- The Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, and The Department of Physics, Knox College, Galesburg, Illinois 61401
| | - Seong-Joo Kang
- The Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, and The Department of Physics, Knox College, Galesburg, Illinois 61401
| | - Charles E. Schulz
- The Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, and The Department of Physics, Knox College, Galesburg, Illinois 61401
| | - W. Robert Scheidt
- The Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, and The Department of Physics, Knox College, Galesburg, Illinois 61401
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Ahn SH, Duffel MW, Rosazza JP. Oxidations of vincristine catalyzed by peroxidase and ceruloplasmin. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 1997; 60:1125-1129. [PMID: 9392881 DOI: 10.1021/np970226o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The dimeric Catharanthus alkaloid vincristine (1) is oxidized to the same ring fission product in incubations with either horseradish peroxidase or the human serum copper oxidase ceruloplasmin. Horseradish peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of vincristine requires hydrogen peroxide, whereas ceruloplasmin-catalyzed oxidation of vincristine requires chlorpromazine as a "shuttle oxidant". Preparative-scale incubations allowed for the production, isolation, structural characterization, and biological evaluation of the metabolite. The metabolite was identified as the heterocyclic ring cleavage product N-formylcatharinine (5). N-Formylcatharinine was 118 times less active than vincristine in an in vitro test against a human T-cell leukemic cell line. Therefore, these enzyme-catalyzed reactions lead to bioinactivation of vincristine.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Ahn
- Division of Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Univeristy of Iowa, Iowa City 82242, USA
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Abstract
Biologically/medically important compounds, when metabolized, can generate free radicals from which electrically excited products--often in the triplet state--are generated. Peroxidases are particularly apt to catalyze such processes, which usually entail oxidations by electron transfer. In the latter case, the chemiluminescence may derive from peroxyl and alkoxyl radicals or excited states derived from dioxetanes. Besides peroxidases, prostaglandin-H synthase and lipoxygenase may catalyze the formation of excited carbonyls. The pronounced similarity in the chemical behavior and reactivity of radicals and excited species derives in part from the biradical nature of the latter. Usually in analyzing the biological effects of xenobiotics, only radicals and/or reactive ground state products have been considered. However, in such processes the generation of excited species is possible, which should be tested for by direct and/or sensitized emission or by photochemical transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Cilento
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
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Gilio VE, Cilento G. Light emission accompanies oxygen uptake during the peroxidative metabolism of tetracyclines. Photochem Photobiol 1993; 58:446-9. [PMID: 8234480 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1993.tb09588.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Tetracycline molecules offer several sites for peroxidative metabolism of the type known to lead to oxygen consumption and electronic excitation. Accordingly, when tetracycline and chlortetracycline were exposed to horseradish peroxidase in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, oxygen was taken up and light emission was observed. The overall quantum yield of chemiluminescence is on the order of 10(-6), but that of chemiexcitation may be orders of magnitude higher as suggested by studies of sensitized emission. Given the widespread distribution of peroxidases, the formation of highly reactive metabolites of tetracycline may have biological importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- V E Gilio
- Department of Biochemistry, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
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Morais MDS, Augusto O. Peroxidation of the antimalarial drug primaquine: characterization of a benzidine-like metabolite with methaemoglobin-forming activity. Xenobiotica 1993; 23:133-9. [PMID: 8498077 DOI: 10.3109/00498259309059369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
1. An organic solvent-extractable product was obtained from incubations of primaquine (70 mM) with H2O2 (70mM) and horseradish peroxidase (0.5 mg/ml) in acetate buffer, pH4.2. 2. The metabolite was characterized as 5,5-di-(8-[(4-amino-1-methylbutyl)amino]-6-methoxyquinoline) by 1H-n.m.r., mass, FT-i.r. and u.v.-visible spectroscopy. 3. Incubations of rat erythrocytes with 5,5-di-(8-[(4-amino-1-methylbutyl)amino]-6-methoxyquinoline) led to the formation of methaemoglobin in a time- and metabolite concentration-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- M da S Morais
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
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Knudsen FDS, Cilento G. Chemiexcitation in the peroxidative metabolism of diethylstilbestrol. Metabolic products. Photochem Photobiol 1992; 55:267-77. [PMID: 1542708 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1992.tb04236.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In the presence of the surfactant hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) a cascade of electronically excited states accompanies the successive steps in the peroxidative metabolization of the strong estrogenic and tumourogenic diethylstilbestrol. Reversing the order by necessity, we report in this first paper results with the metabolites. Exposure of 4-hydroxypropiophenone, Z,Z-dienestrol or E,E-dienestrol to horseradish peroxidase and H2O2 promotes oxygen uptake and spectral alterations. Light emission is observed provided that the surfactant CTAB is present. With the three substrates, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and a new metabolite, p-benzoquinone, have been identified. With both dienestrol isomers, 1-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-propan-1-on-2-ol has been identified. In all cases the emission spectrum indicates the presence of several emitters. Possible chemiexcitation routes are pointed out. From the dramatic increase of the emission by enhancers, values as high as 1 x 10(-5) are inferred for the product of the quantum yields of chemiexcitation and energy transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- F da S Knudsen
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
