1
|
Ghavi Hossein-Zadeh N. Evidence of additive genetic variation for major milk proteins in dairy cows: A meta-analysis. J Anim Breed Genet 2024; 141:379-389. [PMID: 38230949 DOI: 10.1111/jbg.12850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
In the past, there have been reports of genetic parameters for milk proteins in various dairy cattle populations. The high variability among genetic parameter estimates has been caused by this. This study aimed to use a random-effects meta-analysis model to compile published estimates of genetic parameter for major milk proteins of α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin, sum of whey proteins, casein, αs1-casein, αs2-casein, β-casein, and κ-casein in dairy cows. The study used a total of 140 heritability and 256 genetic correlation estimates from 23 papers published between 2004 and 2022. The estimated range of milk protein heritability is from 0.284 (for α-lactalbumin in milk) to 0.596 (for sum of whey proteins). The genetic correlation estimates between casein and milk yield, milk fat and protein percentages were -0.461, 0.693, and 0.976, respectively (p < 0.05). The genetic correlation estimates between milk proteins expressed as a percentage of milk were significant and varied from 0.177 (between β-lactoglobulin and κ-casein) to 0.892 (between αs1-casein and αs2-casein). Moderate-to-high heritability estimates for milk proteins and their low genetic associations with milk yield and composition indicated the possibility for improving milk proteins in a genetic selection plan with negligible correlated effects on production traits in dairy cows.
Collapse
|
2
|
Villalobos-Cortés A, Rodriguez G, Castillo H, Franco S. Characterization of casein variants in the Guaymi and Guabala breeds through a low-density chip arrangement. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2022.2154216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Selma Franco
- Animal Health Laboratory, IDIAP, Divisa, Panama City, Panama
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Khan R, De S, Dewangan R, Tamboli R, Gupta R. Potential status of A1 and A2 variants of bovine beta-casein gene in milk samples of Indian cattle breeds. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:4878-4884. [PMID: 37071545 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2023.2200502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the polymorphism in 7th exon of beta-casein gene (CSN2) gene in seven domestic (Kosali, Tharparkar, Gangatiri, Sahiwal, Gir, Khariar, Motu) and two exotic cattle breeds (Jersey and Holstein-Friesian). Genomic DNA was extracted from 1000 milk samples, and the C > A polymorphism in CSN2 was determined using the tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction method. In all Indigenous cattle breeds, the mean frequency of A1A2 and A2A2 genotypes was 0.19 and 0.80, respectively. The A1A1 genotype was absent in all seven domestic cattle breeds. The frequency of the A2A2 genotype was highest in the Gir breed (0.93). However, the Sahiwal, Tharparkar, and Motu breeds also had a higher frequency of A2A2 genotype compared to other breeds. In contrast, Gangatiri breed of India showed lowest frequency of A2A2 genotype. The mean A1 and A2 allele frequency was 0.09 and 0.91, respectively. In exotic breeds, the mean frequencies of the A1A1, A1A2, and A2A2 genotypes were 0.42, 0.55, and 0.03, respectively. Similarly, the mean A1 and A2 allele frequency was 0.69 and 0.31, respectively. This study suggests the high potential of Gir, Sahiwal, Tharparkar, and Motu cattle for A2 milk production since they carry a favorable A2 genotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rupali Khan
- Parul Institute of Applied Sciences, Parul University, Vadodara, India
| | - Sachinandan De
- Animal Biotechnology Center, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | | | | | - Reeshu Gupta
