Induction of DNA fragmentation and DNA repair synthesis in human and rat hepatocytes by diethylstilbestrol

Genotoxic and mutagenic studies of teratogens in developing rat and mouse

In this review, genotoxic and mutagenic effects of teratogenic chemical agents in both rat and mouse have been reviewed. Of these chemicals, 97 are drugs and 33 are pesticides or belong to other groups. Large literature searches were conducted to determine the effects of chemicals on chromosome abnormalities, sister chromatid exchanges, and micronucleus formation in experimental animals such as rats and mice. In addition, studies that include unscheduled DNA synthesis, DNA adduct formations, and gene mutations, which help to determine the genotoxicity or mutagenicity of chemicals, have been reviewed. It has been estimated that 46.87% of teratogenic drugs and 48.48% of teratogenic pesticides are positive in all tests. So, all of the teratogens involved in this group have genotoxic and mutagenic effects. On the other hand, 36.45% of the drugs and 21.21% of the pesticides have been found to give negative results in at least one test, with the majority of the tests giving positive results. However, only 4.16% of the drugs and 18.18% of the pesticides were determined to give negative results in the majority of the tests. Among tests with major negative results, 12.50% of the teratogenic drugs and 12.12% of the teratogenic pesticides were negative in all conducted tests.

Biotransformation, estrogenicity, and steroid structure as determinants of dysmorphogenic and generalized embryotoxic effects of steroidal and nonsteroidal estrogens

A series of nine chemicals of varying structure and estrogenicity was investigated for biochemical determinants of their relative capacities to alter normal embryonic growth and developmental patterns during organogenesis in rats. In order to circumvent the potentially confounding influences of maternal factors, the direct effects of steroidal and nonsteroidal estrogens on cultured whole embryos were compared at concentrations producing readily measurable embryotoxicity but low embryolethality (2-20%). Nonsteroidal estrogens included were diethylstilbestrol (DES), hexestrol (HES), E,E-dienestrol (alpha-DIES), and tamoxifen (TAM). Steroidal estrogens were estradiol 17 beta (E2), estrone (E1), and 17 alpha-ethinylestradiol 17 beta (EE). For comparative purposes, the effects of two essentially nonestrogenic phenols, Z,Z-dienestrol (beta-DIES) and phenol, were also studied. TAM, a weak estrogen which also exhibits antiestrogenic properties, was studied for possible interactive effects with potent estrogens. Prosencephalic hypoplasia was the abnormality most consistently observed and was elicited by each of the chemicals investigated. Embryotoxicity was neither attenuated by TAM nor related to estrogenic potency or steroidal structure, but was strongly and unpredictably influenced by biotransformational determinants. Presence of a cytochrome P450-dependent oxidizing system in the culture medium resulted in marked increases in embryotoxicity of E1, E2, and phenol, only minor increases for beta-DIES and alpha-DIES, but in strikingly decreased effects of EE, TAM, and HES. It produced no statistically significant differences in effects of DES. The results obtained were compatible with the concept that effects of these agents on growth and development during the earlier stages of organogenesis are independent of steroid structure or estrogenic activity but strongly dependent upon pathways and rates of biotransformation of some (but not all) of the parent chemicals.