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Yin P, Saito T, Fjelldal PG, Björnsson BT, Remø SC, Hansen TJ, Sharma S, Olsen RE, Hamre K. Seasonal Changes in Photoperiod: Effects on Growth and Redox Signaling Patterns in Atlantic Salmon Postsmolts. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1546. [PMID: 37627541 PMCID: PMC10451801 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12081546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Farmed Atlantic salmon reared under natural seasonal changes in sea-cages had an elevated consumption of antioxidants during spring. It is, however, unclear if this response was caused by the increase in day length, temperature, or both. The present study examined redox processes in Atlantic salmon that were reared in indoor tanks at constant temperature (9 °C) under a simulated natural photoperiod. The experiment lasted for 6 months, from vernal to autumnal equinoxes, with the associated increase and subsequent decrease in day length. We found that intracellular antioxidants were depleted, and there was an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the liver and muscle of Atlantic salmon with increasing day length. Antioxidant enzyme activity in liver and muscle and their related gene profiles was also affected, with a distinct upregulation of genes involved in maintaining redox homeostasis, such as peroxiredoxins in the brain in April. This study also revealed a nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-mediated oxidative stress response in muscle and liver, suggesting that fish integrate environmental signals through redox signaling pathways. Furthermore, growth and expression profiles implicated in growth hormone (GH) signaling and cell cycle regulation coincided with stress patterns. The results demonstrate that a change in photoperiod without the concomitant increase in temperature is sufficient to stimulate growth and change the tissue oxidative state in Atlantic salmon during spring and early summer. These findings provide new insights into redox regulation mechanisms underlying the response to the changing photoperiod, and highlight a link between oxidative status and physiological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yin
- Institute of Marine Research, 5817 Bergen, Norway; (P.Y.); (T.S.); (S.C.R.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Takaya Saito
- Institute of Marine Research, 5817 Bergen, Norway; (P.Y.); (T.S.); (S.C.R.)
| | - Per Gunnar Fjelldal
- Institute of Marine Research, Matre, 5984 Matredal, Norway; (P.G.F.); (T.J.H.)
| | - Björn Thrandur Björnsson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | | | - Tom Johnny Hansen
- Institute of Marine Research, Matre, 5984 Matredal, Norway; (P.G.F.); (T.J.H.)
| | | | - Rolf Erik Olsen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway;
| | - Kristin Hamre
- Institute of Marine Research, 5817 Bergen, Norway; (P.Y.); (T.S.); (S.C.R.)
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Zhang Y, Li Y, Liang X, Gao J. Effects of dietary vitamin E supplementation on growth performance, fatty acid composition, lipid peroxidation and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) expressions in juvenile blunt snout bream Megalobrama amblycephala. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2017; 43:913-922. [PMID: 28484897 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-016-0224-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A 9-week feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary vitamin E (VE) supplementation on growth performance, liver fatty acid composition, lipid peroxidation and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) genes expressions in blunt snout bream juveniles. Fish (average initial weight: 0.59 g) were fed diet supplemented with 0, 50, 100, 300 and 500 mg α-tocopherol acetate/kg in triplicates, which were found to, respectively, contain 11.2, 56.3, 114.6, 306.5 and 588.4 mg α-tocopherol/kg diet. Results showed that final weight, body weight gain and specific growth rate significantly increased with increasing dietary VE supplemented level from 11.2 to 56.3 mg/kg. When the broken-line model was employed to estimate the adequate requirement of vitamin E based on body weight gain, the optimal level was 55.5 mg/kg in diet. Hepatosomatic index value significantly decreased with incremental dietary VE levels. However, liver VE concentration showed a direct relationship with the dietary VE level. The percentages of 20:5n-3, 22:6n-3 and total n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in liver increased with increasing dietary VE supplementation. Meanwhile, the expressions of PPAR-α, PPAR-β and PPAR-γ in liver were down-regulated by supplementation of dietary VE level from 56.3 to 588.4 mg/kg. In conclusion, supplementation of more than 55.5 mg/kg vitamin E may improve growth and increase n-3 LC-PUFA content in blunt snout bream, which is beneficial to human consumer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education/Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Shizishan Stress, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yang Li
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education/Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Shizishan Stress, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education/Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Shizishan Stress, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jian Gao
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education/Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Shizishan Stress, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China.
