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Richardson EL, Marshall DJ. Fundamental Niche Narrows through Larval Stages of a Filter-Feeding Marine Invertebrate. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2023; 244:25-34. [PMID: 37167621 DOI: 10.1086/725151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
AbstractOntogenetic niche theory predicts that resource use should change across complex life histories. To date, studies of ontogenetic shifts in food niches have mainly focused on a few systems (e.g., fish), with less attention on organisms with filter-feeding larval stages (e.g., marine invertebrates). Recent studies suggest that filter-feeding organisms can select specific particles, but our understanding of whether niche theory applies to this group is limited. We characterized the fundamental niche (i.e., feeding proficiency) by examining how niche breadth changes across the larval stages of the filter-feeding marine polychaete Galeolaria caespitosa. Using a no-choice experimental design, we measured feeding rates of trochophore, intermediate-stage, and metatrochophore larvae on the prey phytoplankton species Nannochloropsis oculata, Tisochrysis lutea, Dunaliella tertiolecta, and Rhodomonas salina, which vary 10-fold in size, from the smallest to the largest. We formally estimated Levins's niche breadth index to determine the relative proportions of each species in the diet of the three larval stages and also tested how feeding rates vary with algal species and stage. We found that early stages eat all four algal species in roughly equal proportions, but niche breadth narrows during ontogeny, such that metatrochophores are feeding specialists relative to early stages. We also found that feeding rates differed across phytoplankton species: the medium-sized cells (Tisochrysis and Dunaliella) were eaten most, and the smallest species (Nannochloropsis) was eaten the least. Our results demonstrate that ontogenetic niche theory describes changes in fundamental niche in filter feeders. An important next step is to test whether the realized niche (i.e., preference) changes during the larval phase as well.
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Xu CM, Yu HR, Li LY, Li M, Qiu XY, Fan XQ, Fan YL, Shan LL. Effects of Dietary Vitamin C on the Growth Performance, Biochemical Parameters, and Antioxidant Activity of Coho Salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum, 1792) Postsmolts. AQUACULTURE NUTRITION 2022; 2022:6866578. [PMID: 36860458 PMCID: PMC9973166 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6866578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin C (VC) plays an essential role in fish physiological function and normal growth. However, its effects and requirement of coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum, 1792) are still unknown. Based on the influences on growth, serum biochemical parameters, and antioxidative ability, an assessment of dietary VC requirement for coho salmon postsmolts (183.19 ± 1.91 g) was conducted with a ten-week feeding trial. Seven isonitrogenous (45.66% protein) and isolipidic (10.76% lipid) diets were formulated to include graded VC concentrations of 1.8, 10.9, 50.8, 100.5, 197.3, 293.8, and 586.7 mg/kg, respectively. Results showed that VC markedly improved the growth performance indexes and liver VC concentration, enhanced the hepatic and serum antioxidant activities, and increased the contents of serum alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activity, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and total cholesterol (TC) whereas decreased the serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities, and triglyceride (TG) level. Polynomial analysis showed that the optimal VC levels in the diet of coho salmon postsmolts were 188.10, 190.68, 224.68, 132.83, 156.57, 170.12, 171.00, 185.50, 142.77, and 93.08 mg/kg on the basis of specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), liver VC concentration, catalase (CAT), hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and serum total antioxidative capacity (T-AOC), AKP, AST, and ALT activities, respectively. The dietary VC requirement was in the range of 93.08-224.68 mg/kg for optimum growth performance, serum enzyme activities, and antioxidant capacity of coho salmon postsmolts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong-mei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in Universities of Shandong (Weifang University), Weifang Key Laboratory of Coho Salmon Culturing Facility Engineering, Institute of Modern Facility Fisheries, College of Biology and Oceanography, Weifang University, Weifang 261061, China
| | - Hai-rui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in Universities of Shandong (Weifang University), Weifang Key Laboratory of Coho Salmon Culturing Facility Engineering, Institute of Modern Facility Fisheries, College of Biology and Oceanography, Weifang University, Weifang 261061, China
| | - Ling-yao Li
- Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in Universities of Shandong (Weifang University), Weifang Key Laboratory of Coho Salmon Culturing Facility Engineering, Institute of Modern Facility Fisheries, College of Biology and Oceanography, Weifang University, Weifang 261061, China
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Coho Salmon Health Culture Engineering Technology, Shandong Conqueren Marine Technology Co., Ltd., Weifang 261108, China
| | - Min Li
- Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in Universities of Shandong (Weifang University), Weifang Key Laboratory of Coho Salmon Culturing Facility Engineering, Institute of Modern Facility Fisheries, College of Biology and Oceanography, Weifang University, Weifang 261061, China
