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Sun Y, Giubertoni G, Bakker HJ, Liu J, Wagner M, Ng DYW, Devries AL, Meister K. Disaccharide Residues are Required for Native Antifreeze Glycoprotein Activity. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:2595-2603. [PMID: 33957041 PMCID: PMC8207503 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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Antifreeze glycoproteins
(AFGPs) are able to bind to ice, halt
its growth, and are the most potent inhibitors of ice recrystallization
known. The structural basis for AFGP’s unique properties remains
largely elusive. Here we determined the antifreeze activities of AFGP
variants that we constructed by chemically modifying the hydroxyl
groups of the disaccharide of natural AFGPs. Using nuclear magnetic
resonance, two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy, and circular dichroism,
the expected modifications were confirmed as well as their effect
on AFGPs solution structure. We find that the presence of all the
hydroxyls on the disaccharides is a requirement for the native AFGP
hysteresis as well as the maximal inhibition of ice recrystallization.
The saccharide hydroxyls are apparently as important as the acetyl
group on the galactosamine, the α-linkage between the disaccharide
and threonine, and the methyl groups on the threonine and alanine.
We conclude that the use of hydrogen-bonding through the hydroxyl
groups of the disaccharide and hydrophobic interactions through the
polypeptide backbone are equally important in promoting the antifreeze
activities observed in the native AFGPs. These important criteria
should be considered when designing synthetic mimics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Sun
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Giulia Giubertoni
- NWO Institute AMOLF, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Huib J Bakker
- NWO Institute AMOLF, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jie Liu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Manfred Wagner
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - David Y W Ng
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Arthur L Devries
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Konrad Meister
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany.,University of Alaska Southeast, Juneau, Alaska 99801, United States
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2
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Hobbs RS, Hall JR, Graham LA, Davies PL, Fletcher GL. Antifreeze protein dispersion in eelpouts and related fishes reveals migration and climate alteration within the last 20 Ma. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243273. [PMID: 33320906 PMCID: PMC7737890 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Antifreeze proteins inhibit ice growth and are crucial for the survival of supercooled fish living in icy seawater. Of the four antifreeze protein types found in fishes, the globular type III from eelpouts is the one restricted to a single infraorder (Zoarcales), which is the only clade know to have antifreeze protein-producing species at both poles. Our analysis of over 60 unique antifreeze protein gene sequences from several Zoarcales species indicates this gene family arose around 18 Ma ago, in the Northern Hemisphere, supporting recent data suggesting that the Arctic Seas were ice-laden earlier than originally thought. The Antarctic was subject to widespread glaciation over 30 Ma and the Notothenioid fishes that produce an unrelated antifreeze glycoprotein extensively exploited the adjoining seas. We show that species from one Zoarcales family only encroached on this niche in the last few Ma, entering an environment already dominated by ice-resistant fishes, long after the onset of glaciation. As eelpouts are one of the dominant benthic fish groups of the deep ocean, they likely migrated from the north to Antarctica via the cold depths, losing all but the fully active isoform gene along the way. In contrast, northern species have retained both the fully active (QAE) and partially active (SP) isoforms for at least 15 Ma, which suggests that the combination of isoforms is functionally advantageous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rod S. Hobbs
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John’s, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Jennifer R. Hall
- Aquatic Research Cluster, CREAIT Network, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Laurie A. Graham
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Peter L. Davies
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Garth L. Fletcher
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John’s, Newfoundland, Canada
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3
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Berger T, Meister K, DeVries AL, Eves R, Davies PL, Drori R. Synergy between Antifreeze Proteins Is Driven by Complementary Ice-Binding. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:19144-19150. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b10905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tehilla Berger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Yeshiva University, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Konrad Meister
- Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz D-55128, Germany
| | - Arthur L. DeVries
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Robert Eves
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Peter L. Davies
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Ran Drori
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Yeshiva University, New York, New York 10016, United States
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4
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Takamichi M, Nishimiya Y, Miura A, Tsuda S. Fully active QAE isoform confers thermal hysteresis activity on a defective SP isoform of type III antifreeze protein. FEBS J 2009; 276:1471-9. [PMID: 19187223 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.06887.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Type III antifreeze protein is naturally expressed as a mixture of sulfopropyl-Sephadex (SP) and quaternary aminoethyl-Sephadex (QAE)-binding isoforms, whose sequence identity is approximately 55%. We studied the ice-binding properties of a SP isoform (nfeAFP6) and the differences from those of a QAE isoform (nfeAFP8); both of these isoforms have been identified from the Japanese fish Zoarces elongatus Kner. The two isoforms possessed ice-shaping ability, such as the creation of an ice bipyramid, but nfeAFP6 was unable to halt crystal growth and exhibited no thermal hysteresis activity. For example, the ice growth rate for nfeAFP6 was 1000-fold higher than that for nfeAFP8 when measured for 0.1 mm protein solution at 0.25 degrees C below the melting point. Nevertheless, nfeAFP6 exhibited full thermal hysteresis activity in the presence of only 1% nfeAFP8 (i.e. [nfeAFP8]/[nfeAFP6] = 0.01), the effectiveness of which was indistinguishable from that of nfeAFP8 alone. We also observed a burst of ice crystal growth from the tip of the ice bipyramid for both isoforms on lowering the temperature. These results suggest that the ice growth inhibitory activity of an antifreeze protein isoform lacking the active component is restored by the addition of a minute amount of the active isoform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Takamichi
