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Venkateshaiah A, Padil VV, Nagalakshmaiah M, Waclawek S, Černík M, Varma RS. Microscopic Techniques for the Analysis of Micro and Nanostructures of Biopolymers and Their Derivatives. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E512. [PMID: 32120773 PMCID: PMC7182842 DOI: 10.3390/polym12030512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural biopolymers, a class of materials extracted from renewable sources, is garnering interest due to growing concerns over environmental safety; biopolymers have the advantage of biocompatibility and biodegradability, an imperative requirement. The synthesis of nanoparticles and nanofibers from biopolymers provides a green platform relative to the conventional methods that use hazardous chemicals. However, it is challenging to characterize these nanoparticles and fibers due to the variation in size, shape, and morphology. In order to evaluate these properties, microscopic techniques such as optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are essential. With the advent of new biopolymer systems, it is necessary to obtain insights into the fundamental structures of these systems to determine their structural, physical, and morphological properties, which play a vital role in defining their performance and applications. Microscopic techniques perform a decisive role in revealing intricate details, which assists in the appraisal of microstructure, surface morphology, chemical composition, and interfacial properties. This review highlights the significance of various microscopic techniques incorporating the literature details that help characterize biopolymers and their derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhilash Venkateshaiah
- Department of Nanomaterials in Natural Sciences, Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technology and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic; (A.V.); (S.W.)
| | - Vinod V.T. Padil
- Department of Nanomaterials in Natural Sciences, Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technology and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic; (A.V.); (S.W.)
| | - Malladi Nagalakshmaiah
- IMT Lille Douai, Department of Polymers and Composites Technology and Mechanical Engineering (TPCIM), 941 rue Charles Bourseul, CS10838, F-59508 Douai, France
| | - Stanisław Waclawek
- Department of Nanomaterials in Natural Sciences, Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technology and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic; (A.V.); (S.W.)
| | - Miroslav Černík
- Department of Nanomaterials in Natural Sciences, Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technology and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic; (A.V.); (S.W.)
| | - Rajender S. Varma
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Teckentrup J, Al-Hammood O, Steffens T, Bednarz H, Walhorn V, Niehaus K, Anselmetti D. Comparative analysis of different xanthan samples by atomic force microscopy. J Biotechnol 2016; 257:2-8. [PMID: 27919690 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The polysaccharide xanthan which is produced by the γ-proteobacterium Xanthomonas campestris is used as a food thickening agent and rheologic modifier in numerous food, cosmetics and technical applications. Its great commercial importance stimulated biotechnological approaches to optimize the xanthan production. By targeted genetic modification the metabolism of Xanthomonas can be modified in such a way that the xanthan production efficiency and/or the shear-thickening potency is optimized. Using atomic force microscopy (AFM) the secondary structure of single xanthan polymers produced by the wild type Xanthomonas campestris B100 and several genetically modified variations were analyzed. We found a wide variation of characteristic differences between xanthan molecules produced by different strains. The structures ranged from single-stranded coiled polymers to branched xanthan double-strands. These results can help to get a better understanding of the polymerization- and secretion-machinery that are relevant for xanthan synthesis. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the xanthan secondary structure strongly correlates with its viscosifying properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Teckentrup
- Experimental Biophysics and Applied Nanoscience, Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, Germany.
| | - Orooba Al-Hammood
- Experimental Biophysics and Applied Nanoscience, Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, Germany.
| | - Tim Steffens
- Proteome and Metabolome Research, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Germany.
| | - Hanna Bednarz
- Proteome and Metabolome Research, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Germany.
| | - Volker Walhorn
- Experimental Biophysics and Applied Nanoscience, Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, Germany.
| | - Karsten Niehaus
- Proteome and Metabolome Research, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Germany.
| | - Dario Anselmetti
- Experimental Biophysics and Applied Nanoscience, Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, Germany.