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3
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Lee KS, Yuen KH, Ng WK. Deposition of tocopherol and tocotrienol in the tissues of red hybrid tilapia, Oreochromis sp., fed vitamin E-free diets supplemented with different plant oils. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2013; 39:1457-1471. [PMID: 23604920 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-013-9799-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin E, a potent antioxidant consisting of four isomers each (α, β, γ, δ) of tocopherol (T) and tocotrienol (T3), is found naturally in plant oils at different concentrations. In this study, four semi-purified isonitrogenous and isolipidic (10 %) diets containing canola oil, cold-pressed soybean oil, wheat germ oil, or palm fatty acid distillates (PFAD) as the sole vitamin E source were fed to triplicate groups of red hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) fingerlings (14.82 ± 0.05 g) for 45 days. Vitamin E concentrations and composition were measured in the muscle, liver, skin, and adipose tissue. Deposition of α-T (53.4-93.1 % of total vitamin E) predominated over deposition of other isomers, except in the liver of fish fed the SBO diet, where α-T and γ-T deposition was in the ratio 40:60. T3 deposition (2.6-29.4 %) was only detected in tissues of fish fed the PFAD diet; adipose tissue was the major storage depot. Fish fed the SBO diet contained significantly more (P < 0.05) muscle thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances. Muscle fatty acid composition reflected dietary fatty acid profile. This is the first study to compare the deposition in fish tissues of the naturally occurring vitamin E isomers present in plant oils. The type and concentration of endogenous vitamin E and the fatty acid composition of plant oils can affect the oxidative stability of tilapia tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Shern Lee
- Fish Nutrition Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malyasia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
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4
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Ortiz J, Lemus-Mondaca R, Vega-Gálvez A, Ah-Hen K, Puente-Diaz L, Zura-Bravo L, Aubourg S. Influence of air-drying temperature on drying kinetics, colour, firmness and biochemical characteristics of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) fillets. Food Chem 2013; 139:162-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 11/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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5
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Betancor MB, Caballero MJ, Terova G, Corà S, Saleh R, Benítez-Santana T, Bell JG, Hernández-Cruz CM, Izquierdo M. Vitamin C enhances vitamin E status and reduces oxidative stress indicators in sea bass larvae fed high DHA microdiets. Lipids 2012; 47:1193-207. [PMID: 23086553 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-012-3730-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an essential fatty acid necessary for many biochemical, cellular and physiological functions in fish. However, high dietary levels of DHA increase free radical injury in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) larvae muscle, even when vitamin E (α-tocopherol, α-TOH) is increased. Therefore, the inclusion of other nutrients with complementary antioxidant functions, such as vitamin C (ascorbic acid, vitC), could further contribute to prevent these lesions. The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of vitC inclusion (3,600 mg/kg) in high DHA (5% DW) and α-TOH (3,000 mg/kg) microdiets (diets 5/3,000 and 5/3,000 + vitC) in comparison to a control diet (1% DHA DW and 1,500 mg/kg of α-TOH; diet 1/1,500) on sea bass larvae growth, survival, whole body biochemical composition and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) content, muscle morphology, skeletal deformities and antioxidant enzymes, insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and myosin expression (MyHC). Larvae fed diet 1/1,500 showed the best performance in terms of total length, incidence of muscular lesions and ossification degree. IGFs gene expression was elevated in 5/3,000 diet larvae, suggesting an increased muscle mitogenesis that was confirmed by the increase in the mRNA copies of MyHC. vitC effectively controlled oxidative damages in muscle, increased α-TOH larval contents and reduced TBARS content and the occurrence of skull deformities. The results of the present study showed the antioxidant synergism between vitamins E and C when high contents of DHA are included in sea bass larvae diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica B Betancor
- Aquaculture Research Group, Instituto Canario de Ciencias Marinas, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontaña s/n, Arucas, 35413, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain,
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6
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Bekhit AEDA, Morton JD, Dawson CO, Zhao JH, Lee HY. Impact of maturity on the physicochemical and biochemical properties of chinook salmon roe. Food Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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7