- Functional Protein Research Group, Research Institute of Genome-based Biofactory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Sapporo, Japan
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5
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Ohizumi Y. Pharmacological Studies of Physiologically Active Substances Isolated from Marine Organisms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/15569549609064080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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6
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Cruz LJ, Gray WR, Yoshikami D, Olivera BM. Conus Venoms: A Rich Source of Neuroactive Peptides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/15569548509014416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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7
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Jin Y, DeVries AL. Antifreeze glycoprotein levels in Antarctic notothenioid fishes inhabiting different thermal environments and the effect of warm acclimation. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2006; 144:290-300. [PMID: 16725360 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2006.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2005] [Revised: 03/06/2006] [Accepted: 03/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A quantification method was developed to determine the concentrations of the major antifreeze glycoprotein (AFGP) isoforms in the blood of Antarctic notothenioid fishes. Serum samples were precipitated with 2.5% TCA and the supernatant containing AFGPs were chromatographed on an HPLC size exclusion column and the concentrations of the major AFGP size classes were determined from the areas of the corresponding peaks in the elution profile. Eight species of Antarctic notothenioid fishes were examined and their blood AFGP concentrations varied from 5 to 35 mg/mL. All of these fishes synthesized both the large and small AFGPs, but maintained higher levels of small AFGPs than the large ones in their blood. The species inhabiting more severe water environments (lower temperature and presence of ice) had higher serum AFGP levels than those in milder environments. The cryopelagic Pagothenia borchgrevinki decreased their blood AFGP concentrations in response to warm acclimation, but to a much lower extent in comparison to the antifreeze-bearing fishes in the Northern Hemisphere. After being warm acclimated at +4 degrees C for 16 weeks, the serum concentrations of the small and large AFGPs were decreased by about 60% and 20%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Jin
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, 61801, USA
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8
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Abstract
In the presence of antifreeze proteins from both Antarctic and Arctic fishes, water freezes in the form of long c-axis spikes or spicular-like crystals. Transmission electron microscopy of the Pt/C replicas of the freeze fractured spicular ice in a small capillary revealed the presence of many hexagonally shaped structures whose cross-sectional dimensions were between 0.5 and 10 microm. Well-defined parallel faces were associated with most fractured and etched spicules. When fracture planes occurred near the tip of a spicule, well-defined pyramidal faces were apparent. Steps were sometimes associated with these pyramidal spicular crystal faces. On some of the replicas obvious roughening of certain crystal faces of the spicule was observed, suggesting that the antifreeze proteins may have adsorbed to those faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Wilson
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, University of Otago, P.O. Box 913, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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9
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Role of glycopeptides and pepddes in inhibition of crystallization of water in polar fishes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1098/rstb.1984.0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In the ice-laden polar oceans, water temperatures of — 2 °C are common. This temperature is 1.1 °C below the equilibrium freezing point ( — 0.9 °C) of the fishes’ body fluids. Avoidance of freezing in these environments has been linked to the presence of unusual blood peptides and glycopeptides. These molecules have molecular masses ranging from 2.5 to 20 kDa and are viewed as having antifreeze properties because they lower the freezing point of water by a non-colligative process. A 2% solution of antifreeze has a freezing point of — 1.2 °C and ice formed in their presence melts at — 0.02 °C. Measurements of antifreeze concentrations in ice indicate that these molecules, unlike other proteins of similar size and conformation, are incorporated into the solid phase during freezing and adsorb to it. Adsorption of the antifreezes to ice appears to inhibit growth along the preferred axes (
a
-axes) by raising the curvature of the growth steps on the basal plane. At temperatures below — 1.2 °C, crystal growth occurs in the form of long spicules whose axes are parallel to the
c
-axis, the non-preferred axis of growth.
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10
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Hansen TN, DeVries AL, Baust JG. Calorimetric analysis of antifreeze glycoproteins of the polar fish, Dissostichus mawsoni. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1991; 1079:169-73. [PMID: 1911839 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(91)90122-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Solutions of antifreeze glycoproteins 1 through 5 and 8 were analyzed for activity by differential scanning calorimetry. With a scan rate of 1 degree C min-1, antifreeze glycoproteins 1-5 (20 mg/ml) revealed antifreeze activity with a delay in the freeze exotherm during cooling in the presence of ice. Antifreeze glycoprotein 8 (60 mg/ml), however, did not reveal antifreeze activity. When a 0.1 degree C min-1 scan rate was used, glycoproteins 1-5 again yielded a delay in the freeze onset, but the exotherm consisted of multiple events. At the slower scan glycoprotein 8 revealed an initial freeze followed by multiple exothermic events resembling those of glycoproteins 1-5. Thermograms exhibiting antifreeze activity had an initial shoulder in the exotherm direction upon cooling followed by a delay before the exotherm. The shoulders were correlated with c-axis ice growth observed in visual methods. The glycoprotein antifreezes had a linear increase in activity with decreased ice content.