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Coho Salmon Health Culture Engineering Technology, Shandong Conqueren Marine Technology Co., Ltd., Weifang 261108, China
| | - Xiang-yi Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in Universities of Shandong (Weifang University), Weifang Key Laboratory of Coho Salmon Culturing Facility Engineering, Institute of Modern Facility Fisheries, College of Biology and Oceanography, Weifang University, Weifang 261061, China
| | - Xiao-qian Fan
- Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in Universities of Shandong (Weifang University), Weifang Key Laboratory of Coho Salmon Culturing Facility Engineering, Institute of Modern Facility Fisheries, College of Biology and Oceanography, Weifang University, Weifang 261061, China
| | - Yan-lin Fan
- Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in Universities of Shandong (Weifang University), Weifang Key Laboratory of Coho Salmon Culturing Facility Engineering, Institute of Modern Facility Fisheries, College of Biology and Oceanography, Weifang University, Weifang 261061, China
| | - Ling-ling Shan
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Coho Salmon Health Culture Engineering Technology, Shandong Conqueren Marine Technology Co., Ltd., Weifang 261108, China
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Ni J, Zhu P, Mo Q, Luo W, Du Z, Jiang J, Yang S, Zhao L, Gong Q, Wang Y. Dynamic Transcriptomic Profiling During Liver Development in Schizothorax Prenanti. Front Physiol 2022; 13:928858. [PMID: 35899028 PMCID: PMC9309550 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.928858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver is an important organ for glucose and lipid metabolism, immunity, and detoxification in fish. However, the gene regulatory network of postnatal liver development still remains unknown in teleost fish. In this study, we performed transcriptome analysis on the liver of S. prenanti at three stages. A total of 1692 differentially expressed genes (DGEs) were identified across three liver developmental stages. The oil red O staining and PAS staining revealed that the lipid content of liver was increased and the glycogen content of liver was decreased during liver development. The fatty acids biosynthesis related genes were upregulated in adult and young stages compared with juvenile stage, while lipid degradation related genes were downregulated. The genes related to glycolysis, gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis were upregulated in juvenile or young stages compared with adult stage. Further pathway analysis indicated that the CYP450 pathway, cell cycle and amino acid metabolic pathway were induced in the process of liver maturation. Our study presents the gene expression pattern in different liver development stages of S. prenanti and may guide future studies on metabolism of S. prenanti liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Ni
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Peng Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qilang Mo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Luo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zongjun Du
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Song Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liulan Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Quan Gong
- Fisheries Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Yan Wang,
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Žák J, Roy K, Dyková I, Mráz J, Reichard M. Starter feed for carnivorous species as a practical replacement of bloodworms for a vertebrate model organism in ageing, the turquoise killifish Nothobranchius furzeri. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2022; 100:894-908. [PMID: 35195903 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The absence of a controlled diet is unfortunate in a promising model organism for ageing, the turquoise killifish (Nothobranchius furzeri Jubb, 1971). Currently captive N. furzeri are fed bloodworms but it is not known whether this is an optimal diet. Replacing bloodworms with a practical dry feed would reduce diet variability. In the present study, we estimated the nutritional value of the diet ingested by wild fish and determined the fish-body amino acid profile as a proxy for their nutritional requirements. We compared the performance of fish fed four commercial feeds containing 46%-64% protein to that achieved with bloodworms and that of wild fish. Wild fish target a high-protein (60%) diet and this is supported by their superior performance on high-protein diets in captivity. In contrast, feeds for omnivores led to slower growth, lower fecundity and unnatural liver size. In comparison to wild fish, a bloodworm diet led to lower body condition, overfeeding and male liver enlargement. Out of the four dry feeds tested, the fish fed Aller matched wild fish in body condition and liver size, and was comparable to bloodworms in terms of growth and fecundity. A starter feed for carnivorous species appears to be a practical replacement for bloodworms for N. furzeri. The use of dry feeds improved performance in comparison to bloodworms and thus may contribute to reducing response variability and improving research reproducibility in N. furzeri research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Žák
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Science, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Koushik Roy
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Dyková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Mráz
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Reichard
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Science, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Ecology and Vertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
