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Luo X, Cui K, Wang Z, Li Z, Wu Z, Huang W, Zhu XQ, Ruan J, Zhang W, Liu Q. High-quality reference genome of Fasciola gigantica: Insights into the genomic signatures of transposon-mediated evolution and specific parasitic adaption in tropical regions. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009750. [PMID: 34610021 PMCID: PMC8519440 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Fasciola gigantica and Fasciola hepatica are causative pathogens of fascioliasis, with the widest latitudinal, longitudinal, and altitudinal distribution; however, among parasites, they have the largest sequenced genomes, hindering genomic research. In the present study, we used various sequencing and assembly technologies to generate a new high-quality Fasciola gigantica reference genome. We improved the integration of gene structure prediction, and identified two independent transposable element expansion events contributing to (1) the speciation between Fasciola and Fasciolopsis during the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary mass extinction, and (2) the habitat switch to the liver during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, accompanied by gene length increment. Long interspersed element (LINE) duplication contributed to the second transposon-mediated alteration, showing an obvious trend of insertion into gene regions, regardless of strong purifying effect. Gene ontology analysis of genes with long LINE insertions identified membrane-associated and vesicle secretion process proteins, further implicating the functional alteration of the gene network. We identified 852 predicted excretory/secretory proteins and 3300 protein-protein interactions between Fasciola gigantica and its host. Among them, copper/zinc superoxide dismutase genes, with specific gene copy number variations, might play a central role in the phase I detoxification process. Analysis of 559 single-copy orthologs suggested that Fasciola gigantica and Fasciola hepatica diverged at 11.8 Ma near the Middle and Late Miocene Epoch boundary. We identified 98 rapidly evolving gene families, including actin and aquaporin, which might explain the large body size and the parasitic adaptive character resulting in these liver flukes becoming epidemic in tropical and subtropical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xier Luo
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Kuiqing Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhipeng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhengjiao Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Weiyi Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Jue Ruan
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Weiyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Qingyou Liu
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
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Mukherjee N, Parida PK, Santra A, Ghosh T, Dutta A, Jana K, Misra AK, Sinha Babu SP. Oxidative stress plays major role in mediating apoptosis in filarial nematode Setaria cervi in the presence of trans-stilbene derivatives. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 93:130-44. [PMID: 26849945 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis, affecting around 120 million people in 80 countries worldwide, is an extremely painful disease and caused permanent and long term disability. Owing to its alarming prevalence there is immediate need for development of new therapeutics. A series of trans-stilbene derivatives were synthesized using aqueous reaction condition showing potential as antifilarial agents demonstrated in vitro. MTT reduction assay and dye exclusion test were performed to evaluate the micro and macrofilaricidal potential of these compounds. Amid 20 trans-stilbene derivatives together with Resveratrol (RSV), a multifunctional natural product was screened; nine compounds (28, 29, 33, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41 and 42) have showed promising micro and macrofilaricidal activities and four of them (28, 39, 41 and 42) showed better effectiveness than RSV. In the treated parasites apoptosis was established by DNA laddering, in situ DNA fragmentation and FACS analysis. The generation of ROS in the treated parasites was indicated by the depletion in the level of GSH, GR and GST activity and elevation of SOD, catalase, GPx activity and superoxide anion and H2O2 level. Along with the ROS generation and oxidative stress, the decreased expression of anti-apoptotic ced-9 gene and increased expression of nematode specific pro-apoptotic genes, egl-1, ced-4 and ced-3 at the level of transcription and translation level; the up-regulation of caspase-3 activity and involvement of caspase-8,9,3, cytochrome-c and PARP were also observed and which denotes the probable existence of both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways apoptosis in parasitic nematodes. This observation is reported first time and thus it confirmed the mode of action and effectiveness of the compounds. Further, the comparative bioavailability-pharmacokinetics studies showed that compound 28 possesses comparable properties with Ivermectin. This study will certainly intensify our understanding of the pharmacological importance of trans-stilbenes as an anti-filarial agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niladri Mukherjee
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology (Centre for Advanced Studies), Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan 731 235, West Bengal, India
| | - Pravat Kumar Parida
- Bose Institute, Division of Molecular Medicine, P-1/12, C.I.T. Scheme VII M, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Abhishek Santra
- Bose Institute, Division of Molecular Medicine, P-1/12, C.I.T. Scheme VII M, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Tamashree Ghosh
- Bose Institute, Division of Molecular Medicine, P-1/12, C.I.T. Scheme VII M, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Ananya Dutta
- Bose Institute, Division of Molecular Medicine, P-1/12, C.I.T. Scheme VII M, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Kuladip Jana
- Bose Institute, Division of Molecular Medicine, P-1/12, C.I.T. Scheme VII M, Kolkata 700054, India.
| | - Anup Kumar Misra
- Bose Institute, Division of Molecular Medicine, P-1/12, C.I.T. Scheme VII M, Kolkata 700054, India.
| | - Santi P Sinha Babu
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology (Centre for Advanced Studies), Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan 731 235, West Bengal, India.
