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Affiliation(s)
- K. H. Dausmann
- Department of Animal Ecology and Conservation, Biocentre Grindel; University of Hamburg; Hamburg Germany
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Chaplin G, Jablonski NG, Sussman RW, Kelley EA. The role of piloerection in primate thermoregulation. Folia Primatol (Basel) 2013; 85:1-17. [PMID: 24192984 DOI: 10.1159/000355007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The insulating properties of the primate integument are influenced by many factors, including piloerection, which raises the hair and insulates the body by creating motionless air near the skin's surface. The involuntary muscles that control piloerection, the musculi arrectores pilorum (MAP), are mostly absent except on the tail in most strepsirhines, and are entirely absent in tarsiers and some lorisids. The absence of piloerection and the reduced effectiveness of pilary insulation in preventing heat loss affected the evolution of behavior and metabolic thermoregulation in these animals. In lemurs, this situation contributed to the use of positional and social behaviors such as sunning and huddling that help maintain thermal homeostasis during day-night and seasonal temperature cycles. It also contributed in many lemurs and lorises to the evolution of a wide variety of activity patterns and energy-conserving metabolic patterns such as cathemerality, daily torpor, and hibernation. The absence of functional MAP in strepsirhines and tarsiers implies the absence of effective piloerection in early primates, and the reacquisition of whole-body MAP in ancestral anthropoids prior to the separation of platyrrhine and catarrhine lineages. © 2013 S. Karger AG, Basel.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Chaplin
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pa., USA
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Zhu WL, Jia T, Cai JH, Xiao L, Wang ZK. The effect of cold-acclimation on energy strategies of Apodemus draco in Hengduan Mountain region. J Therm Biol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2011.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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O'Mara MT, Gordon AD, Catlett KK, Terranova CJ, Schwartz GT. Growth and the development of sexual size dimorphism in lorises and galagos. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2011; 147:11-20. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Donati G, Ricci E, Baldi N, Morelli V, Borgognini-Tarli SM. Behavioral thermoregulation in a gregarious lemur, Eulemur collaris: Effects of climatic and dietary-related factors. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2010; 144:355-64. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Schaik CP, Kappeler PM. The Social Systems of Gregarious Lemurs: Lack of Convergence with Anthropoids due to Evolutionary Disequilibrium? Ethology 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.1996.tb01171.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Are lemurs’ low basal metabolic rates an adaptation to Madagascar’s unpredictable climate? Primates 2008; 49:292-4. [DOI: 10.1007/s10329-008-0102-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2008] [Accepted: 08/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Terrien J, Zizzari P, Bluet-Pajot MT, Henry PY, Perret M, Epelbaum J, Aujard F. Effects of age on thermoregulatory responses during cold exposure in a nonhuman primate, Microcebus murinus. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2008; 295:R696-703. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00629.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cold resistance appears altered with aging. Among existing hypotheses, the impaired capacity in response to cold could be related to an altered regulation of plasma IGF-1 concentration. The combined effects of age and cold exposure were studied in a short-living primate, the gray mouse lemur ( Microcebus murinus), which adjusts its energy balance using a daily torpor phase, to avoid high energy cost of normothermia maintenance. Changes in body mass, core temperature, locomotor activity, and caloric intake were monitored under 9-day exposures to 25°C and 12°C in captive animals in winter conditions. Short-term (after 2 days) and long-term (after 9 days) cold-induced changes in IGF-1 levels were also evaluated. In thermoneutral conditions (25°C), general characteristics of the daily rhythm of core temperature were preserved with age. At 12°C, age-related changes were mainly characterized by a deeper hypothermia and an increased frequency of torpor phases, associated with a loss of body mass. A short-term cold-induced decrease in plasma IGF-1 levels was observed. IGF-1 levels returned to basal values after 9 days of cold exposure. No significant effect of age could be evidenced on IGF-1 response. However, IGF-1 levels of cold-exposed aged animals were negatively correlated with the frequency of daily torpor. Responses exhibited by aged mouse lemurs exposed to cold revealed difficulties in the maintenance of normothermia and energy balance and might involve modulations of IGF-1 levels.