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Effects of dietary vitamin E on growth, immunity and oxidation resistance related to the Nrf2/Keap1 signalling pathway in juvenile Sillago sihama. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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6
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Fernández-Gago R, Heß M, Gensler H, Rocha F. 3D Reconstruction of the Digestive System in Octopus vulgaris Cuvier, 1797 Embryos and Paralarvae during the First Month of Life. Front Physiol 2017; 8:462. [PMID: 28725198 PMCID: PMC5496417 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Octopus vulgaris aquaculture is limited due to poor biological knowledge of the paralarval stages (e.g., digestive system functionality), their nutritional requirements (e.g., adequate live diet) and standardization of rearing techniques. These factors are important in explaining the high mortality rate observed in this developmental stage under culture conditions. For a better understanding of nutrition biology of this species, we investigated the 3D microanatomy of the digestive tract of the embryo and paralarvae during the first month of life. O. vulgaris paralarvae digestive system is similar to that in the adult. The "descending branch" has a dorsal position and is formed by the buccal mass, oesophagus and crop. Ventrally, the "ascending branch" is formed by the intestine and the anus. The digestive gland, the posterior salivary glands and the inner yolk sac (in the case of the embryo and hatched paralarvae) are located between the "ascending" and "descending" branches. In the curve of the U-shaped digestive tract, a caecum and the stomach can be found. The reconstructions reveal that anatomically the digestive system is already complete when the paralarvae hatch. The reconstruction of the buccal mass at different post-hatching days has demonstrated that all the necessary structures for food intake are present. However, the radula surface in contact with the pharynx is very small on the first day of life. Although the digestive system has all the structures to feed, the digestive gland and radula take longer to reach full functionality. We have established four development periods: embryonic, early post-hatching, late post-hatching and juvenile-adult. The differentiation between these periods was done by type of feeding (endogenous or exogenous), the state of maturation and hence functionality of the digestive gland, type of growth (linear, no net, or exponential), and measurement of the arm lengths with respect to the mantle length. 3D reconstruction represents a new tool to study the morphology and functionality of the cephalopod digestive system during the first days of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Fernández-Gago
- Department of Ecology and Animal Biology, University of VigoVigo, Spain
- Estación de Ciencias Marinas de Toralla (ECIMAT), Marine Science Station of Toralla, University of VigoVigo, Spain
| | - Martin Heß
- Biozentrum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU)Planegg, Germany
| | - Heidemarie Gensler
- Biozentrum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU)Planegg, Germany
| | - Francisco Rocha
- Department of Ecology and Animal Biology, University of VigoVigo, Spain
- Estación de Ciencias Marinas de Toralla (ECIMAT), Marine Science Station of Toralla, University of VigoVigo, Spain
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Aničić I, Treer T, Matulić D, Safner R, Tomljanović T, Piria M, Šprem N. Effects of Dietary Vitamin C and Soybean Lecithin in the Nutrition of Brown Bullhead (Ameiurus NebulosusL.) Fingerlings. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2013.e27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Myers JT, Yule DL, Jones ML, Quinlan HR, Berglund EK. Foraging and predation risk for larval cisco (Coregonus artedi) in Lake Superior: A modelling synthesis of empirical survey data. Ecol Modell 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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9
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Caldovic L, Haskins N, Mumo A, Majumdar H, Pinter M, Tuchman M, Krufka A. Expression pattern and biochemical properties of zebrafish N-acetylglutamate synthase. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85597. [PMID: 24465614 PMCID: PMC3899043 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The urea cycle converts ammonia, a waste product of protein catabolism, into urea. Because fish dispose ammonia directly into water, the role of the urea cycle in fish remains unknown. Six enzymes, N-acetylglutamate synthase (NAGS), carbamylphosphate synthetase III, ornithine transcarbamylase, argininosuccinate synthase, argininosuccinate lyase and arginase 1, and two membrane transporters, ornithine transporter and aralar, comprise the urea cycle. The genes for all six enzymes and both transporters are present in the zebrafish genome. NAGS (EC 2.3.1.1) catalyzes the formation of N-acetylglutamate from glutamate and acetyl coenzyme A and in zebrafish is partially inhibited by L-arginine. NAGS and other urea cycle genes are highly expressed during the first four days of zebrafish development. Sequence alignment of NAGS proteins from six fish species revealed three regions of sequence conservation: the mitochondrial targeting signal (MTS) at the N-terminus, followed by the variable and conserved segments. Removal of the MTS yields mature zebrafish NAGS (zfNAGS-M) while removal of the variable segment from zfNAGS-M results in conserved NAGS (zfNAGS-C). Both zfNAGS-M and zfNAGS-C are tetramers in the absence of L-arginine; addition of L-arginine decreased partition coefficients of both proteins. The zfNAGS-C unfolds over a broader temperature range and has higher specific activity than zfNAGS-M. In the presence of L-arginine the apparent Vmax of zfNAGS-M and zfNAGS-C decreased, their Km(app) for acetyl coenzyme A increased while the Km(app) for glutamate remained unchanged. The expression pattern of NAGS and other urea cycle genes in developing zebrafish suggests that they may have a role in citrulline and/or arginine biosynthesis during the first day of development and in ammonia detoxification thereafter. Biophysical and biochemical properties of zebrafish NAGS suggest that the variable segment may stabilize a tetrameric state of zfNAGS-M and that under physiological conditions zebrafish NAGS catalyzes formation of N-acetylglutamate at the maximal rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljubica Caldovic
