Intrinsic physical instability of the proteins with short half-time: possible role in aging and in carcinogenesis

Towards a unified and interdisciplinary model of ageing

Researchers currently disagree about the appropriate biomarkers to monitor when measuring the ageing process. The major problem is identifying symptoms that are an end in and of themselves, from symptoms that are tied directly to the root cause, or causes, of ageing. This is most likely the reason that numerous, diverse and plausible theories for ageing co-exist. When young and old nuclei are exchanged between cells, the age of the resulting cell correlated with the nucleus. This suggests a large role of the nucleus as the target of ageing, although the sources of ageing may originate externally. There are three processes that occur when eukaryotes age. They are: (1) a progressive and patterned alteration of the structure of chromosomes after young adulthood has been reached, (2) a progressive and patterned malfunction of the degradation systems, and (3) age-altered post-translational modifications of proteins. A change in any one of these processes often causes a ripple effect that affects the other two processes. This paper begins by stating that the above three processes are the appropriate biomarkers of ageing. These three processes are coordinated with one another under normal physiological conditions. For example, proteasomes and their subunits have been found to regulate excision repair, transcription, and the turnover of nuclear/cytoplasmic receptors. The degradation system is also responsible for the removal of oxidized histones and other factors, which influence chromosome structure. Regulatory post-translational modifications at the histone level include methylation, phosphorylation, and acetylation. In addition, the above three processes undergo age related changes. Some of these modifications represent valid responses by the cell, but many do not. The effect of these age-altered macromolecules is perverse and unpredictable. For example, the cell's age-compromised degradation allows the accumulation of signaling complexes, which no longer match the needs of the cell. Age related histone and non-histone post-translational modifications alter both chromosome structure and expression. Nuclear pores have been found to slowly decrease in number in an age dependent manner. These pores have been found associated with the nuclear lamin. Several types of mutations in the lamin A gene cause progeria like symptoms. There is a diverse set of mechanisms that cause age related post-translational modifications. Previous attempts to find a commonality among those modifications have been disappointing. This paper will present a possible explanation that involves conformational changes caused by ionic and other perturbations in the nucleoplasm.

Non-equilibrium proteins

There exist no methodical studies concerning non-equilibrium systems in cellular biology. This paper is an attempt to partially fill this shortcoming. We have undertaken an extensive data-mining operation in the existing scientific literature to find scattered information about non-equilibrium subcellular systems, in particular concerning fast proteins, i.e. those with short turnover half-time. We have advanced the hypothesis that functionality in fast proteins emerges as a consequence of their intrinsic physical instability that arises due to conformational strains resulting from co-translational folding (the interdependence between chain elongation and chain folding during biosynthesis on ribosomes). Such intrinsic physical instability, a kind of conformon (Klonowski-Klonowska conformon, according to Ji, (Molecular Theories of Cell Life and Death, Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, 1991)) is probably the most important feature determining functionality and timing in these proteins. If our hypothesis is true, the turnover half-time of fast proteins should be positively correlated with their molecular weight, and some experimental results (Ames et al., J. Neurochem. 35 (1980) 131) indeed demonstrated such a correlation. Once the native structure (and function) of a fast protein macromolecule is lost, it may not be recovered--denaturation of such proteins will always be irreversible; therefore, we searched for information on irreversible denaturation. Only simulation and modeling of protein co-translational folding may answer the questions concerning fast proteins (Ruggiero and Sacile, Med. Biol. Eng. Comp. 37 (Suppl. 1) (1999) 363). Non-equilibrium structures may also be built up of protein subunits, even if each one taken by itself is in thermodynamic equilibrium (oligomeric proteins; sub-cellular sol-gel dissipative network structures).