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Feeding over the 24-h cycle: dietary flexibility of cathemeral collared lemurs (Eulemur collaris). Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-007-0354-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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11
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Kappeler PM, Ganzhorn JU. The evolution of primate communities and societies in Madagascar. Evol Anthropol 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/evan.1360020503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Kälin N, Martin RD, Genoud M. Basal rate of metabolism and temperature regulation in Goeldi's monkey (Callimico goeldii). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2003; 135:279-90. [PMID: 12781828 DOI: 10.1016/s1095-6433(03)00077-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Basal rate of metabolism (BMR) and temperature regulation are described for Goeldi's monkey (Callimico goeldii), a threatened New World primate species of the family Callitrichidae. Measurements were conducted on sleeping individuals during the night, using a special nestbox designed to serve as a respirometry chamber, such that test animals remained undisturbed in their customary surroundings. Oxygen consumption was measured at ambient temperatures between 17.5 and 32 degrees C for 10 individuals with an average body mass of 557 g. Average BMR was 278+/-41 ml O(2) h(-1), which is lower than the value predicted on the basis of body mass. Individual differences in BMR were significant even when body mass was accounted for. Body temperature was measured in five individuals below thermoneutrality and averaged 36+/-0.3 degrees C. The corresponding thermal conductance averaged 29.3+/-2.2 ml O(2) h(-1) degrees C(-1), which is similar to the expected value. The metabolic and thermoregulatory patterns observed in C. goeldii resemble those of the closely related marmosets and tamarins. Low BMR is presumably associated with limited access to energy resources and may be directly linked with phylogenetic dwarfing in the family Callitrichidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Kälin
- Anthropologisches Institut, Universität Zürich-Irchel, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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Radespiel U, Zimmermann E. Female dominance in captive gray mouse lemurs (Microcebus murinus). Am J Primatol 2001; 54:181-92. [PMID: 11468749 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.1029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Female dominance or female feeding priority seem to be characteristic for many lemur species, but are rare traits in other primates and mammals in general. The nocturnal lemur species, however, are underrepresented in the quantitative studies on social dominance. The aim of this study is to investigate the pattern of intersexual dominance relationships in the gray mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus), a species that is generally thought to possess a number of ancestral lemur traits. The context, distribution, and outcome of intersexual conflicts are analyzed in four captive groups of gray mouse lemurs. Intersexual conflicts occurred in the study groups in different behavioral contexts and were mostly spatial interactions (chasing/fleeing, approach/avoidance). The majority of conflicts were decided, and were in all but one case won by females. This is the first evidence suggesting unconditional female dominance in a cheirogaleid primate. The existence of female dominance in most families of the Lemuriformes suggests it is an ancient trait that evolved in their common ancestor.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Radespiel
- Institute of Zoology, Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
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Caton JM, Lawes M, Cunningham C. Digestive strategy of the south-east African lesser bushbaby, Galago moholi. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2000; 127:39-48. [PMID: 10996816 DOI: 10.1016/s1095-6433(00)00229-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Galago moholi is a small nocturnal primate, which has a specialised diet of Acacia exudate and insects. Both exudate and insect exoskeletons contain beta-linked polysaccharides that can be used as an energy source by mammals via microbial fermentation. The morphology of the gastro-intestinal tract of G. moholi suggests that the complex, elongate caecum, proximal colon and ansa coli are most likely to be the fermentation compartment. The results of a digesta marker study showed that there was selective retention of the fluid phase of the digesta, a pattern commonly seen in small caecum-fermenting mammals. There was also retention of the particle marker in the gastro-intestinal tract. Comparison to these results with those from other mammals, including other bushbaby species, suggests that this was due to retention of particulate digesta in both the stomach and the ansa coli, a U-shaped loop in the proximal colon. The digestive strategy of the south-east African lesser bushbaby is best described as caeco-ansal fermentation, as the caecum, proximal colon and ansa coli function as distinct fermentation chambers. However, we contend that, because it is soluble polysaccharides in exudates travel with the fluid phase of the digesta, reach the hindgut sooner than particles of the insect exoskeleton, and are fermented faster than particulate digesta, that lesser bushbabies, in spite of their small size (approximately 200 g) are able to include an apparently low-quality food (exudate) in their diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Caton
- Department of Geology (Building 47), The Australian National University, ACT 0200, Canberra, Australia.
