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Jeronimo C, Robert F. The histone chaperone FACT: a guardian of chromatin structure integrity. Transcription 2022; 13:16-38. [PMID: 35485711 PMCID: PMC9467567 DOI: 10.1080/21541264.2022.2069995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of FACT as a histone chaperone enabling transcription through chromatin in vitro has strongly shaped how its roles are envisioned. However, FACT has been implicated in essentially all aspects of chromatin biology, from transcription to DNA replication, DNA repair, and chromosome segregation. In this review, we focus on recent literature describing the role and mechanisms of FACT during transcription. We highlight the prime importance of FACT in preserving chromatin integrity during transcription and challenge its role as an elongation factor. We also review evidence for FACT's role as a cell-type/gene-specificregulator of gene expression and briefly summarize current efforts at using FACT inhibition as an anti-cancerstrategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia Jeronimo
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - François Robert
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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2
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Bhakat KK, Ray S. The FAcilitates Chromatin Transcription (FACT) complex: Its roles in DNA repair and implications for cancer therapy. DNA Repair (Amst) 2021; 109:103246. [PMID: 34847380 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2021.103246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Genomic DNA in the nucleus is wrapped around nucleosomes, a repeating unit of chromatin. The nucleosome, consisting of octamer of core histones, is a barrier for several cellular processes that require access to the naked DNA. The FAcilitates Chromatin Transcription (FACT), a histone chaperone complex, is involved in nucleosome remodeling via eviction or assembly of histones during transcription, replication, and DNA repair. Increasing evidence suggests that FACT plays an important role in multiple DNA repair pathways including transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair (TC-NER) of UV-induced damage, DNA single- and double-strand breaks (DSBs) repair, and base excision repair (BER) of oxidized or alkylated damaged bases. Further, studies have shown overexpression of FACT in multiple types of cancer and its association with drug resistance and patients' poor prognosis. In this review, we discuss how FACT is accumulated at the damage site and what functions it performs. We describe the known mechanisms by which FACT facilitates repair of different types of DNA damage. Further, we highlight the recent advances in a class of FACT inhibitors, called curaxins, which show promise as a new adjuvant therapy to sensitize multiple types of cancer to chemotherapy and radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishor K Bhakat
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA 68198; Fred and Pamela Buffet Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA 68198.
| | - Sutapa Ray
- Department of Pediatric, Division of Hematology/oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA 68198; Fred and Pamela Buffet Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA 68198
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3
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Chang HW, Nizovtseva EV, Razin SV, Formosa T, Gurova KV, Studitsky VM. Histone Chaperone FACT and Curaxins: Effects on Genome Structure and Function. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 5. [PMID: 31853507 DOI: 10.20517/2394-4722.2019.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The histone chaperone FACT plays important roles in essentially every chromatin-associated process and is an important indirect target of the curaxin class of anti-cancer drugs. Curaxins are aromatiс compounds that intercalate into DNA and can trap FACT in bulk chromatin, thus interfering with its distribution and its functions in cancer cells. Recent studies have provided mechanistic insight into how FACT and curaxins cooperate to promote unfolding of nucleosomes and chromatin fibers, resulting in genome-wide disruption of contact chromatin domain boundaries, perturbation of higher order chromatin organization, and global disregulation of gene expression. Here, we discuss the implications of these insights for cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Wen Chang
- Cancer Epigenetics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19422, USA
| | - Ekaterina V Nizovtseva
- Cancer Epigenetics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19422, USA
| | - Sergey V Razin
- Institute of Gene Biology RAS, 34/5 Vavilov Str., 119334 Moscow, Russia.,Biology Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1 Leninskie Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tim Formosa
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA
| | - Katerina V Gurova
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton St, Buffalo, NY14263, USA
| | - Vasily M Studitsky
- Cancer Epigenetics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19422, USA.,Biology Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1 Leninskie Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russia
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4
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Gurova K, Chang HW, Valieva ME, Sandlesh P, Studitsky VM. Structure and function of the histone chaperone FACT - Resolving FACTual issues. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2018; 1861:S1874-9399(18)30159-7. [PMID: 30055319 PMCID: PMC6349528 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
FAcilitates Chromatin Transcription (FACT) has been considered essential for transcription through chromatin mostly based on cell-free experiments. However, FACT inactivation in cells does not cause a significant reduction in transcription. Moreover, not all mammalian cells require FACT for viability. Here we synthesize information from different organisms to reveal the core function(s) of FACT and propose a model that reconciles the cell-free and cell-based observations. We describe FACT structure and nucleosomal interactions, and their roles in FACT-dependent transcription, replication and repair. The variable requirements for FACT among different tumor and non-tumor cells suggest that various FACT-dependent processes have significantly different levels of relative importance in different eukaryotic cells. We propose that the stability of chromatin, which might vary among different cell types, dictates these diverse requirements for FACT to support cell viability. Since tumor cells are among the most sensitive to FACT inhibition, this vulnerability could be exploited for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Gurova
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
| | - Han-Wen Chang
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Maria E Valieva
- Biology Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Poorva Sandlesh
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Vasily M Studitsky
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA; Biology Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
