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Abstract
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Electron crystallography
has a storied history which rivals that
of its more established X-ray-enabled counterpart. Recent advances
in data collection and analysis have sparked a renaissance in the
field, opening a new chapter for this venerable technique. Burgeoning
interest in electron crystallography has spawned innovative methods
described by various interchangeable labels (3D ED, MicroED, cRED,
etc.). This Review covers concepts and findings relevant to the practicing
crystallographer, with an emphasis on experiments aimed at using electron
diffraction to elucidate the atomic structure of three-dimensional
molecular crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambarneil Saha
- UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Shervin S Nia
- UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - José A Rodríguez
- UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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Park Y, Jung JW, Kang H, Seth J, Kang Y, Sung MM. Single-Crystal Poly[4-(4,4-dihexadecyl-4H-cyclopenta[1,2-b:5,4-b']dithiophen-2-yl)- alt-[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4- c]pyridine] Nanowires with Ultrahigh Mobility. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:1028-1032. [PMID: 30605617 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b04302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We fabricated single-crystal poly[4-(4,4-dihexadecyl-4H-cyclopenta[1,2-b:5,4-b']-dithiophen-2-yl)- alt-[1,2,5]thiadiazolo-[3,4- c]pyridine] (PCDTPT) nanowires with ultrahigh mobility using a liquid-bridge-mediated nanotransfer molding method. The structural analysis of the single-crystal PCDTPT nanowires reveals that PCDTPT crystals have a triclinic structure, and the nanowires grow parallel to PCDTPT backbone chains, which provide important insights into its intrinsic charge transport. The single-crystal PCDTPT nanowire exhibits a superior charge carrier mobility of 72.94 ± 18.02 cm2 V-1 s-1 (maximum mobility up to 92.64 cm2 V-1 s-1), which is a record high value among conjugated polymers to date. In the single-crystal PCDTPT nanowire, the backbone chains in the linear structure along the nanowire growth axis lead to strong backbone delocalization, resulting in highly conductive polymer backbones and a drastic increase in charge carrier mobility. In addition, the single-crystal PCDTPT nanowire shows good environmental stability under air conditions compared to small-molecule organic semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonkyung Park
- Department of Chemistry , Hanyang University , Seoul 04763 , Korea
| | - Jin Won Jung
- Department of Chemistry , Hanyang University , Seoul 04763 , Korea
| | - Hungu Kang
- Department of Chemistry , Hanyang University , Seoul 04763 , Korea
| | - Jhumur Seth
- Department of Chemistry , Hanyang University , Seoul 04763 , Korea
| | - Youngjong Kang
- Department of Chemistry , Hanyang University , Seoul 04763 , Korea
| | - Myung Mo Sung
- Department of Chemistry , Hanyang University , Seoul 04763 , Korea
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Sinkler W, Own CS, Marks LD. Application of a 2-beam model for improving the structure factors from precession electron diffraction intensities. Ultramicroscopy 2007; 107:543-50. [PMID: 17240530 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2006.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2006] [Accepted: 02/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Electron crystallography of organic materials. Ultramicroscopy 2006; 107:453-61. [PMID: 17240070 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2006.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2005] [Accepted: 03/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The application of electron crystallography to the study of organic materials is reviewed, mainly in context of the author's own experience. Direct methods for crystallographic phase determination have been shown to be very effective for ab initio structure analyses with electron diffraction intensities, permitting the elucidation of previously uncharacterized crystal structures. Fruitful applications areas have included chain-folded linear polymers, pigments, polydisperse linear chain arrays and, surprisingly, the subgroup assembly of certain proteins.