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington D.C., United States of America
- Department of Integrative Systems Biology, The George Washington University, Washington D.C., United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Nantaporn Haskins
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington D.C., United States of America
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Amy Mumo
- American Society for Radiation Oncology, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Himani Majumdar
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington D.C., United States of America
| | - Mary Pinter
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Mendel Tuchman
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington D.C., United States of America
| | - Alison Krufka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey, United States of America
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Teixeira E, Euler A, Faria P, Turra E, Luz R, Prado S, Takata R, Ribeiro P, Fontes D, Ribeiro L, Saliba E. Performance and nutrient utilization in South American juvenile catfish Pseudoplatystoma spp. weighting 89 - 170g, fed at different energy and protein levels. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352013000500031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Most studies in nutrition for the South American catfish (surubim) were limited to the initial phase of development. However, it is clear that performance and nutrient utilization can change during the life stages of a fish. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the performance and nutrient utilization in juveniles of surubim fed diets varying in protein and energy levels. Two experiments were performed to test different levels of energy and protein in formulated diets. In the first experiment, surubim juveniles (89.2±4.8g) were fed five diets containing different levels of energy (18.0, 18.8, 19.6, 20.5, 21.3 MJ/kg). In the second experiment, juveniles (170.03±3.35g) were fed five diets containing different levels of protein (360, 400, 440, 480 and 520g/kg). The most favorable energy level for weight gain was 20.3 MJ/kg. The increasing energy levels provided a rise in fat and decrease in protein whole-body composition. The protein amount was between 360 to 400g/kg (383g/kg), which was adequate for performance and nutrient assimilation in surubim juveniles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - R.K. Luz
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
| | | | - R. Takata
- Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia
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Johnston EF, Alderman SL, Gillis TE. Chronic hypoxia exposure of trout embryos alters swimming performance and cardiac gene expression in larvae. Physiol Biochem Zool 2013; 86:567-75. [PMID: 23995487 DOI: 10.1086/672012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia exposure during embryonic development of rainbow trout causes developmental delay and bradycardia and alters the ontogeny of cardiac regulatory control mechanisms. The purpose of this study was to characterize how hypoxia exposure from the day of fertilization until stage 34 (57 d postfertilization) affects the aerobic fitness and growth of the hatched fish at multiple stages. In addition, we characterized the expression of gene transcripts for seven troponin I (TnI) isoforms to examine the effect of hypoxia treatment on cardiac muscle development. Results demonstrate that the critical swimming speed of the hypoxia-exposed fish was significantly less than that of the control group at stage 35 and the fry stage. Growth was reduced in the hypoxia-treated fish between stages 35 and 37, as was the relative lipid content at stage 37. Finally, six TnI isoforms were found in all hearts. One of these isoforms, RTcTnI, decreased in abundance between stage 35 and the fry stage, but hypoxia-exposed fish had higher levels than did controls at the fry stage. The abundance of AScTnI2 was significantly lower in hypoxia-exposed fry fish than in controls. These results indicate that chronic hypoxia exposure during embryonic development has long-term consequences on aerobic fitness, growth, and cardiac gene expression following hatch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth F Johnston
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
