Electromagnetic fields, cancer, and the theory of neuroendocrine-related promotion

Incubation temperature and hemoglobin dielectric of chicken embryos incubated under the influence of electric field

Eggs from a layer-type breeder flock (Baladi, King Saud University) between 61 and 63 weeks of age were used in 3 trials to study the effects of electric field (EF) during incubation on the internal temperature of incubation, and eggs and hemoglobin (Hb) dielectric of chicken embryos at 18 days of age. Dielectric relative permittivity (epsilon') and conductivity (sigma) of Hb were examined in the range of frequency from 20 to 100 kHz. The values of dielectric increment (Deltaepsilon') and the relaxation times (tau) of Hb molecules were calculated. The internal temperature of eggs was measured in empty (following the removal of egg contents) and fertilized eggs in trials 1 and 2, respectively. The level of the EF was 30 kV/m, 60 Hz. EF incubation of embryos influenced the temperature of incubation and electrical properties of Hb molecules and did not influence the temperature of incubation and internal environment of eggs when empty eggs were incubated. EF incubation of fertilized eggs significantly raised the temperature of incubation, egg air cell, and at the surface of the egg yolk by approximately 0.09, 0.60, and 0.61 degrees F, respectively and Hb epsilon', sigma, Deltaepsilon', and tau as a function of the range of frequency of 20 to 100 kHz when compared with their counterparts of the control group. It was concluded that the exposure of fertilized chicken eggs to EF of 30 kV/m, 60 Hz, during incubation altered dielectric properties of Hb and that probably affected cell to cell communication and created the right environment for enhancing the growing process and heat production of embryos consequently increasing the temperature of the internal environment of the egg, and incubation.

Possíveis efeitos adversos dos campos eletromagnéticos (50/60 Hz) em humanos e em animais

Os avanços tecnológicos têm aumentado o número de equipamentos elétricos e eletrônicos, seja nas residências ou mesmo no ambiente de trabalho, fazendo com que a população conviva com grande número de fontes de irradiação eletromagnética, com os mais diversos níveis de potência e freqüência. Por muitos anos, alguns cientistas e engenheiros acreditaram que o campo eletromagnético (CEM) com freqüência extremamente baixa não pudesse causar efeitos e alterações significantes no material biológico. O objetivo deste trabalho é verificar os possíveis efeitos adversos dos CEMs em humanos e animais, que foram publicados nos últimos anos, através de uma revisão da literatura disponível em Medline, revistas nacionais e internacionais e catálogos de obras de referência na área dos CEM (50/60 Hz). Como resultado foi observado que o CEM (50/60 Hz) é capaz de produzir diversos efeitos adversos em humanos e animais, como por exemplo: distúrbios na reprodução, doenças degenerativas, efeitos psiquiátricos e psicológicos, alterações citogenéticas, alterações no sistema cardiovascular, nervoso e neuroendócrino, bem como nos parâmetros biológicos e bioquímicos. Apesar de todas estas constatações e devido a muitas controvérsias entre vários autores, faz-se necessário um estudo mais específico e aprofundado sobre o assunto.

Action potentials from human neuroblastoma cells in magnetic fields

The patch-clamp method was used to measure transmembrane Na(+) and K(+) currents of the action potential in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells exposed to static magnetic fields of 1, 5, and 75 G, 60 Hz fields of 1 and 5 G, and to combined static and low-frequency fields tuned for resonance of Na(+) and K(+). The maximum currents and their inactivation rates, and the activation rate of the Na(+) current were measured. Application of the magnetic fields did not result in detectable changes in any of the parameters of the action potential chosen for study. The occurrence of effects due to the fields could be excluded down to at least one part in 1000. The results suggest that magnetic fields of the type studied do not affect the cellular mechanisms responsible for generating the action potential.