- Parul Institute of Applied Sciences, Parul University, Vadodara, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Şahin Ö, Boztepe S. Assessment of A1 and A2 variants in the CNS2 gene of some cattle breeds by using ACRS-PCR method. Anim Biotechnol 2022:1-9. [PMID: 35176961 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2022.2036176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to reveal β-casein polymorphism of some cattle breeds and also the potential to produce A2 milk from existing animals and to develop strategies in this area. Therefore, a total of 400 cattle, 100 animals from each breed of Holstein, Brown Swiss, Jersey and Simmental raised commonly in Turkey, were obtained, and C > A polymorphism in 67th amino acid in the 7th exons of β-casein gene was determined by TaqI enzyme with PCR-ACRS method. Blood samples were collected from dairy cattle farms raising Holstein, Brown Swiss and Jersey breeds from Konya province and Simmental breed from Kütahya province in Turkey. A1 and A2 allele frequencies in Holstein, Brown Swiss, Jersey and Simmental cattle breeds were determined as 0.475/0.525, 0.370/0.630, 0.215/0.785 and 0.440/0.560, respectively. The highest A2 allele frequency (0.785) was found in Jersey breed. A1A1 genotypes in Holstein, Brown Swiss, Jersey and Simmental breeds were 0.240, 0.150, 0.030 and 0.160, respectively; A1A2 genotypes were 0.470, 0.440, 0.370 and 0.560, respectively; A2A2 genotypes were determined as 0.290, 0.410, 0.600 and 0.280, respectively. In these breeds, the highest A2A2 genotype frequency was found in Jersey (0.600), the lowest A1A1 genotype frequency (0.030) was found in Jersey and the highest A1A2 genotype frequency (0.560) was found in Simmental. Holstein, Brown Swiss, Simmental and Jersey populations were at the level of Hardy-Weinberg in terms of β-casein gene (p > 0.05). The average Ho, He and PIC values were calculated as 0.460, 0.469 and 0.605, respectively. In conclusion, the frequency of commonly reared cattles in Turkey especially Brown Swiss, and Jersey breeds in A2A2 genotype are satisfactory, but it can be said that the use of animals with A2 allele in selection is extremely important for increasing A2 milk producing potential in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Özcan Şahin
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Selçuk, Konya, Turkey
| | - Saim Boztepe
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Selçuk, Konya, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Padilla-Doval J, Zambrano-Arteaga JC, Echeverri-Zuluaga JJ, López-Herrera A. Análisis genético de cinco polimorfismos de nucleótido simple de caseínas lácteas obtenidos con chips genómicos en ganado Holstein de Antioquia, Colombia. REVISTA DE LA FACULTAD DE MEDICINA VETERINARIA Y DE ZOOTECNIA 2021. [DOI: 10.15446/rfmvz.v68n2.98026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Los polimorfismos genéticos asociados con las caseínas de la leche son de gran importancia, ya que pueden ser usados como marcadores genéticos para mejorar el rendimiento productivo en los hatos lecheros. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la diversidad y estructura genética de 5 SNP de caseínas de la leche, obtenidos con chips genómicos en vacas y toros de raza Holstein en Antioquia (Colombia). Fueron muestreados 113 animales de raza Holstein en 3 regiones del departamento de Antioquia (norte, centro y oriente) y un cuarto grupo de sementales comerciales. Los animales fueron genotipificados con chips genómicos de alta densidad (Illumina BovineHD e Illumina SNP50 v2), a partir de los cuales se identificaron 5 SNP (ARS-BFGL-NGS-8140, BTA-77380-no-rs, BTA-32346-no-rs, BTB-00821654 y ARS-BFGL-NGS-15809). Para cada SNP se realizó un análisis genético mediante un análisis de varianza molecular (Amova) usando el software GenAIEx 6.501. Los SNP con mayor heterocigosidad total (HT) fueron ARS-BFGL-NGS-8140 y BTA-32346-no-rs, con resultados cercanos al 45%; sin embargo, la HT para ARS-BFGL-NGS-15809, BTA-77380-no-rs y BTB-00821654 estuvo por debajo del 15%. El SNP con mayor diversidad genética fue BTA-32346-no-rs (Ho – He = 0,06; p < 0,05). En esta investigación se evaluó una subpoblación de toros comerciales extranjeros, en la cual se obtuvieron frecuencias alélicas y genotípicas similares a las obtenidas para las subpoblaciones locales, sugiriendo que los alelos de los toros muy posiblemente están fijados en dichas subpoblaciones, por lo que la estructura y diversidad genética tienden a ser bajas en la muestra de estudio.