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Mukherjee N, Saini P, Mukherjee S, Roy P, Sinha Babu SP. In vitro antifilarial activity of Azadirachta indica aqueous extract through reactive oxygen species enhancement. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2014; 7:841-8. [PMID: 25441981 DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(14)60147-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate an aqueous preparation from the Azadirachta indica leaves (AEA) against Setaria cervi (S. cervi), a model filarial parasite. METHOD In vitro efficacy of AEA was evaluated against S. cervi through estimation of relative motility value, dye exclusion test and MTT assay. Visible morphological alterations were monitored using conventional microscopic techniques in microfilariae and haematoxylin-eosin stained sections of AEA-treated adults. RESULTS Enhancement of reactive oxygen species in S. cervi treated with AEA was established through alteration in the activity of glutathione S-transferase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase and level of superoxide anion and reduced glutathione. CONCLUSION In vitro filaricidal activity of AEA is possibly through disturbing redox homeostasis by down-regulating and altering the level of some key antioxidants and regulatory enzymes like reduced glutathione, glutathione S-transferase, superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase of S. cervi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niladri Mukherjee
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology (Centre for Advanced Studies), Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan-731 235, West Bengal, India
| | - Prasanta Saini
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology (Centre for Advanced Studies), Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan-731 235, West Bengal, India
| | - Suprabhat Mukherjee
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology (Centre for Advanced Studies), Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan-731 235, West Bengal, India
| | - Priya Roy
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology (Centre for Advanced Studies), Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan-731 235, West Bengal, India
| | - Santi P Sinha Babu
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology (Centre for Advanced Studies), Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan-731 235, West Bengal, India.
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Saini P, Gayen P, Kumar D, Nayak A, Mukherjee N, Mukherjee S, Pal BC, Babu SPS. Antifilarial effect of ursolic acid from Nyctanthes arbortristis: molecular and biochemical evidences. Parasitol Int 2014; 63:717-28. [PMID: 25009078 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A bio-assay guided fractionation and purification approach was used to examine in vitro antifilarial activities of the crude methanolic extract of Nyctanthes arbortristis as well as fractions and isolated compound. From ethyl-acetate fraction we isolated and identified a triterpenoid compound which has been characterized as ursolic acid (UA) by HPLC and NMR data. We are reporting for the first time isolation and identification of UA from the leaves of N. arbortristis. The crude extract and UA showed significant micro- as well as macrofilaricidal activities against the oocyte, microfilaria and adult of Setaria cervi (S. cervi) by dye exclusion test and MTT reduction assay. Significant microfilaricidal activity of UA was further proved against mf of W. bancrofti by viability assay. The findings thus provide a new lead for development of a suitable filaricide from natural products. The molecular mechanism of UA was investigated by performing TUNEL, Hoechst staining, Annexin V-Cy3, flow cytometric analysis and DNA fragmentation assay. Differential expressions of pro- and anti-apoptotic genes were observed at the transcription and translational levels in a dose-dependent manner. Depletion in the worm GSH level and elevation in the parasite GST, SOD and super oxide anion indicated the generation of ROS. In this investigation we are reporting for the first time that UA acts its antifilarial effect through induction of apoptosis and by downregulating and altering the level of some key antioxidants like GSH, GST and SOD of S. cervi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanta Saini
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Centre for Advanced Studies, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan 731235, West Bengal, India
| | - Prajna Gayen
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Centre for Advanced Studies, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan 731235, West Bengal, India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Ananya Nayak
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Centre for Advanced Studies, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan 731235, West Bengal, India
| | - Niladri Mukherjee
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Centre for Advanced Studies, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan 731235, West Bengal, India
| | - Suprabhat Mukherjee
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Centre for Advanced Studies, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan 731235, West Bengal, India
| | - Bikas C Pal
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Santi P Sinha Babu
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Centre for Advanced Studies, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan 731235, West Bengal, India.