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5
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Fleyshman D, Prendergast L, Safina A, Paszkiewicz G, Commane M, Morgan K, Attwood K, Gurova K. Level of FACT defines the transcriptional landscape and aggressive phenotype of breast cancer cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:20525-20542. [PMID: 28423528 PMCID: PMC5400524 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although breast cancer (BrCa) may be detected at an early stage, there is a shortage of markers that predict tumor aggressiveness and a lack of targeted therapies. Histone chaperone FACT, expressed in a limited number of normal cells, is overexpressed in different types of cancer, including BrCa. Recently, we found that FACT expression in BrCa correlates with markers of aggressive BrCa, which prompted us to explore the consequences of FACT inhibition in BrCa cells with varying levels of FACT. FACT inhibition using a small molecule or shRNA caused reduced growth and viability of all BrCa cells tested. Phenotypic changes were more severe in high- FACT cells (death or growth arrest) than in low-FACT cells (decreased proliferation). Though inhibition had no effect on the rate of general transcription, expression of individual genes was changed in a cell-specific manner. Initially distinct transcriptional profiles of BrCa cells became similar upon equalizing FACT expression. In high-FACT cells, FACT supports expression of genes involved in the regulation of cell cycle, DNA replication, maintenance of an undifferentiated cell state and regulated by the activity of several proto-oncogenes. In low-FACT cells, the presence of FACT reduces expression of genes encoding enzymes of steroid metabolism that are characteristic of differentiated mammary epithelia. Thus, we propose that FACT is both a marker and a target of aggressive BrCa cells, whose inhibition results in the death of BrCa or convertion of them to a less aggressive subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Fleyshman
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Laura Prendergast
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Alfiya Safina
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | | | - Mairead Commane
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Kelsey Morgan
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Kristopher Attwood
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, University of Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Katerina Gurova
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
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6
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Zhang W, Zeng F, Liu Y, Shao C, Li S, Lv H, Shi Y, Niu L, Teng M, Li X. Crystal Structure of Human SSRP1 Middle Domain Reveals a Role in DNA Binding. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18688. [PMID: 26687053 PMCID: PMC4685450 DOI: 10.1038/srep18688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
SSRP1 is a subunit of the FACT complex, an important histone chaperone required for transcriptional regulation, DNA replication and damage repair. SSRP1 also plays important roles in transcriptional regulation independent of Spt16 and interacts with other proteins. Here, we report the crystal structure of the middle domain of SSRP1. It consists of tandem pleckstrin homology (PH) domains. These domains differ from the typical PH domain in that PH1 domain has an extra conserved βαβ topology. SSRP1 contains the well-characterized DNA-binding HMG-1 domain. Our studies revealed that SSRP1-M can also participate in DNA binding, and that this binding involves one positively charged patch on the surface of the structure. In addition, SSRP1-M did not bind to histones, which was assessed through pull-down assays. This aspect makes the protein different from other related proteins adopting the double PH domain structure. Our studies facilitate the understanding of SSRP1 and provide insights into the molecular mechanisms of interaction with DNA and histones of the FACT complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Science, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Structural Biology, Hefei Science Center of CAS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuxing Zeng
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Science, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Structural Biology, Hefei Science Center of CAS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiwei Liu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Science, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Structural Biology, Hefei Science Center of CAS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Shao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Science, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Structural Biology, Hefei Science Center of CAS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Sai Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Science, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Structural Biology, Hefei Science Center of CAS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Lv
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Science, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Structural Biology, Hefei Science Center of CAS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunyu Shi
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Science, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Structural Biology, Hefei Science Center of CAS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Liwen Niu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Science, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Structural Biology, Hefei Science Center of CAS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Maikun Teng
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Science, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Structural Biology, Hefei Science Center of CAS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Science, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Structural Biology, Hefei Science Center of CAS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People's Republic of China
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7
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Structure-specific recognition protein 1 facilitates microtubule growth and bundling required for mitosis. Mol Cell Biol 2009; 30:935-47. [PMID: 19995907 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01379-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tight regulation of microtubule (MT) dynamics is essential for proper chromosome movement during mitosis. Here we show, using mammalian cells, that structure-specific recognition protein 1 (SSRP1) is a novel regulator of MT dynamics. SSRP1 colocalizes with the spindle and midbody MTs, and associates with MTs both in vitro and in vivo. Purified SSRP1 facilitates tubulin polymerization and MT bundling in vitro. Knockdown of SSRP1 inhibits the growth of MTs and leads to disorganized spindle structures, reduction of K-fibers and midbody fibers, disrupted chromosome movement, and attenuated cytokinesis in vivo. These results demonstrate that SSRP1 is crucial for MT growth and spindle assembly during mitosis.