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
The two main techniques used in biomedical research for the production of transgenic animals have several implications for animal welfare in terms of the Three Rs of Russell & Burch. Some are intrinsic to the transgenic objectives, while others relate to the effects of mutations, transgene expression, associated methodologies, and husbandry or production systems. All of these actual and potential implications for animal welfare demand serious consideration within a broad ethical analysis of the technology. In the light, of the Three Rs, this may require a fundamental reappraisal of the processes by which such scientific procedures are approved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colin J. Moore
- Centre for Applied Bioethics, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - T. Ben Mepham
- Centre for Applied Bioethics, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yamauchi M, Shimizu K, Rahman M, Ishikawa H, Takase H, Ugawa S, Okada A, Inoshima Y. Efficient method for isolation of exosomes from raw bovine milk. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2018; 45:359-364. [DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2018.1539743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marika Yamauchi
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kaori Shimizu
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Matiur Rahman
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- Department of Medicine, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Hinata Ishikawa
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takase
- Core Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shinya Ugawa
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ayaka Okada
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- Education and Research Center for Food Animal Health, Gifu University (GeFAH), Gifu, Japan
| | - Yasuo Inoshima
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- Education and Research Center for Food Animal Health, Gifu University (GeFAH), Gifu, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chang G, Wang L, Ma N, Zhang W, Zhang H, Dai H, Shen X. Histamine activates inflammatory response and depresses casein synthesis in mammary gland of dairy cows during SARA. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:168. [PMID: 29792195 PMCID: PMC5966854 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1491-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mounting evidences observed that subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) induced by high concentration (HC) diet increases the translocation of histamine from digestive tract into circulation causing a diverse of diseases in dairy cows. However, it is largely unknown how it does affect the function of mammary gland and milk quality. Hence, this study aims to observe the effects of histamine derived from the digestive tract on the inflammatory response and casein synthesis in the mammary glands during SARA. Twelve cows fitted rumen fistula were randomly divided into either control group administrated low concentration (LC) diet (60% forage, n = 6) or treatment group administrated HC diet (40% forage, n = 6) for 18 weeks. Results Our data showed that HC diet resulted in significant declines in rumen pH value, milk yield and milk quality, as well as longer duration of averaged pH value below 5.6 per day (more than 180 min) compared to LC diet, these findings confirmed SARA occurence. Our study also observed that SARA increased the content of histamine in rumen fluid, plasma, liver and mammary gland, and enhanced the mRNA expression of histamine specific receptor in the mammary gland. Additionally, we found that the mRNA expression of inflammatory response genes in mammary glands was increased, which was consistent with the protein expression results, showing that the protein kinase C(PKC) / nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) or protein kinase A (PKA) / NF-κB signalling pathways of the inflammatory response were activated. The mRNA expression of mTOR, P70S6K and αS1 in mammary glands were significantly decreased with the protein expression of mTOR, P70S6K and αS1-casein, and the phosphorylation levels of the mTOR and P70S6K proteins were also decreased. Conclusions Our study showed that the milk protein of lactating cows is depressed after long-term feeding of HC at the individual level, which was paralleled at the gene and protein levels. The inflammatory response in mammary gland caused by histamine derived from the digestive tract is related to the decline of casein synthesis. Our findings point to a new link between the inflammatory response and casein synthesis, but the understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in this process will require further research. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-018-1491-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangjun Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lailai Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Nana Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huanmin Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongyu Dai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiangzhen Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Genetic improvement is constrained by the long-term and cumulate nature of genetic improvement, by the economic rewards for making genetic change and by the variances and covariances among traits of interest. Genetic change is cumulate, so that small annual changes make substantial differences over time. This cumulate nature of genetic improvement dictates the importance of identifying long-term goals driven by robust economic signals and then adhering to them. The economic rewards for genetic improvement will ultimately determine the uptake and therefore the success of any breeding program. In developed countries the value of milk can be divided between the weight of water, fat and protein produced. Water generally has a negative value due the cost of handling, removal and disposal. Fat and protein have varying values depending on the market, but both will always have underlying positive values. Genetic variances and covariances among the aggregate composition traits, water, fat and protein, are such that simultaneous increase in the yield of all three is considerably easier than improvement of just one, or improvement of one while decreasing others. Selection for simultaneous increase of fat and protein percentage will also be successful, but at the price of not increasing fat and protein yield nearly as rapidly as when selecting directly on yield traits. In virtually all developed countries, the optimum selection goal will be for some combination of increased fat and protein yield that may lead to a gradual increase in the protein to fat ratio. Genetic polymorphisms in several protein genes have been associated with yield and with milk processing properties, but are unlikely to play more than a minor role in overall selection. There is some evidence of genetic variation in milk fat composition, but the level of variation and economic incentives for change mean that selection for milk fat composition is not worthwhile. Thus, with the exception of very slow changes in the water to fat to protein yield ratio, genetic improvement does not seem a particularly suitable route for altering milk composition.
Collapse
|
10
|
Enjapoori AK, Lefèvre CM, Nicholas KR, Sharp JA. Hormonal regulation of platypus Beta-lactoglobulin and monotreme lactation protein genes. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 242:38-48. [PMID: 26673872 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine regulation of milk protein gene expression in marsupials and eutherians is well studied. However, the evolution of this complex regulation that began with monotremes is unknown. Monotremes represent the oldest lineage of extant mammals and the endocrine regulation of lactation in these mammals has not been investigated. Here we characterised the proximal promoter and hormonal regulation of two platypus milk protein genes, Beta-lactoglobulin (BLG), a whey protein and monotreme lactation protein (MLP), a monotreme specific milk protein, using in vitro reporter assays and a bovine mammary epithelial cell line (BME-UV1). Insulin and dexamethasone alone provided partial induction of MLP, while the combination of insulin, dexamethasone and prolactin was required for maximal induction. Partial induction of BLG was achieved by insulin, dexamethasone and prolactin alone, with maximal induction using all three hormones. Platypus MLP and BLG core promoter regions comprised transcription factor binding sites (e.g. STAT5, NF-1 and C/EBPα) that were conserved in marsupial and eutherian lineages that regulate caseins and whey protein gene expression. Our analysis suggests that insulin, dexamethasone and/or prolactin alone can regulate the platypus MLP and BLG gene expression, unlike those of therian lineage. The induction of platypus milk protein genes by lactogenic hormones suggests they originated before the divergence of marsupial and eutherians.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashwantha Kumar Enjapoori
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia.