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Mukherjee N, Saini P, Mukherjee S, Roy P, Gayen P, Sinha Babu SP. Ethanolic extract of Azadirachta indica (A. Juss.) causing apoptosis by ROS upregulation in Dirofilaria immitis microfilaria. Res Vet Sci 2014; 97:309-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Rashid S, Irshadullah M. Partial characterization of superoxide dismutase activity in the Barber pole worm-Haemonchus contortus infecting Capra hircus and abomasal tissue extracts. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014. [DOI: 10.12980/apjtb.4.2014apjtb-2014-0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Antifilarial effects of polyphenol rich ethanolic extract from the leaves of Azadirachta indica through molecular and biochemical approaches describing reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediated apoptosis of Setaria cervi. Exp Parasitol 2014; 136:41-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Abstract
Peroxidoxins are a recently described family of antioxidants. They have an ancient origin, being present in organisms as primitive as the archaea, and they appear to be ubiquitous in living cells. Here, Sharon McGonigle, John Dalton and Eric James review the present understanding of the functions and mechanism of action of these enzymes and suggest that these antioxidants may represent the ;missing link' in the metabolism of reactive oxygen species by some protozoan and helminth parasites. Also, by performing sequence comparisons of homologues entered in the public databases, they have classified the parasite peroxidoxins as 1-cys or 2-cys enzymes. The discovery of these antioxidants may change our understanding of how reactive oxygen species, of parasite or host origin, are managed by parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- S McGonigle
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, 171 Ashley Ave, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Ahmad R, Srivastava AK. Biochemical composition and metabolic pathways of filarial worms Setaria cervi: search for new antifilarial agents. J Helminthol 2008; 81:261-80. [PMID: 17875226 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x07799133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The main problem regarding the chemotherapy of filariasis is that no safe and effective drug is available yet to combat the adult human filarial worms. Setaria cervi, the causal organism of setariasis and lumbar paralysis in cattle, is routinely employed as a model organism for conducting biochemical and enzymatic studies on filarial parasites. In view of the practical difficulties in procuring human strains of Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi for drug screening, the bovine filarial parasite S. cervi, resembling the human species in having microfilarial periodicity and chemotherapeutic response to known antifilarial agents, is widely used as a model in such studies. For a rational approach to antifilarial chemotherapy, knowledge of the biochemical composition and metabolic pathways of this helminth parasite may be of paramount importance, so that more potent antifilarial agents based on specific drug targets can be identified in drug discovery programmes. The present review provides an update on the biochemistry of the important metabolic pathways functioning within this potentially important bovine parasite, that have so far been studied, and on those that need to be investigated further so as to identify novel drug targets that can be exploited for designing new antifilarial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumana Ahmad
- Division of Biochemistry, Po Box 173, Central Drug Research Institute, Chattar Manzil Palace, Lucknow-226001, India
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Tripathi RP, Tripathi R, Bhaduri AP, Singh SN, Chatterjee RK, Murthy PK. Antifilarial activity of some 2H-1-benzopyran-2-ones (coumarins). Acta Trop 2000; 76:101-6. [PMID: 10936568 DOI: 10.1016/s0001-706x(00)00070-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Six synthetic 2H-1-benzopyran-2-one (cournarin) derivatives (CDRI compounds # 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6) were evaluated for filaricidal activity against Litomosoides carinii and Acanthocheilonema viteae infections in cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) and Mastomys coucha respectively. Significant effects on macrofilariae (>80% death/sterilisation) were detected with compounds #2, 3 and 6 against L. carinii and/or A. viteae. Thus detection of filaricidal activity in benzopyrones, which are so far known for anti-inflammatory activity, provides a new lead for development of better filaricidal agents for combating filariasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Tripathi
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
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Singh SK, Tandon A, Kumari S, Ravi RN, Ray GN, Batra S. Changes in anti-oxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation in hyaline membrane disease. Indian J Pediatr 1998; 65:609-14. [PMID: 10773913 DOI: 10.1007/bf02730907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to elucidate the changes in key antioxidant enzymes e.g. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase and Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) along with lipid peroxidation (LPO) in preterm newborns having hyaline membrane disease (HMD) and thus to find out role of free radicals mediated injury in this disease. Twenty one preterm appropriate for gestational age newborns were included in the study. Eleven of them had hyaline membrane disease and ten were controls without any disease. Status of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase, the three main antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation was monitored at 12-24 hours of age. SOD and catalase were found significantly elevated in cases having hyaline membrane disease along with significantly more lipid peroxidation. It is evident that free radicals result in the induction of the antioxidant enzymes; however, the elevated enzymes are unable to counteract the high concentration of the free radicals which are being produced in the diseased cases and leads to increase in lipid peroxidation in hyaline membrane disease. It is concluded that free radicals play a significant role in hyaline membrane disease and the preterm newborns have ability to induce antioxidant enzymes in response to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Singh
- Department of Pediatrics and Biochemistry, Lady Hardinge Medical College and Associated, Kalawati Saran Children's Hospital, New Delhi
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Batra S, Singh SP, Fatma N, Sharma S, Chatterjee RK, Srivastava VM. Effect of 2,2'-dicarbomethoxylamino-5,5'-dibenzimidazolyl ketone on antioxidant defenses of Acanthocheilonema viteae and its laboratory host Mastomys natalensis. Biochem Pharmacol 1992; 44:727-31. [PMID: 1510719 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(92)90409-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The effect of the macrofilaricidal agent of 2,2'-dicarbomethoxylamino-5,5'-dibenzimidazolyl ketone (C.D.R.I. compound 82/437), on the metabolism of reactive oxygen species (ROs) in Acanthocheilonema viteae and Mastomys natalensis was measured following intraperitoneal administration at therapeutic doses. The recovered worms possessed substantially reduced levels of catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and thus were less able to detoxify H2O2. Nonetheless, the subcutaneous and adjoining muscle tissues, in which the parasites were lodged, exhibited elevated levels of antioxidant enzymes and reduced glutathione. It is concluded that compound 82/437 kills the filariid by paralysing its H2O2 detoxifying capacity without altering ROs metabolism in the tissue in which the parasite resides. Furthermore, since catalase and GPx of the liver and lungs do not show sign of inhibition, a difference appears to exist in the enzymes of the parasite and the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Batra
- Division of Biochemistry, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
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