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Philippova OE, Shibaev AV, Muravlev DA, Mityuk DY. Structure and Rheology of Solutions and Gels of Stiff Polyelectrolyte at High Salt Concentration. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Matsuda Y, Sugiura F, Mays JW, Tasaka S. Atomic force microscopy of thermally renatured xanthan with low molar mass. Polym J 2014. [DOI: 10.1038/pj.2014.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Gulrez SK, Al-Assaf S, Fang Y, Phillips GO, Gunning AP. Revisiting the conformation of xanthan and the effect of industrially relevant treatments. Carbohydr Polym 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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IKEDA S, GOHTANI S, NISHINARI K, ZHONG Q. Single Molecules and Networks of Xanthan Gum Probed by Atomic Force Microscopy. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2012. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.18.741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Wu Z, Ming J, Gao R, Wang Y, Liang Q, Yu H, Zhao G. Characterization and antioxidant activity of the complex of tea polyphenols and oat β-glucan. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:10737-10746. [PMID: 21892831 DOI: 10.1021/jf202722w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Few data are available about the effects of complexation of polyphenols with polysaccharide on their bioavailability. The complex of tea polyphenols (TP) with oat β-glucan was characterized by ultraviolet-visible spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, differential scanning calorimetry, atomic force microscopy, and solid-state (13)C NMR spectroscopy. The results indicated that the bonds which governed the interaction between TP and oat β-glucan were strong hydrogen bonds. The in vitro antioxidant activity of TP, β-glucan, their complex, and physical mixture was assessed using four systems, namely, DPPH(•), OH(•), and O(2)(•-) scavenging activities and reducing power. The complexation and blending of TP and β-glucan exhibited different impacts on the index of in vitro and in vivo antioxidant capacities. In the concentration range of 0.5-2.5 mg mL(-1), the complex had highest O(2)(•-) scavenging activity, whereas the highest OH(•) scavenging activity was found with the physical mixture. For antioxidant testing in vivo, there was no significant difference between the complex and the physical mixture in terms of glutathione peroxidase activity and levels of malondialdehyde and total antioxidant capacity in serums. However, the complex exhibited much higher activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in livers than the physical mixture. The present study provided a deeper understanding of the influence of molecular interaction between TP and oat β-glucan on their antioxidant activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wu
- College of Food Science, Southwest University , Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
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Li Y, Li Y, Yao Y, Liu B, Chen M, Song X, Dong M. Two-dimensional scaffold layer formations on a solid surface through xanthan polysaccharide: Temperature effect. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2009; 74:136-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2009.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2009] [Revised: 07/08/2009] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Kobori T, Matsumoto A, Sugiyama S. pH-Dependent interaction between sodium caseinate and xanthan gum. Carbohydr Polym 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2008.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Sereno NM, Hill SE, Mitchell JR. Impact of the extrusion process on xanthan gum behaviour. Carbohydr Res 2007; 342:1333-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2007.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2007] [Revised: 03/12/2007] [Accepted: 03/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Zhang J, Wu J, Liang J, Hu Z, Wang Y, Zhang S. Chemical characterization of Artemisia seed polysaccharide. Carbohydr Polym 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2006.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Camesano TA, Wilkinson KJ. Single molecule study of xanthan conformation using atomic force microscopy. Biomacromolecules 2003; 2:1184-91. [PMID: 11777391 DOI: 10.1021/bm015555g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Conformations of individual macromolecules of the biopolymer xanthan were investigated using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Xanthan from very dilute solutions (1 ppm) was allowed to adsorb onto freshly cleaved mica and examined using tapping mode AFM under ambient conditions. The secondary structure of xanthan was probed by heating the polymer and gradually cooling, which denatured and renatured the polymer. When salt was present, renatured xanthan formed a double helical structure, consistent with the structure of native xanthan. In pure water, renaturation was not complete as what appeared to be single helical structures were observed. The number-average contour length (L(n)) of the polymer in its single helical state was 1651 nm. In the double helical state, induced by the addition of salt, L(n) decreased to 450 nm (in 0.5 M KCl). The chains also became less rigid as salt was added. The persistence length decreased from 417 nm in pure water to approximately 150 nm in 0.1 or 0.5 M KCl. This indicated a trend toward more flexible molecules when salt was present. Calculations of end-to-end distances based on equilibrium and projected conformations confirmed that the xanthan chain conformation on the mica surface was at equilibrium and was therefore representative of the conformation of xanthan in solution. The single-molecule AFM technique eliminates one common bias of solution techniques, which is the determination of an average signal between aggregates and dissolved molecules. It is thus a useful complement to solution-based methods for determining physical-chemical properties of biopolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Camesano
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, USA.
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Atomic Force Microscopy as a Tool for Interpreting the Rheology of Food Biopolymers at the Molecular Level. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2001. [DOI: 10.1006/fstl.2000.0706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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A 13C CP/MAS NMR spectroscopy and AFM study of the structure of Glucagel™, a gelling β-glucan from barley. Carbohydr Res 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(99)00005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Morris VJ, Gunning AP, Kirby AR, Round A, Waldron K, Ng A. Atomic force microscopy of plant cell walls, plant cell wall polysaccharides and gels. Int J Biol Macromol 1997; 21:61-6. [PMID: 9283017 DOI: 10.1016/s0141-8130(97)00042-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Methods developed for the routine imaging of polysaccharides by atomic force microscopy (AFM) have been used to image plant polysaccharides from higher plants (pectin) and algae (carrageenan). These methods have been extended to image K-carrageenan association in hydrated films. Finally, AFM has been used to image polysaccharide architecture in moist plant cell walls. Simple experimental and image processing methods have been used to enhance molecular structure in 'rough' cell wall surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- V J Morris
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, UK
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