| | - Christophe M Lefèvre
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia.
| | - Kevin R Nicholas
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
| | - Julie A Sharp
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lipopolysaccharide derived from the digestive tract activates inflammatory gene expression and inhibits casein synthesis in the mammary glands of lactating dairy cows. Oncotarget 2016; 7:9652-65. [PMID: 26893357 PMCID: PMC4891074 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
To meet the nutrition requirements of lactation, dairy cows are usually fed a high concentrate diet (HC). However, high-grain feeding causes subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA), a metabolic disorder that causes milk protein depression. This study aimed to investigate the effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) released in the rumen on inflammatory gene expression and casein synthesis in mammary glands of lactating dairy cows fed a HC diet. We found that milk protein was significantly decreased in the HC group after 15 weeks of feeding. Overall, LPS concentrations in the rumen fluid, lacteal artery and vein were increased in the HC group. Transcriptome microarray was used to evaluate alterations in the signaling pathway in mammary glands. Signaling pathways involved in inflammatory responses were activated, whereas those involved in protein synthesis were inhibited in the HC group. mRNA expression involved in inflammatory responses, including that of TLR4, NF-кB and pro-inflammatory genes, was increased in the HC group, while αs1-casein (CSN1S1), β-casein (CSN2), mTOR and S6K gene expression were decreased. Moreover, protein expression was consistent with the corresponding gene expression. After feeding with an HC diet, LPS derived from the rumen increased inflammatory gene expression and inhibited casein synthesis in the mammary glands of lactating dairy cows fed a HC diet.
Collapse
|
12
|
Effect of polymorphisms in the CSN3 (κ-casein) gene on milk production traits in Chinese Holstein Cattle. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:7585-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3648-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
13
|
Haq MRU, Kapila R, Saliganti V. Consumption of β-casomorphins-7/5 induce inflammatory immune response in mice gut through Th2 pathway. J Funct Foods 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
|
14
|
Kishore A, Sodhi M, Mukesh M, Mishra BP, Sobti RC. Sequence analysis and identification of new variations in the 5'-flanking region of αS2-casein gene in Indian zebu cattle. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:4473-81. [PMID: 23657593 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2539-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory region of milk protein alpha S2-casein (αS2-CN) gene sequence was characterized and analyzed for nucleotide variations in animals representing 13 Indian zebu cattle (Bos indicus) breeds. A total of 15 variations; 11 in promoter region (1.56 Kb): -1481 (C>T), -1412 (C>T), -1342 (C>T), -1084 (G>A), -979 (A>G), -657 (A>T), -508 (A>G), -186 (T>C), -184 (T>C), -151 (T>C) and -135 (C>T); 1 in 5'-UTR (44 bp): 7 (C>T) while, 3 in intron-I region (73 bp): 186 (C>T), 194 (A>C) and 301 (A>T) were identified. Additionally, single deletion was observed at -975 (A>-) but not involve any known potential transcription factor binding sites (TFBS). Comparison with Bos taurus sequence revealed two additional variations -1085 (T>C) and -739 (A>G). Out of the total 18 variations observed between indicine and taurine αS2-CN regulatory region sequence, 15 were novel to B. indicus and are reported for the first time. Among these, four variations were located within the potential TFBSs; -1342 (C>T) within HNF-3beta, -739 (A>G) within C/EBP-alpha while -657 (A>T) and -508 (A>G) were found within glucocorticoid receptor TFBSs. Variations located within or in proximity to putative TFBSs could possibly influence the binding affinity of nuclear factors towards DNA binding domains, thus affecting transcriptional rate of αS2-CN gene. Phylogenetically, as expected, Indian zebu cattle were grouped close to B. taurus and were most distantly placed in comparison to human. The study indicated possible genetic variations in the regulatory regions of αS2-CN gene within Indian native cattle (B. indicus) and also its comparison with evolutionary different B. taurus breeds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kishore
- Cattle Genomics Lab, National Bureau of Animal Genetics Resources, P.O. Box 129, Karnal, 132 001, Haryana, India
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sigl T, Meyer HHD, Wiedemann S. Gene expression analysis of protein synthesis pathways in bovine mammary epithelial cells purified from milk during lactation and short-term restricted feeding. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2013; 98:84-95. [PMID: 23402545 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to investigate selected key regulatory pathways of milk protein biosynthesis in primary bovine mammary epithelial cells (MECs) of dairy cows during the first 155 days of lactation. In addition, cows were exposed to feed restriction for a short period (FR) during different stages of lactation (week 4 and 21 pp) to study adjustment processes of molecular protein biosynthesis to metabolic challenge. Morning milk samples from twenty-four Holstein-Friesian cows were collected throughout the experimental period (n = 10 per animal). MEC from raw milk were purified using an immunomagnetic separation technique and used for real-time quantitative PCR analyses. As was seen in transcript abundances of all major milk proteins, mRNA levels of E74-like factor 5 (ELF5), an enhancer of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) action, concomitantly decreased towards mid-lactation. Expression of ELF5 as well as of all milk protein genes showed a similar increase during FR in early lactation. Occasional changes in expression could be seen in other Janus kinase (JAK)/STAT factors and in mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway elements. Amino acid transfer and glucose transporter and the β-casein expression were also partially affected. In conclusion, our findings suggest a pivotal role of the transcription factor ELF5 in milk protein mRNA expression with complementary JAK/STAT and mTOR signalling for the regulation of protein biosynthesis in the bovine mammary gland.