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Welker TL, Congleton JL. Effect of dietary alpha-tocopherol + ascorbic acid, selenium, and iron on oxidative stress in sub-yearling Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Walbaum). J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2009; 93:15-25. [PMID: 19386004 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2007.00773.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A three-variable central composite design coupled with surface-response analysis was used to examine the effects of dietary alpha-tocopherol + ascorbic acid (TOCAA), selenium (Se), and iron (Fe) on indices of oxidative stress in juvenile spring Chinook salmon. Each dietary factor was tested at five levels for a total of fifteen dietary combinations (diets). Oxidative damage in liver and kidney (lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyls) and erythrocytes (erythrocyte resistance to peroxidative lysis, ERPL) was determined after feeding experimental diets for 16 (early December) and 28 (early March) weeks. Only TOCAA influenced oxidative stress in this study, with most measures of oxidative damage decreasing (liver lipid peroxidation in December and March; ERPL in December; liver protein carbonyl in March) with increasing levels of TOCAA. We also observed a TOCAA-stimulated increase in susceptibility of erythrocytes to peroxidative lysis in March at the highest levels of TOCAA. The data suggest that under most circumstances a progressive decrease in oxidative stress occurs as dietary TOCAA increases, but higher TOCAA concentrations can stimulate oxidative damage in some situations. Higher levels of TOCAA in the diet were required in March than in December to achieve comparable levels of protection against oxidative damage, which may have been due to physiological changes associated with the parr-smolt transformation. Erythrocytes appeared to be more sensitive to variation in dietary levels of TOCAA than liver and kidney tissues. Using the March ERPL assay results as a baseline, a TOCAA level of approximately 350-600 mg/kg diet would provide adequate protection against lipid peroxidation under most circumstances in juvenile Chinook salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Welker
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Laboratory, 990 Wire Road, Auburn, AL, USA.
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8
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Stubhaug I, Frøyland L, Torstensen BE. beta-Oxidation capacity of red and white muscle and liver in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)--effects of increasing dietary rapeseed oil and olive oil to replace capelin oil. Lipids 2005; 40:39-47. [PMID: 15825829 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-005-1358-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Post-smolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were fed six diets in which capelin oil was replaced with 0, 25, 50, 75, or 100% rapeseed oil (RO; low-erucic acid) or 50% olive oil (OO). The experimental diets were fed to single groups of Atlantic salmon for 42 wk, whereas the 100% capelin oil (0% RO) diet was fed in duplicate. The beta-oxidation capacity of palmitoyl-CoA was determined, using a method optimized for salmon tissues, at the start of the experiment, after 21 wk (October), and after 42 wk (March) in red and white muscle and in liver. Red muscle showed the highest specific beta-oxidation capacity, but when expressed as total beta-oxidation capacity for the whole tissue, white muscle was the most important tissue for the beta-oxidation of FA. From the initial to the final sampling, the beta-oxidation capacity of white muscle increased significantly, whereas the beta-oxidation capacity in liver decreased significantly. After 22 wk, white muscle exhibited an increased beta-oxidation capacity when the dietary RO content was raised from 25 to 75%, with similar effects in red muscle and liver after 42 wk of feeding. The present results also show that the beta-oxidation capacity increased with an increase in fish size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingunn Stubhaug
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway.
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9
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Vegusdal A, Ostbye TK, Tran TN, Gjøen T, Ruyter B. Beta-oxidation, esterification, and secretion of radiolabeled fatty acids in cultivated Atlantic salmon skeletal muscle cells. Lipids 2005; 39:649-58. [PMID: 15588022 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-004-1278-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The white muscle of Atlantic salmon metabolizes FA with different chain lengths and different saturations at different rates, but few details are available on the processes involved or the products formed. We have investigated how multinucleated muscle cells (myotubes) in culture metabolize [1-(14)C]8:0, [1-(14)C]18:1n-9, and [1-(14)C]20:5n-3. The myotubes were formed by the differentiation of isolated myosatellite cells from the white skeletal muscle of salmon fry. Almost all (98%) of the [1-(14)C]8:0 substrate was oxidized to acid-soluble products (ASP) and (14)CO2 after 48 h of incubation, whereas only approximately 50% of the [1-(14)C]18:1n-9 and [1-(14)C]20:5n-3 substrates were oxidized. However, only one cycle of beta-oxidation was measured by the method used. For all three substrates, the main ASP were acetate and a combined fraction of oxaloacetate and malate. Nearly twice as much radioactivity from the [1-(14)C]20:5n-3 substrate was found in the cellular lipids as radioactivity from [1-(14)C]18:1n-9, indicating that [1-(14)C]20:5n-3 was taken up into muscle cells more rapidly than [1-(14)C]18:1n-9. Approximately 10% of the added [1-(14)C]20:5n-3 substrate and 5% of the added [1-(14)C]18:1n-9 substrate was secreted from the muscle cells into the culture media as esterified lipids. Immunocytochemical staining showed that the cells synthesized apolipoprotein A-I. Differentiated muscle cells also expressed peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) and PPARbeta, two transcription factors that are involved in regulating beta-oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vegusdal
- AKVAFORSK, Institute of Aquaculture Research, NO-1432 As, Norway.