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Stiborová M, Frei E, Schmeiser HH, Anzenbacher P. The role of peroxidases in the activation of chemical carcinogens. DRUG METABOLISM AND DRUG INTERACTIONS 1991; 9:177-90. [PMID: 1824074 DOI: 10.1515/dmdi.1991.9.3-4.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Peroxidases exhibit a wide substrate specificity with respect to various carcinogenic xenobiotics. Peroxidase-mediated activations of several carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, aromatic amines, phenols, azo dyes and N-nitrosamines are reviewed, considering their possible involvement in the initiation of chemical carcinogenesis. Activation pathways of these carcinogens examined in vitro, in subcellular fractions, cell cultures and in vivo are evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Stiborová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Charles University, Prague, Czechoslovakia
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Abstract
Spectroscopic evidence demonstrate that the alkylaminoanthraquinone mitoxantrone is a substrate for horseradish peroxidase in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and that the result of this interaction is the formation of an air-stable mitoxantrone-derived free radical. The mitoxantrone-derived free radicals or their further oxidation products appear to extensively cross-link with plasmid DNA by a reaction that is mitoxantrone concentration-dependent. Oxidative activation of mitoxantrone to a DNA-damaging species may contribute to the mechanism of action of this antitumour agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Fisher
- Department of Pharmacy, Leicester Polytechnic, UK
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O'Brien PJ, Khan S, Jatoe SD. Formation of biological reactive intermediates by peroxidases: halide mediated acetaminophen oxidation and cytotoxicity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1991; 283:51-64. [PMID: 2069022 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-5877-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P J O'Brien
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Kolodziejczyk P, Lown JW. Peroxidase induced metabolism and lipid peroxide scavenging by antitumor agents. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1990; 264:323-38. [PMID: 2244510 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-5730-8_51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P Kolodziejczyk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Kolodziejczyk P, Reszka K, Lown JW. Enzymatic oxidative activation of 5-iminodaunorubicin. Spectrophotometric and electron paramagnetic resonance studies. Biochem Pharmacol 1989; 38:803-9. [PMID: 2539159 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(89)90234-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Horseradish peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of the antitumor agent 5-iminodaunorubicin by hydrogen peroxide was studied with both spectrophotometric and electron paramagnetic resonance methods. Kinetics of oxidation of the drug at pH 3, 6 and 8 were determined. Rapid formation of a nitrogen-centered free radical metabolite was demonstrated with electron paramagnetic resonance employing the 15N-labeled drug and by deuterium exchange techniques. This enzymatic oxidative activation of 5-iminodaunorubicin suggests an alternative mode of metabolism and mechanism of action of this less cardiotoxic anticancer agent. By contrast, the parent compound, daunorubicin, did not undergo oxidation by the horseradish peroxidase-hydrogen peroxide system.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kolodziejczyk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Foureman GL, Eling TE. Peroxidase-mediated formation of glutathione conjugates from polycyclic aromatic dihydrodiols and insecticides. Arch Biochem Biophys 1989; 269:55-68. [PMID: 2492794 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(89)90086-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Using two peroxidative systems (prostaglandin H synthase/arachidonic acid and horseradish peroxidase/H2O2) we observed GSH conjugate formation with a number of compounds including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-diols (PAH-diols), insecticides, and steroids. Several of the conjugates were characterized by chromatography, uv-vis spectrophotometry, and FAB mass spectroscopy. Conjugate formation is dependent upon a functioning peroxidase, GSH, and is markedly enhanced (3- to 10-fold) by the inclusion of a number of reducing cosubstrates including phenol, uric acid, phenylbutazone, and acetaminophen. The mechanism of conjugate formation appears to involve addition of thiyl radical to alkene bonds conjugated to an electron releasing group probably by resonance stabilization of the carbon-centered radical intermediate. Thiyl radicals are formed either directly by GSH reduction of the peroxidase or indirectly by GSH reduction of radicals formed from reducing cosubstrates. The nitrone spin trap, 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide, which traps thiyl radicals, totally inhibits production of GSH conjugates in both peroxidative systems. Conjugation of PAH-diols, some of which are penultimate carcinogens, would prevent their metabolism to the diol-epoxides, an ultimate carcinogenic species of PAH. Conjugation by peroxidases appears to be a general pathway for glutathione conjugate formation that may lead to potential detoxification of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Foureman
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
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Stiborová M, Asfaw B, Anzenbacher P. Activation of carcinogens by peroxidase. Horseradish peroxidase-mediated formation of benzenediazonium ion from a non-aminoazo dye, 1-phenylazo-2-hydroxynaphthalene (Sudan I) and its binding to DNA. FEBS Lett 1988; 232:387-90. [PMID: 3378630 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(88)80776-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Horseradish peroxidase in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (HRP/H2O2) oxidizes a carcinogenic non-aminoazo dye, 1-phenylazo-2-hydroxynaphthalene (Sudan I) to the ultimate carcinogen, which binds to calf thymus DNA. The principal product of Sudan I oxidation by the HRP/H2O2 system is the benzenediazonium ion. Minor products are hydroxy derivatives of Sudan I, in which the aromatic rings are hydroxylated. The principal oxidative product (the benzenediazonium ion) is responsible for the carcinogenicity of Sudan I, because this ion, formed from this azo dye, binds to DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Stiborová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Charles University, Prague, Czechoslovakia
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Fisher JF, Aristoff PA. The chemistry of DNA modification by antitumor antibiotics. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 1988; 32:411-98. [PMID: 2464181 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-9154-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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