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Sigl
- Physiology Weihenstephan, ZIEL, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Freising, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bonfatti V, Cecchinato A, Gallo L, Blasco A, Carnier P. Genetic analysis of detailed milk protein composition and coagulation properties in Simmental cattle. J Dairy Sci 2011; 94:5183-93. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
17
|
Weimann C, Meisel H, Erhardt G. Short communication: Bovine κ-casein variants result in different angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides. J Dairy Sci 2009; 92:1885-8. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2008-1671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
18
|
Schopen G, Heck J, Bovenhuis H, Visker M, van Valenberg H, van Arendonk J. Genetic parameters for major milk proteins in Dutch Holstein-Friesians. J Dairy Sci 2009; 92:1182-91. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2008-1281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
19
|
Kamiński S, Cieslińska A, Kostyra E. Polymorphism of bovine beta-casein and its potential effect on human health. J Appl Genet 2007; 48:189-98. [PMID: 17666771 DOI: 10.1007/bf03195213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Proteins in bovine milk are a common source of bioactive peptides. The peptides are released by the digestion of caseins and whey proteins. In vitro the bioactive peptide beta-casomorphin 7 (BCM-7) is yielded by the successive gastrointestinal proteolytic digestion of bovine beta-casein variants A1 and B, but this was not seen in variant A2. In hydrolysed milk with variant A1 of beta-casein, BCM-7 level is 4-fold higher than in A2 milk. Variants A1 and A2 of beta-casein are common among many dairy cattle breeds. A1 is the most frequent in Holstein-Friesian (0.310-0.660), Ayrshire (0.432-0.720) and Red (0.710) cattle. In contrast, a high frequency of A2 is observed in Guernsey (0.880-0.970) and Jersey (0.490-0.721) cattle. BCM-7 may play a role in the aetiology of human diseases. Epidemiological evidence from New Zealand claims that consumption of beta-casein A1 is associated with higher national mortality rates from ischaemic heart disease. It seems that the populations that consume milk containing high levels of beta-casein A2 have a lower incidence of cardiovascular disease and type 1 diabetes. BCM-7 has also been suggested as a possible cause of sudden infant death syndrome. In addition, neurological disorders, such as autism and schizophrenia, seem to be associated with milk consumption and a higher level of BCM-7. Therefore, careful attention should be paid to that protein polymorphism, and deeper research is needed to verify the range and nature of its interactions with the human gastrointestinal tract and whole organism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stanisław Kamiński
- Department of Animal Genetics, University of Warmia and Mazury, M. Oczapowskiego 5, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Bhure S, Sharma B. Cloning and characterization of ovine alphaS1-casein gene promoter: a transfection study in rat mammary gland cell line. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 18:39-46. [PMID: 17364812 DOI: 10.1080/10425170601017145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Promoter regions of milk protein genes are frequently used to produce pharmaceutically and medically important proteins in the mammary gland of transgenic animals and also can be used for the construction of an inducible eukaryotic expression vector. The aim of the present study was to clone, sequence and characterize the regulatory elements in ovine alphaS1-CSNGP. For the first time we have cloned and sequenced region extending from - 2136 to +49 bp containing 5'-flanking region and exon I. Computational analysis of the sequence showed presence of core promoter elements viz., TATA box, CAAT box and initiator sequence. Mammary gland specific sequences included MGF/STAT 5, MPBF, Yu Lee 2, 4 and 5, Oka box C and hormone responsive elements (HRE) viz., GRE, PRE, PRL, IRE and also Polyoma enhancer 3 sequences. Computational analysis data is validated by following the reporter gene expression studies in rat breast cell line. Six reporter gene constructs under the control of full length, proximal, distal, minimal and proximal-distal fused promoter segments were constructed to assess the effect of presence or absence of few selected regulatory elements on expression ability of the promoter. Based on qualitative evaluation of fluorescence, the pGFP-F/VspI showed highest fluorescence followed by pGFP-P, pGFP-F/SpeI, pGFPminimal and pGFP-D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeevkumar Bhure
- Project Directorate on Animal Disease Monitoring Surveillance (PD_ADMAS). Hebbal, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560 024. India.
