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Babiloni C, Noce G, Ferri R, Lizio R, Lopez S, Lorenzo I, Tucci F, Soricelli A, Zurrón M, Díaz F, Nobili F, Arnaldi D, Famà F, Buttinelli C, Giubilei F, Cipollini V, Marizzoni M, Güntekin B, Yıldırım E, Hanoğlu L, Yener G, Gündüz DH, Onorati P, Stocchi F, Vacca L, Maestú F, Frisoni GB, Del Percio C. Resting State Alpha Electroencephalographic Rhythms Are Affected by Sex in Cognitively Unimpaired Seniors and Patients with Alzheimer's Disease and Amnesic Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Retrospective and Exploratory Study. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:2197-2215. [PMID: 34613369 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present retrospective and exploratory study, we tested the hypothesis that sex may affect cortical sources of resting state eyes-closed electroencephalographic (rsEEG) rhythms recorded in normal elderly (Nold) seniors and patients with Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment (ADMCI). Datasets in 69 ADMCI and 57 Nold individuals were taken from an international archive. The rsEEG rhythms were investigated at individual delta, theta, and alpha frequency bands and fixed beta (14-30 Hz) and gamma (30-40 Hz) bands. Each group was stratified into matched females and males. The sex factor affected the magnitude of rsEEG source activities in the Nold seniors. Compared with the males, the females were characterized by greater alpha source activities in all cortical regions. Similarly, the parietal, temporal, and occipital alpha source activities were greater in the ADMCI-females than the males. Notably, the present sex effects did not depend on core genetic (APOE4), neuropathological (Aβ42/phospho-tau ratio in the cerebrospinal fluid), structural neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular (MRI) variables characterizing sporadic AD-related processes in ADMCI seniors. These results suggest the sex factor may significantly affect neurophysiological brain neural oscillatory synchronization mechanisms underpinning the generation of dominant rsEEG alpha rhythms to regulate cortical arousal during quiet vigilance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Babiloni
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- San Raffaele of Cassino, Cassino (FR), Italy
| | | | | | | | - Susanna Lopez
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Federico Tucci
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Soricelli
- IRCCS SDN, Napoli, Italy
- Department of Motor Sciences and Healthiness, University of Naples Parthenope, Naples, Italy
| | - Montserrat Zurrón
- Departamento de Psicología Experimental, Facultad de Psicología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Fernando Díaz
- Departamento de Psicología Experimental, Facultad de Psicología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Flavio Nobili
- Clinica neurologica, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Oftalmologia, Genetica, Riabilitazione e Scienze Materno-infantili (DiNOGMI), Università di Genova, Italy
| | - Dario Arnaldi
- Clinica neurologica, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Oftalmologia, Genetica, Riabilitazione e Scienze Materno-infantili (DiNOGMI), Università di Genova, Italy
| | - Francesco Famà
- Clinica neurologica, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Carla Buttinelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Franco Giubilei
- Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Virginia Cipollini
- Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Moira Marizzoni
- Laboratory of Alzheimer's Neuroimaging and Epidemiology, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Bahar Güntekin
- Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
- REMER, Clinical Electrophysiology, Neuroimaging and Neuromodulation Lab., Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ebru Yıldırım
- Istanbul Medipol University, Vocational School, Program of Electroneurophysiology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Lutfu Hanoğlu
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Görsev Yener
- Izmir School of Economics, Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Duygu Hünerli Gündüz
- Health Sciences Institute, Department of Neurosciences, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Paolo Onorati
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Fernando Maestú
- Departamento de Psicología Experimental, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Giovanni B Frisoni
- Laboratory of Alzheimer's Neuroimaging and Epidemiology, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
- Memory Clinic and LANVIE - Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging, University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Claudio Del Percio
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Briels CT, Schoonhoven DN, Stam CJ, de Waal H, Scheltens P, Gouw AA. Reproducibility of EEG functional connectivity in Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Res Ther 2020; 12:68. [PMID: 32493476 PMCID: PMC7271479 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-020-00632-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although numerous electroencephalogram (EEG) studies have described differences in functional connectivity in Alzheimer's disease (AD) compared to healthy subjects, there is no general consensus on the methodology of estimating functional connectivity in AD. Inconsistent results are reported due to multiple methodological factors such as diagnostic criteria, small sample sizes and the use of functional connectivity measures sensitive to volume conduction. We aimed to investigate the reproducibility of the disease-associated effects described by commonly used functional connectivity measures with respect to the amyloid, tau and neurodegeneration (A/T/N) criteria. METHODS Eyes-closed task-free 21-channel EEG was used from patients with probable AD and subjective cognitive decline (SCD), to form two cohorts. Artefact-free epochs were visually selected and several functional