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10
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Olsvik PA, Kristensen T, Waagbø R, Rosseland BO, Tollefsen KE, Baeverfjord G, Berntssen MHG. mRNA expression of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT and GSH-Px) and lipid peroxidative stress in liver of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) exposed to hyperoxic water during smoltification. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2005; 141:314-23. [PMID: 16107325 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2005.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2005] [Revised: 07/18/2005] [Accepted: 07/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The mRNA levels of three antioxidant genes, Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), were quantified with real-time qRT-PCR in liver of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar exposed to 80% (normoxia), 105% and 130% O2 saturation for 54 days. The salmon were then translocated and exposed to 90% and 130% O2 saturation for additional 72 days during smoltification. TBARS and vitamin E levels in liver and the levels of oxidized glutathione (GSSG), total glutathione (GSH) and the resulting oxidative stress index (OSI) in blood were quantified as traditional oxidative stress markers. No significant mean normalized expression (MNE) differences of SOD, CAT or GSH-Px were found in liver after hyperoxia exposure at the two sampling times. Significantly decreased OSI was found in smolt exposed to 130% O2 saturation after 126 days (n = 18, P < 0.0001), indicating hyperoxia-induced oxidative stress. No effects were seen on growth, or on the levels of thiobarbituric reactive substances (TBARS) and vitamin E in liver after the exposure experiment. Overall, the mRNA expression of SOD, CAT and GSH-Px in liver related poorly with the hyperoxic exposure regimes, and more knowledge are needed before the expressed levels of these antioxidant genes can be applied as biomarkers of hyperoxia in Atlantic salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Olsvik
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, PO Box 2029 Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway.
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Effect of Season on Vitamin E, Fatty Acid Profile, and Nutritional Value of Fish By-Products from Cod, Saithe, Ling and Haddock Species Caught in Southern Irish Coastal Waters. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC FOOD PRODUCT TECHNOLOGY 2004. [DOI: 10.1300/j030v13n03_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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12
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Development of lipid oxidation and flesh colour in frozen stored fillets of Norwegian spring-spawning herring (Clupea harengus L.). Effects of treatment with ascorbic acid. Food Chem 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0308-8146(03)00070-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Hamre K, Lie Ø, Sandnes K. Seasonal development of nutrient composition, lipid oxidation and colour of fillets from Norwegian spring-spawning herring (Clupea harengus L.). Food Chem 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0308-8146(03)00069-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Bell JG, McEvoy J, Tocher DR, Sargent JR. Depletion of alpha-tocopherol and astaxanthin in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) affects autoxidative defense and fatty acid metabolism. J Nutr 2000; 130:1800-8. [PMID: 10867054 DOI: 10.1093/jn/130.7.1800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Duplicate groups of Atlantic salmon post-smolts were fed four purified diets supplemented with both vitamin E and the carotenoid astaxanthin (Ax) (+E, +Ax), or supplemented with either vitamin E or Ax (-E, +Ax and +E, -Ax) or deficient in both vitamin E and Ax (-E, -Ax) for 22 wk. There were no effects of diet on growth rate, but an extensive lipoid liver degenerative lesion was observed in 15% of fish fed diets deficient in vitamin E. Tissue vitamin E concentrations varied in accordance with dietary vitamin E in liver, muscle, heart, plasma, brain and eye; levels were reduced to approximately 3% in liver but only to 40% in eye of fish fed diets deficient in vitamin E compared with those fed diets supplemented with vitamin E. An interactive sparing of Ax supplementation on tissue vitamin E concentration was observed, but only in brain. Dietary deficiency of both vitamin E and Ax significantly increased the recovery of desaturated and elongated products of both [1-(14)C] 18:3(n-3) and [1-(14)C] 20:5(n-3) in isolated hepatocytes, suggesting that conversion of fatty acids to their long-chain highly unsaturated products can be stimulated by a deficiency of lipid-soluble antioxidants. The antioxidant synergism of vitamin E and Ax was supported by their ability to reduce malondialdehyde formation in an in vitro stimulation of microsomal lipid peroxidation and to reduce plasma levels of 8-isoprostane. The results of this study suggest that both vitamin E and the carotenoid Ax have antioxidant functions in Atlantic salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Bell
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, U.K
