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Padiglia A, Orrù R, Boroumand M, Olianas A, Manconi B, Sanna MT, Desiderio C, Iavarone F, Liori B, Messana I, Castagnola M, Cabras T. Extensive Characterization of the Human Salivary Basic Proline-Rich Protein Family by Top-Down Mass Spectrometry. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:3292-3307. [PMID: 30064219 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Human basic proline-rich proteins and basic glycosylated proline-rich proteins, encoded by the polymorphic PRB1-4 genes and expressed only in parotid glands, are the most complex family of adult salivary proteins. The family includes 11 parent peptides/proteins and more than 6 parent glycosylated proteins, but a high number of proteoforms with rather similar structures derive from polymorphisms and post-translational modifications. 55 new components of the family were characterized by top-down liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and tandem-mass platforms, bringing the total number of proteoforms to 109. The new components comprise the three variants P-H S1 → A, P-Ko P36 → S, and P-Ko A41 → S and several of their naturally occurring proteolytic fragments. The paper represents an updated reference for the peptides included in the heterogeneous family of proteins encoded by PRB1/PRB4. MS data are available via ProteomeXchange with the identifier PXD009813.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Padiglia
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Cagliari, Cittadella Univ. Monserrato , Monserrato 09042 , Cagliari , Italy
| | - Roberto Orrù
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Cagliari, Cittadella Univ. Monserrato , Monserrato 09042 , Cagliari , Italy
| | - Mozhgan Boroumand
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Cagliari, Cittadella Univ. Monserrato , Monserrato 09042 , Cagliari , Italy
| | - Alessandra Olianas
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Cagliari, Cittadella Univ. Monserrato , Monserrato 09042 , Cagliari , Italy
| | - Barbara Manconi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Cagliari, Cittadella Univ. Monserrato , Monserrato 09042 , Cagliari , Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Sanna
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Cagliari, Cittadella Univ. Monserrato , Monserrato 09042 , Cagliari , Italy
| | - Claudia Desiderio
- Institute of Chemistry of Molecular Recognition , CNR , Rome 00168 , Italy
| | - Federica Iavarone
- Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry , Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore , Rome 00168 , Italy.,Department of Laboratory Diagnostic and Infectious Diseases , Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli-IRCCS , Rome 00168 , Italy
| | - Barbara Liori
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Cagliari, Cittadella Univ. Monserrato , Monserrato 09042 , Cagliari , Italy
| | - Irene Messana
- Institute of Chemistry of Molecular Recognition , CNR , Rome 00168 , Italy
| | - Massimo Castagnola
- Institute of Chemistry of Molecular Recognition , CNR , Rome 00168 , Italy.,Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry , Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore , Rome 00168 , Italy.,Department of Laboratory Diagnostic and Infectious Diseases , Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli-IRCCS , Rome 00168 , Italy
| | - Tiziana Cabras
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Cagliari, Cittadella Univ. Monserrato , Monserrato 09042 , Cagliari , Italy
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de Sousa-Pereira P, Amado F, Abrantes J, Ferreira R, Esteves PJ, Vitorino R. An evolutionary perspective of mammal salivary peptide families: cystatins, histatins, statherin and PRPs. Arch Oral Biol 2013; 58:451-8. [PMID: 23352445 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2012.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Saliva's role in the oral cavity, such as lubrication, protection of tissues and antimicrobial action is a reflex of its composition, among which are several peptide families like statherin, histatins, proline rich proteins (PRPs) and some members of the cystatin family. These peptides present different evolutionary pathways being in the case of histatin, statherin and PRP families restricted to few millions and comprising few species when compared with cystatins, where duplication occurred at more than 650 mya. Though the recognized relevance of phylogenetic approaches to disclose relationships among different species, information on the salivary proteins that allow the association between peptide families-related structure and function in the oral cavity is scarce. In the present study, the four major salivary peptides classes are reviewed considering the few known phylogenetic studies focusing on their evolution among mammals. New perspectives and challenges for future and multidisciplinary experimental works are drawn.