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Transcription factor binding to variable nucleotide sequences in 5′-flanking regions of bovine casein genes. Int Dairy J 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0958-6946(03)00153-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
22
|
Le Provost F, Cassy S, Hayes H, Martin P. Structure and expression of goat GLYCAM1 gene: lactogenic-dependent expression in ruminant mammary gland and interspecies conservation of the proximal promoter. Gene 2003; 313:83-9. [PMID: 12957379 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(03)00632-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A macroarray approach used to list genes differentially expressed in goat mammary gland (gestation vs. lactation), other than milk protein genes, allowed us to detect the Glycosylation-dependent Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 (GLYCAM1) gene. GLYCAM1, a member of the glycoprotein mucin family, is a component of the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM). Its complete cDNA and gene sequences were determined and it was mapped by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) on goat and cattle chromosome 5 (CHI5q21 and BTA5q21), and on sheep chromosome 3 (OAR3q21). Northern blot analyses confirmed its differential expression during the development and differentiation of the mammary gland of ruminants with a significantly higher mRNA amount during lactation than during pregnancy. An experimental in vivo induction model for lactation, developed by Kann et al., showed that the expression of GLYCAM1 is hormonally regulated in the mammary gland of ewes. Interspecies comparison of the gene promoter revealed the evolutionary conservation of a short proximal nucleotide sequence encompassing several transcription factor binding sites that could mediate the above-mentioned hormonal regulation.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Binding Sites/genetics
- Chromosome Mapping
- Conserved Sequence/genetics
- DNA/chemistry
- DNA/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/isolation & purification
- Evolution, Molecular
- Exons
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/drug effects
- Genes/genetics
- Goats/genetics
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Introns
- Lactation/genetics
- Mammary Glands, Animal/growth & development
- Mammary Glands, Animal/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mucins/genetics
- Placental Lactogen/pharmacology
- Pregnancy
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Species Specificity
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
Collapse
|
23
|
Malewski T, Gajewska M, Zebrowska T, Zwierzchowski L. Differential induction of transcription factors and expression of milk protein genes by prolactin and growth hormone in the mammary gland of rabbits. Growth Horm IGF Res 2002; 12:41-53. [PMID: 12127301 DOI: 10.1054/ghir.2002.0259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Previously we demonstrated that administration of lactogenic hormones - prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH) - to pregnant rabbits differentially induces expression of casein and whey proteins in the mammary gland. Now we extend these observations to transcription factors (TFs) that are responsive for differential induction of milk protein genes. Analysis of correlation between the number of putative TF binding sites in 5'-upstream sequences and the levels of induction of milk protein genes allowed preselection of the TFs involved. An electrophoretic mobility shift assay with nuclear proteins derived from rabbit mammary glands showed changes in the patterns of Stat5, MAF, NF1 and Oct1 DNA-protein binding during progression of pregnancy and transition to lactation. Administration of lactogenic hormones - PRL or GH - to early-pregnant rabbits induced DNA-protein complexes similar to those formed by nuclear proteins from the mammary glands of lactating (Stat5, MAF, NF1) or late-pregnant (Oct1) animals. Induction of milk protein genes by PRL was several-fold greater than that by GH. However, PRL and GH similarly induced MAF DNA-protein complexes, thus suggesting that the amount of MAF factor in the mammary gland can be limiting for expression of these genes. Our study for the first time provided the evidence that in the mammary gland both PRL and GH can induce DNA-binding activity of transcription factors other than Stats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Malewski
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrze biec, 05-552 Wólka Kosowska, Poland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Nishimura T, Kohmoto K. Regulation of glycosylation-dependent cell adhesion molecule 1 (GlyCAM-1) gene in the mouse mammary gland differs from that of casein genes. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2001; 129:149-56. [PMID: 11337258 DOI: 10.1016/s1096-4959(01)00335-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mouse glycosylation-dependent cell adhesion molecule 1 (GlyCAM-1), also known as mC26 and homologous to bovine PP3, is a milk protein synthesized in the mammary gland. Several studies have investigated the regulation of casein, the major milk protein, gene in the mammary gland, but little is known about GlyCAM-1. Here we examined GlyCAM-1 gene expression in mouse mammary epithelial cells. First, we detected GlyCAM-1 expression in mammary epithelial cells in situ by immunohistochemistry; almost all mammary epithelial cells of the lactating mouse expressed GlyCAM-1. Second, mammary epithelial cells were digested with collagenase and cultured with insulin, prolactin and/or glucocorticoid. alpha-Casein and beta-casein genes were expressed following treatment with insulin, prolactin and glucocorticoid. In contrast, GlyCAM-1 expression could not be detected with any combination of these three hormones. We also analyzed changes in the levels of GlyCAM-1 and caseins mRNAs in cultured cells. The addition of hormones to the culture medium increased casein mRNAs, but surprisingly reduced GlyCAM-1 mRNA. Our results suggest that the mechanisms that regulate GlyCAM-1 gene in mammary cells of lactating mice are different from those involved in the regulation of casein genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Nishimura
- Department of Animal Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8657, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
|
26
|
Abstract
The caseins comprise the major protein component of milk of most mammals and are secreted as micelles that also carry high concentrations of calcium. They are phosphoproteins that represent the products of four genes, equivalent to those that encode the bovine alpha s1, alpha s2, beta, and kappa-caseins. There is considerable variation in the relative proportions of the particular caseins across species. The primary sequences of the alpha s1, alpha s2, and beta-caseins also show considerable species variation consistent with rapidly evolving genes that are proposed to have a common precursor. In contrast, the kappa-caseins exhibit features that demonstrate a separate origin and function where they are proposed to stabilise the micelle structure. This review focuses on comparative aspects of the caseins across a number of species for which information is now available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M R Ginger
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
FUJIWARA Y, MIWA M, SUZUKI T, UEDA M. A Comparative Study of the 5' Flanking Sequences of the .ALPHA.S1- and .BETA.-Casein Genes: Human and Other Mammalian Species. J Reprod Dev 1997. [DOI: 10.1262/jrd.43.333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro FUJIWARA
- YS New Technology Institute. Inc., 519 Shimoishibashi, Ishibashi-machi, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi 329-05, Japan
| | - Masami MIWA
- YS New Technology Institute. Inc., 519 Shimoishibashi, Ishibashi-machi, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi 329-05, Japan
| | - Takashige SUZUKI
- YS New Technology Institute. Inc., 519 Shimoishibashi, Ishibashi-machi, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi 329-05, Japan
| | - Masatsugu UEDA
- YS New Technology Institute. Inc., 519 Shimoishibashi, Ishibashi-machi, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi 329-05, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Baranyi M, Aszodi A, Devinoy E, Fontaine ML, Houdebine LM, Bösze Z. Structure of the rabbit kappa-casein encoding gene: expression of the cloned gene in the mammary gland of transgenic mice. Gene 1996; 174:27-34. [PMID: 8863725 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(96)00274-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The rabbit kappa-casein (kappa-Cas) encoding gene has been isolated as a series of overlapping DNA fragments cloned from a rabbit genomic library constructed in bacteriophage lambda EMBL3. The clones harboured the 7.5-kb gene flanked by about 2.1 kb upstream and 9 kb downstream sequences. The cloned gene is the most frequently occurring of two kappa-Cas alleles identified in New Zealand rabbits. Comparison of the corresponding domains in rabbit and bovine kappa-Cas shows that both genes comprise 5 exons and that the exon/intron boundary positions are conserved whereas the introns have diverged considerably. The first three introns are shorter in the rabbit, the second intron showing the greatest difference between the two species: 1.35 kb instead of 5.8 kb in the bovine gene. Repetitive sequence motives reminiscent of the rabbit C type repeat and the complementary inverted C type repeat were identified in the fourth and first introns, respectively. Transgenic mice were produced by microinjecting into mouse oocytes an isolated genomic DNA fragment which contained the entire kappa-Cas coding region, together with 2.1-kb 5' and 4.0-kb 3' flanking region. Expression of transgene rabbit kappa-Cas mRNA could be detected in the mammary gland of lactating transgenic mice and the production of rabbit kappa-Cas was detected in milk using species-specific antibodies. The cloned gene is thus functional.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Baranyi
- Institute for Animal Sciences, Agricultural Biotechnology Center, Gödöllö, Hungary
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
The human kappa-casein-encoding gene, Kca, was cloned and sequenced. The structural gene consists of five exons ranging from 33 to 496 nucleotides (nt) separated by introns ranging from 1146 to 2942 nt, and extends over 8821 nt. All intron/exon splice junctions conform to the GT/AG rule. The gene organization is similar to that of the bovine gene. The 5'-flanking region contains an A + T-rich sequence; TTTAATT, close to where the TATA motif is found in most other genes, a CAAT box, and an AP-1 consensus sequence. In addition, one Alu repetitive element was found in the second intron.