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Overdorff DJ, Strait SG, Telo A. Seasonal variation in activity and diet in a small-bodied folivorous primate, Hapalemur griseus, in southeastern Madagascar. Am J Primatol 2000; 43:211-23. [PMID: 9359965 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2345(1997)43:3<211::aid-ajp2>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
How small-bodied (500-1,200 g) folivorous prosimian primates cope with large amounts of foliage in their diet seasonally has yet to be determined for many species such as Hapalemur griseus, which specializes on bamboo. To address this issue, we present results on seasonal variation in activity and diet from a wild group of H. griseus in southeastern Madagascar. Throughout the study (which was conducted from July-November 1994 and July 1995-February 1996), H. griseus primarily fed on new growth from three species of bamboo: two species of liana bamboo and Cephalostachyum perrieri. Bamboo species were used in different ways seasonally; liana bamboo was consumed more during the dry, cool season, and C. perrieri was eaten more often during the wet, warm season. H. griseus also spent more of their time feeding and traveling than nocturnal folivores of similar body size during the dry season. During the warm wet season, H. griseus decreased the amount of time spent feeding and traveling and rested more often. We hypothesize that seasonal changes in activity may be primarily related to the distribution and availability of food sources and/or reproductive cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Overdorff
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas-Austin 78712, USA.
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Abstract
Rate of metabolism was measured with six adult pygmy marmosets (Cebuella pygmaea) at regulated ambient temperatures ranging between 20 degrees C and 35 degrees C. A novel combined nest box and metabolic chamber was designed to allow nighttime measurements on immobile animals in their home cage without disturbance. The basal rate of metabolism (BMR) was 98 ml O2 h-1, representing 74% of the value expected from the equation of McNab [Quarterly Review of Biology 63:25-54, 1988] relative to body mass. The thermoneutral zone was approximately 27-34 degrees C. Below the lower critical temperature (27-28 degrees C), thermal conductance (12.9 ml O2 h-1 degree C-1) was close to the predicted value. Body temperature ranged between 34.9 degrees C and 35.5 degrees C at night. When two animals rested together overnight in the nest box, the lower critical temperature was slightly lowered, and individual energy expenditure at 20-21 degrees C was reduced by about 34%. The basal rate of metabolism of C. pygmaea is much lower than reported in an earlier study based on daytime measurements but agrees with values reported from a more recent study conducted at night with a classical metabolic chamber. In order to compare the BMR of C. pygmaea with that of other primates, 23 species were included in a comparative study taking into account both phylogeny and body mass (independent contrasts approach). The scaling exponent of BMR to body mass obtained was indistinguishable from that published for eutherian mammals in general. Cebuella and Callithrix exhibit the lowest basal rates known for simians. This trait may possibly be linked to the natural diet, which includes a large proportion of gums that are difficult to digest, but additional metabolic studies on primates are needed for further examination of its adaptive significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Genoud
- Institut de zoologie et d'écologie animale, Université de Lausanne, Switzerland
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Perret M, Aujard F, Vannier G. Influence of daylength on metabolic rate and daily water loss in the male prosimian primate Microcebus murinus. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 1998; 119:981-9. [PMID: 9773491 DOI: 10.1016/s1095-6433(98)00015-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
In its natural habitat, Microcebus murinus, a small malagasy prosimian primate, is exposed to seasonal shortage of water and resources. During the winter dry season, animals enter a pronounced fattening period with concurrent decrease in behavioural/physiological activities, whereas the breeding season is restricted to the rainy summer months. To determine the role of daylength on metabolic rate and water loss in this nocturnal primate, we measured body mass, oxygen consumption at 25 degrees C (RMR), circadian water loss through urine output (UO) and evaporation (EWL) in eight males exposed to either short days (8L:16D SD) or long days (14L:10D LD), under controlled captive conditions. Exposure to SD led to a ponderal increase (maximal body mass: 125 +/- 4 g, N = 8), and to significant changes in RMR and water loss, both reaching lowest values after 3 months under SD (0.84 +/- 0.04 ml O2 h-1 g-1 and 38 +/- 0.3 mg H2O g-1 day-1, respectively). Following exposure to LD, body mass decreased to 77 +/- 3 g (N = 8), whereas both RMR and water loss, mainly through EWL, significantly increased (P < 0.001), the highest value occurring after 2 months (1.51 +/- 0.08 ml O2 h-1 g-1 and 87 +/- 7 mgH2O g-1 day-1, respectively). Moreover, independent of daylength, circadian changes in EWL were characterized by significantly reduced values during the diurnal rest. The results demonstrate that daylength variations affect the physiology of this tropical primate, allowing anticipatory adaptation to seasonal environmental constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Perret
- URA 1183 CNRS-MNHN, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Générale, Brunoy, France.
