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Balachandra S, Sarkar S, Amodeo AA. The Nuclear-to-Cytoplasmic Ratio: Coupling DNA Content to Cell Size, Cell Cycle, and Biosynthetic Capacity. Annu Rev Genet 2022; 56:165-185. [PMID: 35977407 PMCID: PMC10165727 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-080320-030537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Though cell size varies between different cells and across species, the nuclear-to-cytoplasmic (N/C) ratio is largely maintained across species and within cell types. A cell maintains a relatively constant N/C ratio by coupling DNA content, nuclear size, and cell size. We explore how cells couple cell division and growth to DNA content. In some cases, cells use DNA as a molecular yardstick to control the availability of cell cycle regulators. In other cases, DNA sets a limit for biosynthetic capacity. Developmentally programmed variations in the N/C ratio for a given cell type suggest that a specific N/C ratio is required to respond to given physiological demands. Recent observations connecting decreased N/C ratios with cellular senescence indicate that maintaining the proper N/C ratio is essential for proper cellular functioning. Together, these findings suggest a causative, not simply correlative, role for the N/C ratio in regulating cell growth and cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruthi Balachandra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA; ,
| | - Sharanya Sarkar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA;
| | - Amanda A Amodeo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA; ,
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2
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Miller KE, Brownlee C, Heald R. The power of amphibians to elucidate mechanisms of size control and scaling. Exp Cell Res 2020; 392:112036. [PMID: 32343955 PMCID: PMC7246146 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Size is a fundamental feature of biology that affects physiology at all levels, from the organism to organs and tissues to cells and subcellular structures. How size is determined at these different levels, and how biological structures scale to fit together and function properly are important open questions. Historically, amphibian systems have been extremely valuable to describe scaling phenomena, as they occupy some of the extremes in biological size and are amenable to manipulations that alter genome and cell size. More recently, the application of biochemical, biophysical, and embryological techniques to amphibians has provided insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying scaling of subcellular structures to cell size, as well as how perturbation of normal size scaling impacts other aspects of cell and organism physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E Miller
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, CA, 94720, Berkeley, USA
| | - Christopher Brownlee
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-8651, USA.
| | - Rebecca Heald
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, CA, 94720, Berkeley, USA.
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Xiong J, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Liu Q, Fan C, Min Y, Gou J, Chen W. Comparison of hematological parameters in two different high altitudinal populations of Batrachuperus pinchonii (Amphibian: Urodela). AMPHIBIA-REPTILIA 2018. [DOI: 10.1163/15685381-00003142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hematological parameters are key to reflect the health status of animals and their physiological adaptation to the environment. However, few studies focused on the inter- and intra-specific variations of hematological parameters in hynobiid salamanders. Here, we examined the hematological parameters of the stream salamander,Batrachuperus pinchonii, originating from two different altitudinal populations to explore their intra-specific variation. Sexual dimorphism is only present in the erythrocyte count and males have higher mean values than females. The morphometric values of erythrocyte, hemoglobin concentration, and erythrocyte count of the high altitudinal (Jiajin) population were smaller than those of the lower altitudinal (Sandaoping) population; however, a significant difference between two populations was only revealed in the case of erythrocyte length via ANOVA. The results of linear regression showed that a significant relationship was present between body condition and erythrocyte length as well as the erythrocyte length to erythrocyte width ratio. Our findings suggest that the features of hematological parameters inB. pinchoniiare reflected in the size of erythrocyte, and neither in erythrocyte count nor in hemoglobin concentration. These results provide a foundation for assessing and monitoring the health status of this salamander species, and furthermore, for understanding the physiological basis of altitudinal adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianli Xiong
- Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Aquatic Animals, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, Henan, China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Aquatic Animals, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, Henan, China
| | - Yuanye Sun
- Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Aquatic Animals, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, Henan, China
| | - Qiangqiang Liu
- Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Aquatic Animals, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, Henan, China
| | - Chaojie Fan
- Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Aquatic Animals, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, Henan, China
| | - Yao Min
- Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Aquatic Animals, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, Henan, China
| | - Jianping Gou
- Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Aquatic Animals, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, Henan, China
| | - Wanguang Chen
- Life Science Department, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471022, Henan, China
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Xiong J, Zhang Y, Liu Q, Min Y, Gou J, Li J. Hematological Parameter Values for a Population of Batrachuperus yenyuanensis from West China. J HERPETOL 2017. [DOI: 10.2994/sajh-d-17-00022.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianli Xiong
- Laboratory of adaptation and evolution of aquatic animals, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, Henan Province, PR, China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Laboratory of adaptation and evolution of aquatic animals, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, Henan Province, PR, China
| | - Qiangqiang Liu
- Laboratory of adaptation and evolution of aquatic animals, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, Henan Province, PR, China
| | - Yao Min
- Laboratory of adaptation and evolution of aquatic animals, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, Henan Province, PR, China
| | - Jianping Gou
- Laboratory of adaptation and evolution of aquatic animals, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, Henan Province, PR, China
| | - Junrong Li
- Laboratory of adaptation and evolution of aquatic animals, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, Henan Province, PR, China
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Canapa A, Barucca M, Biscotti MA, Forconi M, Olmo E. Transposons, Genome Size, and Evolutionary Insights in Animals. Cytogenet Genome Res 2016; 147:217-39. [PMID: 26967166 DOI: 10.1159/000444429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between genome size and the percentage of transposons in 161 animal species evidenced that variations in genome size are linked to the amplification or the contraction of transposable elements. The activity of transposable elements could represent a response to environmental stressors. Indeed, although with different trends in protostomes and deuterostomes, comprehensive changes in genome size were recorded in concomitance with particular periods of evolutionary history or adaptations to specific environments. During evolution, genome size and the presence of transposable elements have influenced structural and functional parameters of genomes and cells. Changes of these parameters have had an impact on morphological and functional characteristics of the organism on which natural selection directly acts. Therefore, the current situation represents a balance between insertion and amplification of transposons and the mechanisms responsible for their deletion or for decreasing their activity. Among the latter, methylation and the silencing action of small RNAs likely represent the most frequent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Canapa
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Universitx00E0; Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
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Das M, Mahapatra PK. Hematology of wild caught Dubois's tree frog Polypedates teraiensis, Dubois, 1986 (Anura: Rhacophoridae). ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:491415. [PMID: 24616633 PMCID: PMC3925572 DOI: 10.1155/2014/491415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood was analyzed from eighty (forty males and forty females) adult individuals of Polypedates teraiensis to establish reference ranges for its hematological and serum biochemical parameters. The peripheral blood cells were differentiated as erythrocytes, lymphocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils, monocytes, basophils, and thrombocytes, with similar morphology to other anurans. Morphology of blood cells did not vary according to sex. The hematological investigations included morphology and morphometry of erythrocytes, morphometry of leucocytes, packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin content (Hb), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), erythrocyte or red blood cell (RBC) count, leukocyte or white blood cell (WBC) count, differential leukocyte count, and neutrophil to lymphocyte (N/L) ratio. Besides, protein, cholesterol, glucose, urea, uric acid, and creatinine content of blood serum were assayed. Hematological parameters that differed significantly between sexes were RBC count, length and breadth of RBC, neutrophil %, N/L ratio, area occupied by basophils, and diameter of large lymphocyte and eosinophils. The level of glucose, urea, and creatinine in blood serum also significantly differed between sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhusmita Das
- Cell and Developmental Biology Laboratory, P.G. Department of Zoology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751 004, India
| | - Pravati Kumari Mahapatra
- Cell and Developmental Biology Laboratory, P.G. Department of Zoology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751 004, India