Collapse
|
30
|
Rajput B, Shaper NL, Shaper JH. Transcriptional regulation of murine beta1,4-galactosyltransferase in somatic cells. Analysis of a gene that serves both a housekeeping and a mammary gland-specific function. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:5131-42. [PMID: 8617793 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.9.5131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
beta1,4-Galactosyltransferase (beta4-GT) is a constitutively expressed enzyme that synthesizes the beta4-N-acetyllactosamine structure in glycoconjugates. In mammals, beta4-GT has been recruited for a second biosynthetic function, the production of lactose which occurs exclusively in the lactating mammary gland. In somatic tissues, the murine beta4-GT gene specifies two mRNAs of 4. 1 and 3.9 kilobases (kb), as a consequence of initiation at two different start sites approximately 200 base pairs apart. We have proposed that the region upstream of the 4.1-kb start site functions as a housekeeping promoter, while the region adjacent to the 3.9-kb start site functions primarily as a mammary gland-specific promoter (Harduin-Lepers, A., Shaper, J. H., and Shaper, N. L. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 14348-14359). Using DNase I footprinting and electrophoretic mobility shift assays, we show that the region immediately upstream of the 4.1-kb start site is occupied mainly by the ubiquitous factor Sp1. In contrast, the region adjacent to the 3.9-kb start site is bound by multiple proteins which include the tissue-restricted factor AP2, a mammary gland-specific form of CTF/NF1, Sp1, as well as a candidate negative regulatory factor that represses transcription from the 3.9-kb start site. These data experimentally support our conclusion that the 3.9-kb start site has been introduced into the mammalian beta4-GT gene to accommodate the recruited role of beta4-GT in lactose biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Rajput
- Cell Structure and Function Laboratory, Oncology Center Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21287-8937, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Lien S, Gomez-Raya L, Steine T, Fimland E, Rogne S. Associations between casein haplotypes and milk yield traits. J Dairy Sci 1995; 78:2047-56. [PMID: 8550914 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(95)76830-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The genotyping of 13 sires and 250 of their sons for casein polymorphisms revealed 10 different haplotypes for Norwegian Cattle. Associations between haplotypes and yields of protein, milk, and fat were studied using a granddaughter design. Three subsets of data containing families with haplotypes 1, 5, and 10 were analyzed independently and denoted by analyses 1, 5, and 10, respectively. In addition, all sire families of all haplotypes were pooled and analyzed in analysis T. No associations were found between haplotypes and traits for milk yield in analyses 1, 10, and T. However, the null hypothesis of an equal effect within sire of bulls was rejected in analysis 5 for yields of protein and milk. The increase in protein yield associated with haplotype 5 ranged from 2.52 to 14.58 kg (from .09 to .51 phenotypic standard deviations). These results may indicate the presence of at least one quantitative trait locus in the region of the casein genes that affects protein yield of Norwegian Cattle. The findings were confirmed with a new analysis of two large sire families segregating haplotype 5 (analysis 5N).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Lien
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural University, As, Norway
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Groenen MA, Dijkhof RJ, van der Poel JJ. Characterization of a GlyCAM1-like gene (glycosylation-dependent cell adhesion molecule 1) which is highly and specifically expressed in the lactating bovine mammary gland. Gene X 1995; 158:189-95. [PMID: 7607540 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(95)00138-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A bovine cDNA library, derived from the mammary gland of a lactating cow, was screened for identifying transcripts that specifically occur during lactation by means of differential hybridisation. Several of the clones isolated by this procedure shared 55 and 57% similarity with the mouse and rat glycosylation-dependent cell adhesion molecule 1 (GlyCAM1) cDNAs, respectively. Although the mouse and cattle proteins showed an overall similarity of only 41%, two specific regions of the proteins showed 83 and 81% similarity, respectively. The bovine protein also showed 55% similarity with a small protein isolated from the whey fraction of camel milk. Northern blot analysis showed that high-level expression of this gene was only observed in the mammary gland of lactating cows. The complete gene was isolated from a bovine genomic library and its organisation was determined. The gene was 2.5 kb in length and split into four exons. The size and organization of the gene as well as the position of the introns was identical to that of the mouse GlyCAM1 gene. In accordance with the tissue-specific expression of this gene in the mammary gland of lactating animals, potential mammary gland factor (MGF) binding sites were present in the promoter region of the gene. Based on the data presented in this study it is highly likely that this gene is the bovine homologue to the rat and mouse GlyCAM1 genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A Groenen
- Department of Animal Breeding, Agricultural University Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|