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Affiliation(s)
- T N Hansen
- Center for Cryobiological Research, SUNY-Binghamton 13901
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11
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Rubinsky B, Arav A, Mattioli M, Devries AL. The effect of antifreeze glycopeptides on membrane potential changes at hypothermic temperatures. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990; 173:1369-74. [PMID: 2268338 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(05)80939-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The research on antifreeze glycopeptides (AFGPs) from Antarctic and Arctic fishes has focused primarily on their interaction with ice crystals. This study reports results of experiments in which pig oocytes, known to be sensitive to hypothermic temperatures, were exposed to 4 degrees C for various periods of time, in solutions of different molecular weight AFGPs from Antarctic nototheniid fishes. The membrane potential was measured across the oolemma following hypothermic exposure. The results show that a physiological combination of the different molecular weight AFGPs protects the structural integrity of the oolemma and inhibits ion leakage across the oolemma at hypothermic temperatures. The results also show that the hypothermic protection is nonlinearly dependent on concentration and that separately, the different molecular weight glycopeptides do not stop ion leakage even at very high concentration. The protection of membranes at hypothermic temperatures is a new property of AFGPs which was not known prior to our work.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Rubinsky
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley 94720
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12
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Hansen TN, Baust JG. Differential scanning calorimetric analysis of Tenebrio molitor antifreeze protein activity. Cryobiology 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0011-2240(89)90062-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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13
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14
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Schweitz H, Renaud JF, Randimbivololona N, Préau C, Schmid A, Romey G, Rakotovao L, Lazdunski M. Purification, subunit structure and pharmacological effects on cardiac and smooth muscle cells of a polypeptide toxin isolated from the marine snail Conus tessulatus. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1986; 161:787-92. [PMID: 2431907 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1986.tb10508.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The most active component in smooth muscle contraction, isolated from the whole venom of the marine snail Conus tessulatus, has a molecular mass of about 55 kDa. The toxin protein, tessulatus toxin, appeared to be constituted by two distinct polypeptide bands of 26 kDa and 29 kDa. The pure toxin caused a marked contraction of both guinea-pig ileum and rabbit aorta at nanomolar concentrations. Tessulatus-toxin-induced contraction was indirectly prevented by classical inhibitors of the voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel. Tessulatus toxin caused a large increase in the initial rate of 45Ca2+ uptake by cardiac cells. This uptake was insensitive to Ca2+ channel blockers at concentrations 100-1000 fold higher than those known to block voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels in these cells. Voltage clamp experiments have confirmed that tessulatus toxin was not directly active on the Ca2+ current. Tessulatus-toxin-stimulated 45Ca2+ influx was inhibited by dichlorobenzamil and suppressed when Na+ was substituted by Li+, indicating that the toxin acted via activation of the Na+/Ca2+ exchange system in cardiac cells. Activation by tessulatus toxin of the Na+/Ca2+ exchange system occurred via a toxin-stimulated Na+ entry into cardiac cells and was observed in the same range of toxin concentration which produced 45Ca2+ entry. The Na+ entry system that was activated by tessulatus toxin was insensitive to classic inhibitors of known Na+ entry systems in cardiac cells. Possible mechanisms by which tessulatus toxin induced Na+ entry into cardiac cells and contractions in smooth muscles are discussed. Tessulatus toxin is cytotoxic when used at high concentrations.
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15
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Burcham TS, Osuga DT, Yeh Y, Feeney RE. A kinetic description of antifreeze glycoprotein activity. J Biol Chem 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)84574-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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16
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Krebs HC. Recent developments in the field of marine natural products with emphasis on biologically active compounds. FORTSCHRITTE DER CHEMIE ORGANISCHER NATURSTOFFE = PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS. PROGRES DANS LA CHIMIE DES SUBSTANCES ORGANIQUES NATURELLES 1986; 49:151-363. [PMID: 2877925 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-8846-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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18
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Knight CA, DeVries AL, Oolman LD. Fish antifreeze protein and the freezing and recrystallization of ice. Nature 1984; 308:295-6. [PMID: 6700733 DOI: 10.1038/308295a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Antifreeze glycopeptide and peptides from the blood of polar fishes prevent the growth of ice crystals in water at temperatures down to approximately 1 degree C below freezing point, but do not appreciably influence the equilibrium freezing point. This freezing point hysteresis must be a disequilibrium effect, or it would violate Gibbs' phase rule, but the separate freezing and melting points are experimentally very definite: ice neither melts nor freezes perceptibly within the 'hysteresis gap', for periods of hours or days. We report here unusual crystal faces on ice crystals grown from solutions of very low concentrations of the anti-freeze glycopeptides and peptides. This is a clue to the mechanism of freezing inhibition, and it may be the basis of a simple, very sensitive test for antifreeze material. Very low concentrations of the antifreeze protein are also remarkably effective in preventing the recrystallization of ice.
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