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Ren D, Penner NA, Slentz BE, Regnier FE. Histidine-rich peptide selection and quantification in targeted proteomics. J Proteome Res 2004; 3:37-45. [PMID: 14998161 DOI: 10.1021/pr034049q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Agarose based immobilized copper (II) affinity chromatography (Cu(II)-IMAC) in tandem with reversed-phase chromatography was applied to a yeast protein extract. Histidine-rich peptides were selected and, in the process, samples were substantially simplified prior to mass spectral analysis. Samples of proteins from the yeast extract at fermentation time periods of 2.5 and 10 h were compared quantitatively used the GIST protocol. Acylation of the N-terminus of tryptic peptides with N-acetoxysuccinamide was used to globally label and quantify relative protein concentration changes. Together with N-terminal acylation, an imidazole elution procedure allowed histidine-rich peptides to be preferentially selected by Cu(II)-IMAC. An inverse labeling strategy was applied to increase reliability in determinations of up- and down-regulation. It was found that the concentration of some histidine-rich proteins changed in excess of 4-fold during fermentation. These proteins covered a wide range of molecular weight and pI values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diya Ren
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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Señorale-Pose M, Jacqueson A, Rougeon F, Rosinski-Chupin I. Acinar cells are target cells for androgens in mouse submandibular glands. J Histochem Cytochem 1998; 46:669-78. [PMID: 9562575 DOI: 10.1177/002215549804600512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The variable coding sequence (VCS) multigene family encodes diverse salivary proteins, such as the SMR1 prohormone and the PR-VB1 proline-rich protein in the rat. In situ hybridization was used to study the cell-specific expression of two new mouse VCS genes, Vcs1 and Vcs2. We show that the Vcs1 transcripts, which code for a proline-rich protein, MSG1, are highly abundant in male and female parotid glands, in which they are specifically detected in acinar cells. No expression was seen in the submandibular or sublingual glands. In contrast, Vcs2 transcripts were found only in the acinar cells of the submandibular glands (SMGs) of male mice, in which they are expressed in response to androgens. Expression was found to be heterogeneous within acinar structures. No Vcs2 transcripts were detected in the SMGs of females or castrated males by Northern blot, RNase protection, or in situ hybridization. Androgen administration to females or castrated males induced expression at a level comparable to that of intact males. The Vcs2 gene is the first example of a mouse androgen-regulated gene that is expressed in SMG acinar cells. This result, in addition to our previous observation on SMR1 expression in rats, demonstrates that both acinar cells and granular convoluted tubule (GCT) cells are target cells for androgen action in rodent SMG.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Señorale-Pose
- Unité de Génétique et Biochimie du Développement, URA CNRS 1960, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Courty Y, Rosinski-Chupin I, Rougeon F. A new proline-rich protein precursor expressed in the salivary glands of the rat is encoded by a gene homologous to the gene coding for the prohormone-like protein SMR1. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)42380-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Muslimov IA. The ribosome as a source of genome hypervariability? Med Hypotheses 1993; 41:201-4. [PMID: 8259075 DOI: 10.1016/0306-9877(93)90230-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In this report it is suggested that at early stages of evolution ribosomes were responsible for synthesizing short oligonucleotide cDNA packets which formed the protogenic tandem repetitive sequences. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) could have been the most probable template for such a synthesis. rRNA has homology with the monomers of tandem hypervariable repetitive elements of the genome. A model for the proposed participation of rRNA in the genesis of genomic fragments is provided by analysis of the active center of GTP-binding proteins. The role of oligonucleotides, synthesized by the ribosome, in the context of mechanisms of genome regulation, genes responsible for disease and human longterm memory formation are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A Muslimov
- Brain Research Institute, Academy of Sciences of Russia, Moscow
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Roberts SG, Layfield R, Bannister AJ, McDonald CJ. Gene sequence of mouse B-type proline-rich protein MP4. Transcriptional start point and an upstream phylogenetic footprint with ets-like and rel/NFkB-like elements. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1991; 202:969-74. [PMID: 1765104 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1991.tb16457.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A mouse genomic B-type proline-rich protein (PRP) cosmid clone was isolated by cDNA hybridisation and mapped, the gene region was subcloned and 3770 bp were sequenced. This gene (MP4) contained three introns and encoded a 1020-nt (nt, nucleotide) mRNA for a PRP precursor 300 amino acids long arranged with 11 imperfect 18-residue proline-rich repeats. The transcriptional start point was determined by S1 nuclease mapping and primer extension to be 26 bp downstream of a TATAA sequence. Sequence comparisons revealed that only two regions from positions -650 bp - -30 bp were highly conserved in all other PRP genes, PRP boxes 1 and 2. Box 1 at positions -112 to -135 contained ets-like and rel/NFkB-like elements and was 74% conserved over 23 bp. Box 2 at positions -33 - -51 was 53% conserved over 19 bp. A search of the EMBL and GenBank sequence libraries indicated that PRP box 1 was only present upstream of the known mammalian PRP gene sequences and was absent from other genes. These conserved sequences may thus be relevant to the tissue-specific and beta-adrenergic regulation of PRP gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Roberts
- Krebs Institute for Biomolecular Research, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, England
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Kousvelari E, Tabak LA. Genetic regulation of salivary proteins in rodents. CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ORAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ORAL BIOLOGISTS 1991; 2:139-51. [PMID: 1912146 DOI: 10.1177/10454411910020020101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The presence of a protein in the cell is the result of a complex pathway that is known by the term gene expression. In this article we review the existing literature on the structure and expression of representative salivary gland genes and their regulated expression during development and upon extracellular stimulation. The expression of one of the "nuclear" protooncogenes, c-fos, in rat parotid glands is also discussed. Finally, we present some suggestions for future studies that will help to understand the mechanisms leading to gene regulation in rat salivary glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kousvelari
- Clinical Investigations and Patient Care Branch, National Institute of Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Apekin V, Goldberger G, Oppenheim FG, Paz MA. Biosynthesis and secretion of rat salivary proteins by Xenopus laevis oocytes. J Dent Res 1991; 70:95-8. [PMID: 1991875 DOI: 10.1177/00220345910700021801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenopus laevis oocytes injected with poly (A+) RNA isolated from rat parotid and submandibular glands synthesize and secrete salivary proteins. Amylase was identified in the media of cultured oocytes injected with rat parotid mRNA by size and immunoprecipitation with anti-human amylase serum. Secretion of the salivary proteins was detectable in the medium eight h following the parotid mRNA injection and continued in a time-dependent fashion for up to 96 h. In contrast to rat parotid slices in culture, which demonstrate a regulated pathway of secretion highly responsive to the secretagogue isoproterenol, secretion of salivary proteins by oocytes did not respond to the stimulation by isoproterenol. Though parotid mRNA is presumed to contain the templates encoding the regulated pathway of secretion, reconstitution of this pathway of secretion in oocytes was not observed in our experiments. Since Xenopus laevis oocytes secrete constitutively significant amounts of proteins when injected with salivary gland mRNA, they are a useful biological system for the analysis of secretion, processing, and function of salivary proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Apekin
- Laboratory of Human Biochemistry, Children's Hospital Corporation, Boston, Massachusetts
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