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LeMoine CMR, Walsh PJ. Ontogeny of ornithine-urea cycle gene expression in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2013; 304:R991-1000. [PMID: 23576614 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00411.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Although the majority of adult teleosts excrete most of their nitrogenous wastes as ammonia, several fish species are capable of producing urea early in development. In zebrafish, it is unclear whether this results from a functional ornithine-urea cycle (O-UC) and, if so, how it might be regulated. This study examined the spatiotemporal patterns of gene expression of four major O-UC enzymes: carbamoyl phosphate synthase III (CPSIII), ornithine transcarboxylase, arginosuccinate synthetase, and arginosuccinate lyase, using real-time PCR and whole mount in situ hybridization. In addition, we hypothesized that CPSIII gene expression was epigenetically regulated through methylation of its promoter, a widespread mode of differential gene regulation between tissues and life stages in vertebrates. Furthermore, to assess CPSIII functionality, we used morpholinos to silence CPSIII in zebrafish embryos and assessed their nitrogenous waste handling during development, and in response to ammonia injections. Our results suggest that mRNAs of O-UC enzymes are expressed early in zebrafish development and colocalize to the embryonic endoderm. In addition, the methylation status of CPSIII promoter is not consistent with the patterns of expression observed in developing larvae or adult tissues, suggesting other means of transcriptional regulation of this enzyme. Finally, CPSIII morphants exhibited a transient reduction in CPSIII enzyme activity 24 h postfertilization, which was paralleled by reduced urea production during development and in response to an ammonia challenge. Overall, we conclude that the O-UC is functional in zebrafish embryos, providing further evidence that the capacity to produce urea via the O-UC is widespread in developing teleosts.
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Kim SS, Rahimnejad S, Song JW, Lee KJ. Comparison of Growth Performance and Whole-body Amino Acid Composition in Red Seabream (Pagrus major) Fed Free or Dipeptide Form of Phenylalanine. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2012; 25:1138-44. [PMID: 25049673 PMCID: PMC4092991 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2012.12054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the dipeptide form of phenylalanine as a new source of amino acid in terms of growth performance and whole-body amino acid composition in comparison to the free form for red seabream (Pagrus major). Fish (1.46±0.001 g) were fed four isonitrogenous and isocaloric experimental diets containing 0.7 or 1.4% phenylalanine either in free or dipeptide form. A feeding trial was carried out in three replicates and the fish were fed to apparent satiation for six weeks. At the end of the feeding trial, feed intake of fish was influenced by both phenylalanine form and level and significantly higher values were obtained at an inclusion level of 0.7% and by the use of dipeptide form. However, the other growth parameters did not significantly differ among treatments. Whole-body amino acid compositions revealed no significant changes in concentrations of both essential and non-essential amino acids regardless of the increase in phenylalanine levels or the use of its different forms. The finding in this study indicates that juvenile red seabream can utilize dipeptide phenylalanine as efficiently as free form without any undesirable effects on growth performance or whole-body amino acid composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Sam Kim
- Marine and Environmental Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 695-814, Korea
| | - Samad Rahimnejad
- Marine and Environmental Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 695-814, Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Song
- Marine and Environmental Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 695-814, Korea
| | - Kyeong-Jun Lee
- Marine and Environmental Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 695-814, Korea
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HAN T, WANG JT, WANG Y, TIAN LX, LIU YJ. EFFECT OF DIFFERENT FISH PROTEIN HYDROLYSATE (FPH) LEVEL OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS ON GROWTH AND BODY COMPOSITION OF LARVAE OF COBIA ( RACHYCENTRON CANADUM). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1035.2010.00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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The effect of peptide absorption on PepT1 gene expression and digestive system hormones in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2010; 155:107-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2009] [Revised: 10/12/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Kumar V, Sahu NP, Pal AK, Kumar S, Gupta SK. Gelatinized to non-gelatinized starch ratio in the diet ofLabeo rohita: effect on digestive and metabolic response and on growth. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2008; 92:492-501. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2007.00739.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Amberg JJ, Myr C, Kamisaka Y, Jordal AEO, Rust MB, Hardy RW, Koedijk R, Rønnestad I. Expression of the oligopeptide transporter, PepT1, in larval Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 150:177-82. [PMID: 18396432 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2008.