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Abstract
Data are presented on adult body mass for 230 of 249 primate species, based on a review of the literature and previously unpublished data. The issues involved in collecting data on adult body mass are discussed, including the definition of adults, the effects of habitat and pregnancy, the strategy for pooling data on single species from multiple studies, and use of an appropriate number of significant figures. An analysis of variability in body mass indicates that the coefficient of variation for body mass increases with increasing species mean mass. Evaluation of several previous body mass reviews reveals a number of shortcomings with data that have been used often in comparative studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Smith
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
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CORK STEVENJ. Optimal digestive strategies for arboreal herbivorous mammals in contrasting forest types: Why Koalas and Colobines are different. AUSTRAL ECOL 1996. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9993.1996.tb00581.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Growth, development, and parental care in the western tarsier (Tarsius bancanus) in captivity: Evidence for a “slow” life-history and nonmonogamous mating system. INT J PRIMATOL 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02735232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Ganzhorn JU, Kappeler PM. [Lemurs of Madagascar. Tests on evolution of primate communities]. THE SCIENCE OF NATURE - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN 1993; 80:195-208. [PMID: 8510760 DOI: 10.1007/bf01175733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The flora and fauna of Madagascar evolved rather independently from the African mainland. In contrast to other oceanic islands, Madagascar is large enough to house most major components of tropical ecosystems, allowing tests of evolutionary hypotheses on the level of complete communities. Taking lemurs, the primates of Madagascar, as an example, evolutionary hypotheses correctly predict the organization of their community structure with respect to ecological correlates. Lemur social systems and their morphological correlates, on the other hand, deviate largely from the typical mammalian pattern. Thus, the traditional hypotheses of behavioral ecology, based solely on resource distribution and predation pressure, are insufficient to explain the existing variability in lemur social systems. Other factors, such as activity patterns and avoidance of infanticide, may be equally important. Due to interspecific variation in these characters, lemurs offer the unique opportunity to determine the relative importance of these factors for the evolution of social systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- J U Ganzhorn
- Abteilung Verhaltensphysiologie der Universität, Tübingen, FRG
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Tomasi TE. Utilization rates of thyroid hormones in mammals. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. A, COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 1991; 100:503-16. [PMID: 1685967 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(91)90363-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
1. Thyroxine utilization rates (T4U: N = 37 species) and triiodothyronine utilization rates (T3U: N = 7 species) scale with body mass to the 0.81 and 0.74 power respectively. 2. T4U rates tend to be lower in summer relative to other seasons, vary unpredictably during pregnancy and lactation, increase with regular physical activity, and generally decrease with age. 3. Both T4U and T3U increase with cold exposure, decrease with heat exposure and during fasting, and increase/decrease with hyperthyroidism/hypothyroidism. 4. Since these T4U and T3U changes are qualitatively similar but quantitatively different, the T3U/T4U ratio varies, suggesting a variable deiodination rate from thyroxine to triiodothyronine.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Tomasi
- Department of Biology, Southwest Missouri State University, Springfield 65804-0095
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Allman J. Evolution of Neocortex. COMPARATIVE STRUCTURE AND EVOLUTION OF CEREBRAL CORTEX, PART I 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-9622-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Reproduction, physical growth and behavioral development in slow loris (Nycticebus coucang, Lorisidae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02435445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Kurland JA, Pearson JD. Ecological significance of hypometabolism in nonhuman primates: allometry, adaptation, and deviant diets. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 1986; 71:445-57. [PMID: 3812660 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.1330710408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The "Kleiber relationship" describes the interspecific allometry between body size and metabolism. Like other allometric relationships, the Kleiber relationship not only summarizes scaling effects across species but also provides a standard by which species can be compared. One well-noted deviation from the Kleiber relationship is "hypometabolism": metabolic rates below that expected for a given size. It has been suggested in the literature that hypometabolism may be a primitive mammalian trait, a thermoregulatory adaptation, an adaptation to arboreal folivory, or an adaptation to a diet that is deviant for body size. Data on primate physiology and behavior are used to evaluate these hypotheses. Only the deviant-diet hypothesis is supported by the data on nonhuman primates. Indeed, the Jarman-Bell relationship, which is the basis for this hypothesis, provides a more coherent explanation of correlated features of animal physiology and behavior than do the alternative models. Hypometabolism may be an energy-conserving adaptation to a variety of nutritional stresses. The present analysis underscores the point that metabolic rate, like foraging behavior, should be thought of as evolutionarily labile.
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