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Roubos EW, Jenks BG, Xu L, Kuribara M, Scheenen WJJM, Kozicz T. About a snail, a toad, and rodents: animal models for adaptation research. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2010; 1:4. [PMID: 22649351 PMCID: PMC3355873 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2010.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 09/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural adaptation mechanisms have many similarities throughout the animal kingdom, enabling to study fundamentals of human adaptation in selected animal models with experimental approaches that are impossible to apply in man. This will be illustrated by reviewing research on three of such animal models, viz. (1) the egg-laying behavior of a snail, Lymnaea stagnalis: how one neuron type controls behavior, (2) adaptation to the ambient light condition by a toad, Xenopus laevis: how a neuroendocrine cell integrates complex external and neural inputs, and (3) stress, feeding, and depression in rodents: how a neuronal network co-ordinates different but related complex behaviors. Special attention is being paid to the actions of neurochemical messengers, such as neuropeptide Y, urocortin 1, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor. While awaiting new technological developments to study the living human brain at the cellular and molecular levels, continuing progress in the insight in the functioning of human adaptation mechanisms may be expected from neuroendocrine research using invertebrate and vertebrate animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric W. Roubos
- Department of Cellular Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University NijmegenNijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Bruce G. Jenks
- Department of Cellular Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University NijmegenNijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Lu Xu
- Department of Cellular Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University NijmegenNijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Miyuki Kuribara
- Department of Cellular Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University NijmegenNijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Wim J. J. M. Scheenen
- Department of Cellular Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University NijmegenNijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Tamás Kozicz
- Department of Cellular Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University NijmegenNijmegen, Netherlands
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Saris CJ, van Eenbergen J, Jenks BG, Bloemers HP. Hydroxylamine cleavage of proteins in polyacrylamide gels. Anal Biochem 1983; 132:54-67. [PMID: 6625162 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(83)90425-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A modification of the hydroxylamine cleavage of proteins is presented in which proteins were cleaved while immobilized in the matrix of a polyacrylamide gel. The reaction under these conditions retains its high specificity for Asn-Gly bonds and has the advantage that the gel matrix, acting as a carrier, facilitates simultaneous treatment of many samples, and contributes to a high recovery efficiency (60-90%) of the cleavage products. The cleavage is performed with individual protein bands excised from dried slab gels after detection by staining, autoradiography, or fluorography. The procedure can be easily combined with other techniques to further characterize the cleavage fragments. Also a two-dimensional version of the cleavage method was developed, which allows rapid recognition of interrelationships between proteins in a complicated mixture. The versatility of the procedure is demonstrated in a number of applications. Highly related strains of murine leukemia viruses were easily distinguished from one another by the unique cleavage patterns of their gag- and env-precursor polypeptides. Comparing the env-precursor gPr82env synthesized in the presence or absence of tunicamycin with its cell-free synthesized counterpart, revealed the presence of an amino-terminal signal sequence. Cleavage patterns of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) from three different species revealed a high degree of homology between rat and mouse POMC, whereas Xenopus POMC was very different. Regions to which carbohydrates are attached could be identified by comparing glycosylated and unglycosylated forms of POMC. Combining the hydroxylamine cleavage procedure with immunological characterization of the fragments showed a small but significant difference between the amino-terminal sequences of the recombinant transforming protein P120 of Abelson murine leukemia virus and of its parent molecule Pr65gag of Moloney murine leukemia virus.
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Biosynthesis and release of prolactin from the pituitary gland of the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(80)90183-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Martens GJ, Jenks B, van Overbeeke A. Analysis of peptide biosynthesis in the neurointermediate lobe of Xenopus laevis using high-performance liquid chromatography: occurrence of small bioactive products. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(80)90405-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Jenks BG, van Overbeeke A. Biosynthesis and release of neurointermediate lobe peptides in the aquatic toad, Xenopus laevis, adapted to a black background. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/0306-4492(80)90074-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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