Nonlinear dynamical law governs magnetic field induced changes in lymphoid phenotype

The results of many different types of animal and human studies dealing with the biological effects of exposure to low frequency electromagnetic fields (EMFs) have consistently been both positive and negative. We addressed the question of why this pattern had occurred so commonly in biological studies involving exposure to EMFs and hypothesized that it stemmed from the prevalent use of a linear model to characterize what are inherently nonlinear input-output relationships. The hypothesis was tested by analyzing biological data using a novel statistical procedure that could be adjusted to detect either nonlinear or linear effects. The reliability of the procedure was established using positive and negative controls and by comparison with the results obtained from sampling a known nonlinear system. In four independent experiments, male and female mice were exposed continuously to 0.1 or 0.5 mT, 60 Hz, for 175 days, and the effect on 20 immune parameters was measured using flow cytometry and functional assays. In each experiment, EMF exposure resulted in statistically significant changes in lymphoid phenotype when and only when the response of the animals to the fields was analyzed as if it were governed by nonlinear laws. Our results suggest that the pattern of inconsistency in the EMF bioeffects studies is an artifact resulting from an incorrect choice of the conceptual model for the relation between the field and the biological effect it causally determines.

Nonlinear determinism in the immune system. In vivo influence of electromagnetic fields on different functions of murine lymphocyte subpopulations

Animal studies of the effects of low-frequency electromagnetic fields (EMFs) on the immune system appear inconsistent, and recent evidence indicates that inconspicuous experimental problems are not responsible. We hypothesized that the inconsistencies resulted from use of linear methods and models to study inherently nonlinear input-output relationships. Using a novel analytical method, we found that exposure of mice to 5 G, 60 Hz, for 1-105 days in 6 independent experiments consistently affected a broad panel of immune variables when and only when the reaction of the immune system was modeled to allow the possibility of nonlinearity in the relationship between the field and the immune variables. It was possible to mimic the pattern observed in the immune data by sampling from a known chaotic system, suggesting the possibility that the observed pattern was the result of intrinsic nonlinear regulatory mechanisms in the immune system. Overall, the results suggested that lymphoid sub-populations were vulnerable to the physiological consequences of EMF transduction, that it may never be possible to predict specific changes in particular immune-system variables, and that the underlying behavior of the immune system (that which occurs in the absence of specific inputs) may be governed by laws that manifest extreme sensitivity to prior states.

The effect of electromagnetic field exposure on the formation of DNA lesions

In an attempt to determine whether electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure might lead to DNA damage, we exposed SnCl2-treated pBR322 plasmids to EMF and analysed the resulting conformational changes using agarose gel electrophoresis. An EMF-dependent potentiation of DNA scission (i.e. the appearance of relaxed plasmids) was observed. In confirmation of this, plasmids pre-exposed to EMF also were less capable of transforming Escherichia coli. The results indicate that EMF, in the presence of a transition metal, is capable of causing DNA damage. These observations support the idea that EMF, probably through secondary generation of reactive oxygen species, can be clastogenic and provide a possible explanation for the observed correlation between EMF exposure and the frequency of certain types of cancers in humans.

Coincident nonlinear changes in the endocrine and immune systems due to low-frequency magnetic fields

OBJECTIVE

The characteristic biological effects of low-frequency electromagnetic fields (EMFs) appear to be functional changes in the central nervous, endocrine and immune systems. For unapparent reasons, however, the results of similar studies have often differed markedly from one another. We recognized that it had generally been assumed, in the studies, that EMF effects would exhibit a dose-effect relationship, which is a basic property of linear systems. Prompted by recent developments in the theory on nonlinear systems, we hypothesized that there was a nonlinear relationship between EMFs and the effects they produced in the endocrine and immune systems.

METHODS

We developed a novel analytical method that could be used to distinguish between linear and nonlinear effects, and we employed it to examine the effect of EMFs on the endocrine and immune systems.

RESULTS

Mice exposed to 5 G, 60 Hz for 1-175 days in 7 independent experiments reliably exhibited changes in serum corticosterone and lymphoid phenotype when the data were analyzed while allowing that the field exposure and the resulting effects could be nonlinearly related. When the analysis was restricted to linear relationships, no effects due to the field were found.