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2008] [Revised: 02/26/2008] [Accepted: 02/27/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal absorption of di- and tri-peptides generally occurs via the oligopeptide transporter, PepT1. This study evaluates the expression of PepT1 in larval Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) during the three weeks following the onset of exogenous feeding. Larval Atlantic cod were fed either wild captured zooplankton or enriched rotifers. cDNA was prepared from whole cod larvae preceding first feeding and at 1000 each Tuesday and Thursday for the following three weeks. Spatial and temporal expression patterns of PepT1 mRNA were compared between fish consuming the two prey types using in situ hybridization and quantitative real-time PCR. Results indicated that PepT1 mRNA was expressed prior to the onset of exogenous feeding. In addition, PepT1 was expressed throughout the digestive system except the esophagus and sphincter regions. Expression slightly increased following first-feeding and continued to increase throughout the study for larvae feeding on both prey types. When comparing PepT1 expression in larvae larger than 0.15-mg dry mass with expression levels in larvae prior to feeding, no differences were detected for larvae fed rotifers, but the larvae fed zooplankton had significantly greater PepT1 expression at the larger size. In addition, PepT1 expression in the zooplankton fed larvae larger than 0.15-mg dry mass had significantly greater expression than rotifer fed larvae of a similar weight. Switching prey types did not affect PepT1 expression. These results indicate that Atlantic cod PepT1 expression was slightly different relative to dietary treatment during the three weeks following first-feeding. In addition, PepT1 may play an important role in the larval nutrition since it is widely expressed in the digestive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Amberg
- University of Idaho, Hagerman Fish Culture Experiment Station, 3059-F National Fish Hatchery Road, Hagerman, ID 83332, USA.
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18
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Dabrowski K, Terjesen BF, Zhang Y, Phang JM, Lee KJ. A concept of dietary dipeptides: a step to resolve the problem of amino acid availability in the early life of vertebrates. J Exp Biol 2005; 208:2885-94. [PMID: 16043593 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.01689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The premise that a dietary dipeptide approach will improve the understanding of amino acid utilization in the fastest-growing vertebrate, the teleost fish, was tested by examining the muscle free amino acid (FAA) pool and enzyme activities, in concert with growth response, when dietary amino acids were provided in free, dipeptide or protein molecular forms. We present the first evidence in fish that, in response to a synthetic dipeptide diet, muscle FAA varies as a result of both growth rate and amino acid availability of specific peptides. We demonstrate significantly diminished muscle indispensable FAA (3-10-fold) in rainbow trout alevins fed a dipeptide-based diet compared with a protein-based diet. The dipeptide-based diet did not contain proline, resulting in 10-27-fold less muscle free proline and hydroxyproline in alevins. The response of alevins fed FAA-based or peptide-based diets can be indicative of collagen turnover (Hyp/Pro ratio) and showed significant differences between dietary treatments. Pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C) reductase activity was detected, suggesting that P5C may ameliorate proline deficiency, but synthesis from glutamate could not maintain free proline levels in muscle. This finding will provide an impetus to test whether proline is conditionally indispensable in young fish, as in mammals and birds. This study shows that amino acids given entirely as dipeptides can sustain fish growth, result in muscle FAA and enzyme responses in line with dietary levels and identify growth-limiting amino acids. The understanding of these factors necessitates a diet formulation that will improve the accuracy of determining amino acid requirements in the early life stages of vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Dabrowski
- School of Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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19
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Dabrowski K, Portella MC. Feeding Plasticity and Nutritional Physiology in Tropical Fishes. FISH PHYSIOLOGY 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s1546-5098(05)21005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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20
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Conceição LEC, Grasdalen H, Dinis MT. A new method to estimate the relative bioavailability of individual amino acids in fish larvae using 13C-NMR spectroscopy. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2003; 134:103-9. [PMID: 12524038 DOI: 10.1016/s1096-4959(02)00193-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In comparison to mammals, fish, and in particular young stages, are thought to have higher amino acid (AA) requirements. Still, little is known about AA requirements of fish larvae, largely due to difficulties in applying traditional methodologies to these fast growing small animals. This study presents a new method to study the qualitative AA requirements of fish larvae. This method combines the use of 13C-labelled live food and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. It allows the simultaneous estimation of the relative bioavailability of several individual AAs. The present study shows that the relative bioavailabilies of various AAs do differ between AAs in larval seabream (Sparus aurata). Threonine has a low relative bioavailability, while aspartate, glutamate and lysine had high relative bioavailabilies compared to other AAs. These results are here attributed to differences in absorption rates by the gut, and/or selective catabolism. The results from the present study suggest that when rotifers are used as the diet for larval seabream, they should be enriched with products rich in threonine and leucine. Information on the relative bioavailability of individual AAs together with the AA profile of the larval protein should allow defining the ideal dietary AA profile for a given species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis E C Conceição
- CCMAR-Centro de Ciências do Mar, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, P-8000-117 Faro, Portugal.