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Voigt-martin IG, Schumacher M, Honig M, Simon P, Garbella RW. Structure and Defects in Liquid Crystals from Electron Diffraction and High Resolution Imaging. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10587259408036083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - M. Schumacher
- a Inst. of. Physical Chemistry, University of Mainz , FRG
| | - M. Honig
- a Inst. of. Physical Chemistry, University of Mainz , FRG
| | - P. Simon
- a Inst. of. Physical Chemistry, University of Mainz , FRG
| | - R. W. Garbella
- a Inst. of. Physical Chemistry, University of Mainz , FRG
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Vincent R, Exelby DR. Structure of a metastable Al-Ge phase determined from large angle CBED patterns. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/13642819308217931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Vincent
- a H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory , University of Bristol , Tyndall Avenue , Bristol BS8 ITL , England
| | - D. R. Exelby
- a H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory , University of Bristol , Tyndall Avenue , Bristol BS8 ITL , England
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Klechkovskaya VV, Imamov RM. Electron diffraction structure analysis—from Vainshtein to our days. CRYSTALLOGR REP+ 2001. [DOI: 10.1134/1.1387119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
The maximum entropy (ME) method of solving crystal structures in two or three dimensions from electron diffraction data is described. Applications to organic and inorganic molecules, membrane proteins and surface structures are outlined, and the power of the ME formalism to deal with incomplete and error prone data is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Gilmore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom.
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12
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Applications of the maximum entropy method to powder diffraction and electron crystallography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1098/rspa.1993.0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A new multisolution phasing method based on entropy maximization and likelihood ranking, proposed for the specific purpose of increasing the accuracy and sensitivity of probabilistic phase indications compared with conventional direct methods, has been implemented and applied to a wide variety of problems. The latter comprise the determination of small crystal structures from X-ray diffraction data obtained from single crystals or from powders, and from electron diffraction data, both with and without partial phase information obtained by image processing of electron micrographs; the ranking of phase sets for a small protein; and the improvement of poor quality phases for a larger protein at medium resolution under constraint of solvent flatness. The main components of the method are (1) a tree-directed search through a space of trial phase sets; (2) the saddlepoint method for calculating joint probabilities of structure factors, using entropy maximization; (3) likelihood-based scores to rank trial phase sets and prune the search tree; (4) a statistical analysis of the scores for automatically selecting reliable phase indications. Their use is illustrated here on structure determinations from powder X-ray diffraction data and from electron diffraction data.
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Voigt-Martin I, Yan D, Wortmann R, Elich K. The use of simulation methods to obtain the structure and conformation of 10-cyano-9,9′-bianthryl by electron diffraction and high-resolution imaging. Ultramicroscopy 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-3991(94)00162-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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The use of maximum entropy and likelihood ranking to determine the crystal structure of 4-(4′-(N,N-dimethyl)aminobenzylidene)-pyrazolidine-3,5-dione at 1.4 Å resolution from electron diffraction and high-resolution electron microscopy image data. Ultramicroscopy 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-3991(94)90014-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Vincent R, Midgley P. Double conical beam-rocking system for measurement of integrated electron diffraction intensities. Ultramicroscopy 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-3991(94)90039-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 532] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Electron Crystallography of Organic Molecules. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2539(08)60548-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Dorset DL. Electron crystallography of organic and biological molecules--techniques and comparison to X-ray crystallographic results. Micron 1994; 25:423-30. [PMID: 7850349 DOI: 10.1016/0968-4328(94)00022-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In this review, it is shown how ab initio analyses of molecular crystal structures can be carried out with electron diffraction intensities and high-resolution, low-dose, electron micrographs, dispelling the long-held myth that such determinations are not possible. The results for small organics, polymethylene compounds, various polymers, and even intregral membrane proteins, are in good agreement with independent X-ray crystal structure determinations, which, however, were not needed to solve the crystallographic phase problem from the electron scattering data. The concept of electron crystallography benefits from the utility of electron micrographs for providing phase information, in addition to the standard 'direct' methods used nowadays by all crystallographers.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Dorset
- Electron Diffraction Department, Medical Foundation of Buffalo, NY 14203
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Pan M, Crozier P. Quantitative imaging and diffraction of zeolites using a slow-scan CCD camera. Ultramicroscopy 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-3991(93)90065-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Zou X, Sukharev Y, Hovmöller S. ELD — a computer program system for extracting intensities from electron diffraction patterns. Ultramicroscopy 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-3991(93)90221-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Dorset DL. An experimental “primary extinction” correction for electron diffraction intensities: improved phase determination in organic crystal structure analysis. Ultramicroscopy 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-3991(92)90214-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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