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Wheeler RJ, Gluenz E, Gull K. The limits on trypanosomatid morphological diversity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79581. [PMID: 24260255 PMCID: PMC3834336 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell shape is one, often overlooked, way in which protozoan parasites have adapted to a variety of host and vector environments and directional transmissions between these environments. Consequently, different parasite life cycle stages have characteristic morphologies. Trypanosomatid parasites are an excellent example of this in which large morphological variations between species and life cycle stage occur, despite sharing well-conserved cytoskeletal and membranous structures. Here, using previously published reports in the literature of the morphology of 248 isolates of trypanosomatid species from different hosts, we perform a meta-analysis of the occurrence and limits on morphological diversity of different classes of trypanosomatid morphology (trypomastigote, promastigote, etc.) in the vertebrate bloodstream and invertebrate gut environments. We identified several limits on cell body length, cell body width and flagellum length diversity which can be interpreted as biomechanical limits on the capacity of the cell to attain particular dimensions. These limits differed for morphologies with and without a laterally attached flagellum which we suggest represent two morphological superclasses, the ‘juxtaform’ and ‘liberform’ superclasses. Further limits were identified consistent with a selective pressure from the mechanical properties of the vertebrate bloodstream environment; trypanosomatid size showed limits relative to host erythrocyte dimensions. This is the first comprehensive analysis of the limits of morphological diversity in any protozoan parasite, revealing the morphogenetic constraints and extrinsic selection pressures associated with the full diversity of trypanosomatid morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard John Wheeler
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Eva Gluenz
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Keith Gull
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Bemquerer MP, Macedo JKA, Ribeiro ACJ, Carvalho AC, Silva DOC, Braz JM, Medeiros KA, Sallet LAP, Campos PF, Prates MV, Silva LP. Partial characterization of a novel amphibian hemoglobin as a model for graduate student investigation on peptide chemistry, mass spectrometry, and atomic force microscopy. BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY EDUCATION : A BIMONTHLY PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 40:121-129. [PMID: 22419593 DOI: 10.1002/bmb.20564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Graduate students in chemistry, and in biological and biomedical fields must learn the fundamentals and practices of peptide and protein chemistry as early as possible. A project-oriented approach was conducted by first-year M.Sc and Ph.D students in biological sciences. A blind glass slide containing a cellular smear and an aqueous cellular extract were offered to the students. Qualitative and quantitative cell morphological parameters were analyzed by atomic force microscopy. The fractionation of the aqueous extract was conducted by reversed-phase chromatography followed by analysis of the isolated and partially purified proteins and peptides by mass spectrometry (MS). The proteins were treated by peptidases and the obtained peptide fragments were sequenced by de novo MS/MS, together with peptides already present in the extract. The most abundant protein fractions were identified as the alpha and beta chains of hemoglobin from an amphibian of the Leptodactylus genera. Two of the peptides sequenced by the students were synthesized by the solid-phase methodology, one of those being obtained by the split-and-pool library synthesis method. Thus, the students were able to learn some advanced principles and practices of protein chemistry and bionanotechnology in a 6-weeks project-oriented approach.
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Mahapatra BB, Das M, Dutta SK, Mahapatra PK. Hematology of Indian rhacophorid tree frog Polypedates maculatus Gray, 1833 (Anura: Rhacophoridae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-010-1118-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Davis AK. Ontogenetic changes in erythrocyte morphology in larval mole salamanders, Ambystoma talpoideum, measured with image analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-007-0702-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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11
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Abstract
Whole-genome duplication is believed to have played a significant role in the early evolution and diversification of vertebrate animals. The establishment of newly arisen polyploid lineages of sexually reproducing animals requires assortative mating between polyploids. Here, we show that genome duplication can directly alter a phenotypic trait mediating mate choice in the absence of genotypic change. Our results suggest that the direct effect of polyploidy on behaviour is a consequence of increased cell size.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Keller
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, 65211, USA.
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