connectivity measures (AEC(-c), coherence, imaginary coherence, PLV, PLI, wPLI) were estimated in five frequency bands. Functional connectivity was compared between diagnoses using AN(C)OVA models correcting for sex, age and, additionally, relative power of the frequency band. Another model predicted the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) score of AD patients by functional connectivity estimates. The analysis was repeated in a subpopulation fulfilling the A/T/N criteria, after correction for influencing factors. The analyses were repeated in the second cohort. RESULTS Two large cohorts were formed (SCD/AD; n = 197/214 and n = 202/196). Reproducible effects were found for the AEC-c in the alpha and beta frequency bands (p = 6.20 × 10-7, Cohen's d = - 0.53; p = 5.78 × 10-4, d = - 0.37) and PLI and wPLI in the theta band (p = 3.81 × 10-8, d = 0.59; p = 1.62 × 10-8, d = 0.60, respectively). Only effects of the AEC-c remained significant after statistical correction for the relative power of the selected bandwidth. In addition, alpha band AEC-c correlated with disease severity represented by MMSE score. CONCLUSION The choice of functional connectivity measure and frequency band can have a large impact on the outcome of EEG studies in AD. Our results indicate that in the alpha and beta frequency bands, the effects measured by the AEC-c are reproducible and the most valid in terms of influencing factors, correlation with disease severity and preferable properties such as correction for volume conduction. Phase-based measures with correction for volume conduction, such as the PLI, showed reproducible effects in the theta frequency band.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casper T Briels
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Deborah N Schoonhoven
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelis J Stam
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hanneke de Waal
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Philip Scheltens
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alida A Gouw
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Lee H, Brekelmans GJ, Roks G. The EEG as a diagnostic tool in distinguishing between dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer’s disease. Clin Neurophysiol 2015; 126:1735-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2014.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Wang R, Wang J, Yu H, Wei X, Yang C, Deng B. Decreased coherence and functional connectivity of electroencephalograph in Alzheimer's disease. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2014; 24:033136. [PMID: 25273216 DOI: 10.1063/1.4896095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we investigate the abnormalities of electroencephalograph (EEG) signals in the Alzheimer's disease (AD) by analyzing 16-scalp electrodes EEG signals and make a comparison with the normal controls. Coherence is introduced to measure the pair-wise normalized linear synchrony and functional correlations between two EEG signals in different frequency domains, and graph analysis is further used to investigate the influence of AD on the functional connectivity of human brain. Data analysis results show that, compared with the control group, the pair-wise coherence of AD group is significantly decreased, especially for the theta and alpha frequency bands in the frontal and parieto-occipital regions. Furthermore, functional connectivity among different brain regions is reconstructed based on EEG, which exhibit obvious small-world properties. Graph analysis demonstrates that the local functional connections between regions for AD decrease. In addition, it is found that small-world properties of AD networks are largely weakened, by calculating its average path lengths, clustering coefficients, global efficiency, local efficiency, and small-worldness. The obtained results show that both pair-wise coherence and functional network can be taken as effective measures to distinguish AD patients from the normal, which may benefit our understanding of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruofan Wang
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiang Wang
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Haitao Yu
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xile Wei
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chen Yang
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Bin Deng
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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Stam CJ, Jones BF, Manshanden I, van Cappellen van Walsum AM, Montez T, Verbunt JPA, de Munck JC, van Dijk BW, Berendse HW, Scheltens P. Magnetoencephalographic evaluation of resting-state functional connectivity in Alzheimer's disease. Neuroimage 2006; 32:1335-44. [PMID: 16815039 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2006] [Revised: 05/11/2006] [Accepted: 05/15/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Statistical interdependencies between magnetoencephalographic signals recorded over different brain regions may reflect the functional connectivity of the resting-state networks. We investigated topographic characteristics of disturbed resting-state networks in Alzheimer's disease patients in different frequency bands. Whole-head 151-channel MEG was recorded in 18 Alzheimer patients (mean age 72.1 years, SD 5.6; 11 males) and 18 healthy controls (mean age 69.1 years, SD 6.8; 7 males) during a no-task eyes-closed resting state. Pair-wise interdependencies of MEG signals were computed in six frequency bands (delta, theta, alpha1, alpha2, beta and gamma) with the synchronization likelihood (a nonlinear measure) and coherence and grouped into long distance (intra- and interhemispheric) and short distance interactions. In the alpha1 and beta band, Alzheimer patients showed a loss of long distance intrahemispheric interactions, with a focus on left fronto-temporal/parietal connections. Functional connectivity was increased in Alzheimer patients locally in the theta band (centro-parietal regions) and the beta and gamma band (occipito-parietal regions). In the Alzheimer group, positive correlations were found between alpha1, alpha2 and beta band synchronization likelihood and MMSE score. Resting-state functional connectivity in Alzheimer's disease is characterized by specific changes of long and short distance interactions in the theta, alpha1, beta and gamma bands. These changes may reflect loss of anatomical connections and/or reduced central cholinergic activity and could underlie part of the cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Stam