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George S, Riley C, McEvoy J, Wright J. Development of a fish in vitro cell culture model to investigate oxidative stress and its modulation by dietary vitamin E. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2000; 50:541-544. [PMID: 11460747 DOI: 10.1016/s0141-1136(00)00126-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
When cultured in Dulbecco's minimal essential medium the established epithelioma papulosum cyprini cell line from carp was found to be vitamin E-deficient due to the very low level of vitamin E in the medium and the foetal calf serum used as supplement. The toxicity of oxidative stressors to this cell line was evaluated by means of the neutral red cytotoxicity assay and it was found that an organic hydroperoxide, t-butylhydroperoxide was extremely cytotoxic and that the redox-cycling agents diquat and menadione were less toxic. When grown under vitamin E supplementation (25 microM), the toxicity of these chemicals was reduced by at least an order of magnitude in concentration demonstrating the protective effect of vitamin E. These data show the importance of vitamin E status for interpretation of in vitro and in vivo data and that this in vitro system is useful for mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S George
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland FKL9 4LA, UK.
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Characterization of antioxidant systems, oxidation status and lipids in brain of wild-caught size-class distributed Aristeus antennatus (Risso, 1816) Crustacea, Decapoda. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0305-0491(99)00133-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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Frøyland L, Madsen L, Eckhoff KM, Lie O, Berge RK. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I, carnitine palmitoyltransferase II, and acyl-CoA oxidase activities in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Lipids 1998; 33:923-30. [PMID: 9778140 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-998-0289-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Salmon farmers are currently using high-energy feeds containing up to 35% fat; the fish's capability of fully utilizing these high-energy feeds has received little attention. Carnitine is an essential component in the process of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and, with the cooperation of two carnitine palmitoyltransferases (CPT-I and CPT-II) and a carnitine acylcarnitine transporter across the inner mitochondrial membrane, acts as a carrier for acyl groups into the mitochondrial matrix where beta-oxidation occurs. However, no reports are available differentiating between CPT-I and CPT-II activities in fish. In order to investigate the potential for fatty acid catabolism, the activities of key enzymes involved in fatty acid oxidation were determined in different tissues from farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), i.e., acyl-CoA oxidase (ACO) and CPT-I and CPT-II. Malonyl-CoA was a potent inhibitor of CPT-I activity not only in red muscle but also in liver, white muscle, and heart. By expressing the enzyme activities per wet tissue, the CPT-I activity of white muscle equaled that of the red muscle, both being >> liver. CPT-II dominated in red muscle whereas the liver and white muscle activities were comparable. ACO activity was high in the liver regardless of how the data were calculated. Based on the CPT-II activity and total palmitoyl-L-carnitine oxidation in white muscle, the white muscle might have a profound role in the overall fatty acid oxidation capacity in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Frøyland
- Institute of Nutrition, Directorate of Fisheries, Bergen, Norway.
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18
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Oxidative stability of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar, L.) fillet enriched in α-, γ-, and δ-tocopherol through dietary supplementation. Food Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0308-8146(97)00209-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
A two way regression study was performed to investigate the interactions between vitamins C and E, and the influence of dietary vitamin C on the development of vitamin E deficiency in first feeding Atlantic salmon. The fish were fed three levels of all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate (0, 150, and 300 mg/kg), each with six levels of ascorbate monophosphate (0, 7.5, 15, 30, 45, and 60 mg/kg ascorbic acid equivalents). Vitamin C protected the fish against vitamin E deficiency in a dose dependent manner, as seen from the data on growth, mortality, hematology, and lipid oxidation in the liver, indicated by the concentration of malondialdehyde. Vitamin C did not influence the tissue levels of vitamin E, except in vitamin C deficiency, which induced a large drop in liver vitamin E concentration. The liver level of vitamin C increased in response to supplementation of both vitamins. The results indicate two different interaction mechanisms: a synergistic effect of simultaneous protection of the water and lipid phases against oxidation, and regeneration of vitamin E from the vitamin E radical by ascorbic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hamre
- Institute of Nutrition, Directorate of Fisheries, Bergen, Norway
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