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Fineschi S, Borghi MO, Riboldi P, Gariglio M, Buzio C, Landolfo S, Cebecauer L, Tuchynova A, Rovensky J, Meroni PL. Prevalence of autoantibodies against structure specific recognition protein 1 in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2004; 13:463-8. [PMID: 15303574 DOI: 10.1191/0961203304lu1049oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies (Abs) against the structure specific recognition protein 1 (SSRP1) were reported in a small systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) series but not in other systemic autoimmune diseases. The aim of the study was to confirm the selective presence of anti-SSRP1 Abs in a larger SLE series and to evaluate their relationship with disease activity and other immune markers. Anti-SSRP1 Abs were investigated by a 'home made' ELISA in: 120 SLE, 65 rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 51 systemic sclerosis (SSc), 23 Churg-Strauss syndrome (CSS) and 40 idiopathic autoimmune urticaria (IAU) patients and 190 healthy controls. Sera from MRL lpr/lpr and Balb-c mice were also tested. Anti-SSRP1 Abs were detected in 43 SLE (35.8%), nine SSc (17.6%), eight RA (12.3%), six IAU (15%), three CSS (13%) patients and five healthy controls (2.6%). Antibody prevalence and titers were significantly higher in SLE patients than in sera from both normal and disease controls. Anti-SSRP1 Ab activity was also detected in sera from MRL lpr/lpr but not Balb-c mice. The antibodies did not correlate with the disease activity evaluated as the ECLAM index score and were more prevalent in patients without renal involvement. No correlation was found with other serum autoantibodies. Our results confirm that anti-SSRP1 Abs are associated with but not specific for the lupus disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fineschi
- IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
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Wang DY, Xiang YY, Li XJ, Hashimoto M, Tanaka M, Sugimura H. Mxi1 is a potential cellular target of carcinogens and frequently mutated in experimental rat tumors and tumor cell lines. Pathol Int 2000; 50:373-83. [PMID: 10849326 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1827.2000.01057.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mxi1, a member of the Myc family of transcription factors, negatively regulates Myc oncoprotein activity and thus may be a tumor suppressor gene. It is mutated in a few human prostate cancers. Rat Mxi1 was isolated as a selective overexpressive message in rat esophageal cancer induced by N-nitrososarcosine ethyl ester using differential display and polymerase chain reaction cloning. Reverse transcription, single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis and subsequent DNA sequencing were used to screen mutations for the rat Mxi1 coding region including the functional domains, Sin3-interacting, helix-loop-helix and leucine zipper in samples from 24 rat tumor tissues and various cell lines. Seven mutations were revealed to exist in six rat tumors (including two esophageal tumors and a breast cancer), and three rat tumor cell lines: Leydig cell tumor, osteogenic sarcoma, and pituitary tumor. No coding changes were detected in 34 samples of human sporadic gastric adenocarcinoma. A silent base substitution (GAG to GAA) at codon 131 was also identified in six rat tumors as well as in one human gastric cancer. Our results indicate that Mxi1 is often mutated in experimental rat tumors but mutations are rare in human sporadic cancers. The Mxi1 tumor suppressor gene may be a cellular target of strong carcinogens. Considering the frequency of mutations in chemical carcinogen-induced tumors, searches for Mxi1 mutation in human tumors should be directed toward patients with a specific epidemiological background.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Y Wang
- First Department of Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
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10
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Spencer JA, Baron MH, Olson EN. Cooperative transcriptional activation by serum response factor and the high mobility group protein SSRP1. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:15686-93. [PMID: 10336466 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.22.15686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum response factor (SRF) is a MADS box transcription factor that controls a wide range of genes involved in cell proliferation and differentiation. The MADS box mediates homodimerization and binding of SRF to the consensus sequence CC(A/T)6GG, known as a CArG box, which is found in the control regions of numerous serum-inducible and muscle-specific genes. Using a modified yeast one-hybrid screen to identify potential SRF cofactors, we found that SRF interacts with the high mobility group factor SSRP1 (structure-specific recognition protein). This interaction, which occurs in yeast and mammalian cells, is mediated through the MADS box of SRF and a basic region of SSRP1 encompassing amino acids 489-542, immediately adjacent to the high mobility group domain. SSRP1 does not bind the CArG box, but interaction of SSRP1 with SRF dramatically increases the DNA binding activity of SRF, resulting in synergistic transcriptional activation of native and artificial SRF-dependent promoters. These results reveal an important role for SSRP1 as a coregulator of SRF-dependent transcription in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Spencer
- Department of Molecular Biology and Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75235-9148, USA
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