CONCLUSIONS

The results indicated that transduction of EMFs resulted in changes in both the endocrine and immune systems, and that the laws governing the changes in each system were not the type that govern conventional dose-effect relationships. Evidence based on mathematical modeling was found suggesting that the coincident changes could have been causally related.

Nonlinear response of the immune system to power-frequency magnetic fields

Studies of the effects of power-frequency electromagnetic fields (EMFs) on the immune and other body systems produced positive and negative results, and this pattern was usually interpreted to indicate the absence of real effects. However, if the biological effects of EMFs were governed by nonlinear laws, deterministic responses to fields could occur that were both real and inconsistent, thereby leading to both types of results. The hypothesis of real inconsistent effects due to EMFs was tested by exposing mice to 1 G, 60 Hz for 1-105 days and observing the effect on 20 immune parameters, using flow cytometry and functional assays. The data were evaluated by means of a novel statistical procedure that avoided averaging away oppositely directed changes in different animals, which we perceived to be the problem in some of the earlier EMF studies. The reliability of the procedure was shown using appropriate controls. In three independent experiments involving exposure for 21 or more days, the field altered lymphoid phenotype even though the changes in individual immune parameters were inconsistent. When the data were evaluated using traditional linear statistical methods, no significant difference in any immune parameter was found. We were able to mimic the results by sampling from known chaotic systems, suggesting that deterministic chaos could explain the effect of fields on the immune system. We conclude that exposure to power-frequency fields produced changes in the immune system that were both real and inconsistent.

Biological responses to electromagnetic fields

Electrification in developed countries has progressively increased the mean level of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMFs) to which populations are exposed; these humanmade fields are substantially above the naturally occurring ambient electric and magnetic fields of approximately 10(-4) Vm(-1) and approximately 10(-13) T, respectively. Several epidemiological studies have concluded that ELF-EMFs may be linked to an increased risk of cancer, particularly childhood leukemia. These observations have been reinforced by cellular studies reporting EMF-induced effects on biological systems, most notably on the activity of components of the pathways that regulate cell proliferation. However, the limited number of attempts to directly replicate these experimental findings have been almost uniformly unsuccessful, and no EMF-induced biological response has yet been replicated in independent laboratories. Many of the most well-defined effects have come from gene expression studies; several attempts have been made recently to repeat these key findings. This review analyses these studies and summarizes other reports of major cellular responses to EMFs and the published attempts at replication. The opening sections discuss quantitative aspects of exposure to EMFs and the incidence of cancers that have been correlated with such fields. The concluding section considers the problems that confront research in this area and suggests feasible strategies.

Low-level EMFs are transduced like other stimuli

The aims of this study were to test the theory that transduction of low-level electromagnetic fields (EMFs) is mediated like other stimuli, and to determine the false-negative rate of the method used to assess the occurrence of transduction (intra-subject comparison of stimulus and non-stimulus states (ICOS)). A light stimulus was chosen as a basis of comparison because light could be applied and removed at precise time points, similar to the manner in which EMFs were controlled. Subjects exposed to a weak light stimulus during 2-second epochs exhibited alterations in brain electrical activity that were similar to those previously observed in subjects exposed to EMFs. The false-negative rate of the ICOS method was 61%, since it registered an effect in only 39% of the subjects (11/28) whereas all subjects were actually aware of the light. In a second group of subjects that were exposed to 0.8 G (1.5 or 10 Hz), 58% (11/19) exhibited similar alterations in brain activity, as determined using ICOS. Previous measurements in the same subjects using a different method showed that the EMFs actually affected brain electrical activity in all subjects; consequently, the false-negative rate was 42% when an EMF was used as the stimulus. The results suggested that the post-transduction brain electrical processes in human subjects were similar in the cases of EMF and light stimuli, as hypothesized, and that the high negative rate of the ICOS method (here and in previous studies) was composed partly or entirely of false-negative results.