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21
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Rønnestad I, Conceição LE, Aragão C, Dinis MT. Assimilation and catabolism of dispensable and indispensable free amino acids in post-larval Senegal sole (Solea senegalensis). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2001; 130:461-6. [PMID: 11738633 DOI: 10.1016/s1532-0456(01)00272-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The postprandial metabolism of dietary free amino acids (AA) was studied in post-larval Senegal sole, Solea senegalensis, aged 32 days after hatching (DAH). The diet was administered as a single pulse (36 nl, 43.1 mmol/l) using a micro tube-feeding technique and a dissolved mixture of crystalline AA. In four separate treatments the diet contained L [U-(14)C] tracer for two indispensable AA (IAA), lysine and arginine or two dispensable amino acids (DAA), glutamate and alanine. The post-larva absorbed all tested AA from the diet with similar efficiency (97.5%). A small fraction of the IAA was catabolised (11.5+/-1.1 and 15.1+/-3.3%, for lysine and arginine, respectively) and a high proportion was retained in the body (86.7+/-1.3 and 81.6+/-4.1%). For the DAA more were catabolised (64.9+/-5.3% and 41.4+/-7.2% for glutamate and alanine, respectively) and less were retained (32.9+/-5.1% and 56.3+/-7.2%). On this basis, it appears that post-larval Senegal sole use DAA in preference to IAA as energy substrates while the retention (assimilation efficiency) is better for the IAA. These results support other recent studies that early stages of fish have a better capacity to regulate AA catabolism than previously believed and that indispensable AA are saved for body growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Rønnestad
- Department of Zoology, University of Bergen, Allégt 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway.
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22
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Huang L, Schreiber AM, Soffientino B, Bengtson DA, Specker JL. Metamorphosis of summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus): Thyroid status and the timing of gastric gland formation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-010x(19980415)280:6<413::aid-jez5>3.0.co;2-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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23
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Huang L, Miwa S, Bengtson DA, Specker JL. Effect of triiodothyronine on stomach formation and pigmentation in larval striped bass (Morone saxatilis). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-010x(19980215)280:3<231::aid-jez4>3.0.co;2-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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24
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Cahu CL, Infante JL. Maturation of the pancreatic and intestinal digestive functions in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax): effect of weaning with different protein sources. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 1995; 14:431-437. [PMID: 24197639 DOI: 10.1007/bf00004343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/1995] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The maturation of the digestive functions in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) larvae was evaluated by the enzymatic profile of pancreas and intestine brush border membranes. Sea bass larvae were weaned at day 25 with three simplified diets different by their protein nature: 100% fish meal (FP), 100% casein mixture (CP) and 50% fish meal-50% casein mixture (CFP). The casein mixture contained 35% of hydrolysate. The control group was fed live preys. The specific activity of amylase decreased with age irrespectively of the diets whereas the specific activity of trypsin was enhanced. The casein mixture reduced pancreatic secretion in amylase and trypsin. The CFP group differed from the other groups fed on compound diets, exhibiting as soon as day 32 high activities of brush border enzymes, similar to controls. This sharp increase between day 25 and 32 appeared to be crucial for larval survival. The addition of a protein hydrolysate in a weaning diet seems to facilitate this maturation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Cahu
- Unité Mixte de Nutrition des Poissons IFREMER-INRA, IFREMER Centre de Brest, B.P. 70, 29280, Plouzané, France
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25
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Dabrowski K. Ecophysiological adaptations exist in nutrient requirements of fish: True or false? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(93)90467-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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26
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Szlaminska M, Escaffre AM, Bergot P. Utilization of dietary pregelatinized starch by common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) larvae. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 1991. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.1991.tb00242.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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27
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Houlihan DF. Protein Turnover in Ectotherms and Its Relationships to Energetics. ADVANCES IN COMPARATIVE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-75897-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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28
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Dabrowski K, Segner H, Dallinger R, Hinterleitner S, Sturmbauer C, Wieser W. Rearing of cyprinid fish larvae: the vitamin C-minerals interrelationship and nutrition-related histology of the liver and intestine of roach (Rutilus rutilus L.). J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 1989. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.1989.tb00834.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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