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology and MEG, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive and intellectual deficits and behavior disturbance. The electroencephalogram (EEG) has been used as a tool for diagnosing AD for several decades. The hallmark of EEG abnormalities in AD patients is a shift of the power spectrum to lower frequencies and a decrease in coherence of fast rhythms. These abnormalities are thought to be associated with functional disconnections among cortical areas resulting from death of cortical neurons, axonal pathology, cholinergic deficits, etc. This article reviews main findings of EEG abnormalities in AD patients obtained from conventional spectral analysis and nonlinear dynamical methods. In particular, nonlinear alterations in the EEG of AD patients, i.e. a decreased complexity of EEG patterns and reduced information transmission among cortical areas, and their clinical implications are discussed. For future studies, improvement of the accuracy of differential diagnosis and early detection of AD based on multimodal approaches, longitudinal studies on nonlinear dynamics of the EEG, drug effects on the EEG dynamics, and linear and nonlinear functional connectivity among cortical regions in AD are proposed to be investigated. EEG abnormalities of AD patients are characterized by slowed mean frequency, less complex activity, and reduced coherences among cortical regions. These abnormalities suggest that the EEG has utility as a valuable tool for differential and early diagnosis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeseung Jeong
- Center for Neurodynamics and the Department of Physics, Korea University, Sungbuk-gu, Anham-dong 5-1, Seoul 136-701, South Korea.
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Claus JJ, Strijers RL, Jonkman EJ, Ongerboer de Visser BW, Jonker C, Walstra GJ, Scheltens P, van Gool WA. The diagnostic value of electroencephalography in mild senile Alzheimer's disease. Clin Neurophysiol 1999; 110:825-32. [PMID: 10400195 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-2457(98)00076-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the diagnostic value of the visually assessed electroencephalogram (EEG) in patients with mild Alzheimer's disease (AD), using the grand total of EEG (GTE) score. METHODS Forty-nine non-demented control subjects with and without minimal cognitive impairment from the general population and 86 probable AD patients (NINCDS-ADRDA criteria), consecutively referred to a memory clinic, participated in this study. RESULTS Frequency of rhythmic background activity (P<0.05), diffuse slow activity (P<0.001), and reactivity of the rhythmic background activity (P<0.001) were statistically significant related to the diagnosis control subject or AD patient, using logistic regression analysis with adjustment for age and sex. When these subscores were used to confirm the diagnosis of AD, thus at high specificity of 89.1% (GTE cut-off point of 3), the sensitivity was 44.6% and positive predictive value was 88.1%. Incremental ruling-in and ruling-out curves showed a maximum diagnostic gain of 38% for a positive test result at a prior probability ranging from 30 to 40%. At high pretest probability levels of 80-90%, the diagnostic gain for a positive test result was low, varying from 7 to 14%. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the visually assessed EEG may give a clinically meaningful contribution to the diagnostic evaluation of AD when there is diagnostic doubt.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Claus
- Department of Neurology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Jonkman EJ. The role of the electroencephalogram in the diagnosis of dementia of the Alzheimer type: an attempt at technology assessment. Neurophysiol Clin 1997; 27:211-9. [PMID: 9260162 DOI: 10.1016/s0987-7053(97)83777-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In a first attempt at technology assessment of the electroencephalogram (EEG) in the diagnosis of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), three conclusions were reached: notwithstanding the well defined clinical criteria, there remains a need for a laboratory technique to confirm the diagnosis since a 100% accuracy cannot be obtained by clinical methods only; although the EEG has a high sensitivity in separating AD patients from normal controls, the sensitivity of the EEG is at present not satisfactory when studying populations with a low prevalence of AD patients; the sensitivity of the EEG is higher or equal to the best other laboratory techniques (magnetic resonance imaging [MRI], computerized tomography [CT], SPECT, PET) available at the moment. Since the EEG and MRI can be helpful in different aspects of the differential diagnosis it is argued that all AD patients should be studied at least once by EEG as well as by MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Jonkman
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Academic Hospital, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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van Gool WA. The use of apolipoprotein E genotyping as a diagnostic test in suspected Alzheimer's disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1996; 802:79-91. [PMID: 8993487 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb32601.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- W A van Gool
- Department of Neurology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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