1
|
Mehmood N, Zulfiqar S, Muqaddas H, Hasnain M, Zheng Y, Bisetegn H, Ahmed F, Khan ZI, Iqbal F. Molecular Characterization and Phylogenetic Analysis of Fasciola gigantica Based on ITS-1 Genetic Marker and copro-epidemiological Survey from Ruminants of Pakistan. Acta Parasitol 2024:10.1007/s11686-024-00911-1. [PMID: 39225735 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-024-00911-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fascioliasis is a zoonotic parasitic disease spread by genus Fasciola that causes considerable health and economic losses to both humans and livestock. Pakistan is an endemic region for fascioliasis and only a few molecular studies have been conducted to describe the etiology of disease in the country. METHODS Current study involved the molecular characterization of adult fluke specimens (n = 31) through ITS-1 region of rDNA collected from four host species (sheep, goats, cattle and buffaloes) of district Sargodha. Moreover, coprology based epidemiology (n = 28620) and association of different risk factors with disease prevalence was also determined. Additionally, an overview of prevalence of fascioliasis in Pakistan, including molecular studies in the four provinces and livestock species, was also carried out. RESULTS The phylogenetic analysis revealed that Fasciola gigantica was the main etiological agent infecting the livestock species of this region. The coprological survey revealed an overall prevalence of 30.18% among the livestock species (sheep = 32.31%, goats = 30.67%, cattle = 31.01%, buffaloes = 25.23%). It was inferred that females were slightly more susceptible to infection (32.59%) and that the older age group had higher infection rate (34.01%) in all the host species. CONCLUSION The current study suggests that fascioliasis is a disease of primary concern indicating its status as one of the prevalent diseases affecting livestock in this region. It was also concluded that both Fasciola gigantica and Fasciola hepatica existed among the infected animals in addition to presence of hybrid/intermediate form in Pakistan with F. gigantica as dominant species in Punjab province.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naunain Mehmood
- Department of Zoology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan.
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, 07100, Italy.
| | - Shafiah Zulfiqar
- Department of Zoology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan
| | - Hira Muqaddas
- Department of Zoology, The Women University Multan, Multan, 60000, Pakistan
| | | | - Yadong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Habtye Bisetegn
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, 1145, Ethiopia
- Institute of Bioscience, Universidad Estadual Paulista, Sao Paulo, 01049-010, Brazil
| | - Fahad Ahmed
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Zafar Iqbal Khan
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan
| | - Furhan Iqbal
- Institute of Pure and Applied Biology, Zoology Division, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Alba A, Vazquez AA, Hurtrez-Boussès S. Towards the comprehension of fasciolosis (re-)emergence: an integrative overview. Parasitology 2021; 148:385-407. [PMID: 33261674 PMCID: PMC11010171 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182020002255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The increasing distribution and prevalence of fasciolosis in both human and livestock are concerning. Here, we examine the various types of factors influencing fasciolosis transmission and burden and the interrelations that may exist between them. We present the arsenal of molecules, 'adjusting' capabilities and parasitic strategies of Fasciola to infect. Such features define the high adaptability of Fasciola species for parasitism that facilitate their transmission. We discuss current environmental perturbations (increase of livestock and land use, climate change, introduction of alien species and biodiversity loss) in relation to fasciolosis dynamics. As Fasciola infection is directly and ultimately linked to livestock management, living conditions and cultural habits, which are also changing under the pressure of globalization and climate change, the social component of transmission is also discussed. Lastly, we examine the implication of increasing scientific and political awareness in highlighting the current circulation of fasciolosis and boosting epidemiological surveys and novel diagnostic techniques. From a joint perspective, it becomes clear that factors weight differently at each place and moment, depending on the biological, environmental, social and political interrelating contexts. Therefore, the analyses of a disease as complex as fasciolosis should be as integrative as possible to dissect the realities featuring each epidemiological scenario. Such a comprehensive appraisal is presented in this review and constitutes its main asset to serve as a fresh integrative understanding of fasciolosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annia Alba
- Centro de Investigaciones, Diagnóstico y Referencia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical ‘Pedro Kourí’, Havana, Cuba
| | - Antonio A. Vazquez
- Centro de Investigaciones, Diagnóstico y Referencia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical ‘Pedro Kourí’, Havana, Cuba
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chubb JC, Benesh D, Parker GA. Ungulate Helminth Transmission and Two Evolutionary Puzzles. Trends Parasitol 2020; 36:64-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2019.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
4
|
Abstract
The presence of trematodes with a free-living metacercarial stage is a common feature of most habitats and includes important species such as Fasciola hepatica, Parorchis acanthus and Zygocotyle lunata. These trematodes encyst on the surface of an animal or plant that can act as a transport host, which form the diet of the target definitive host. Although these species are often considered individually, they display common characteristics in their free-living biology indicating a shared transmission strategy, yet in comparison to species with penetrative cercariae this aspect of their life cycles remains much overlooked. This review integrates the diverse data and presents a novel synthesis of free-living metacercariae using epibiosis as the basis of a new framework to describe the relationship between transport hosts and parasites. All aspects of their biology during the period that they are metabolically independent of a host are considered, from cercarial emergence to metacercarial excystment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neil J Morley
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Novobilský A, Engström A, Sollenberg S, Gustafsson K, Morrison DA, Höglund J. Transmission patterns of Fasciola hepatica to ruminants in Sweden. Vet Parasitol 2014; 203:276-86. [PMID: 24818749 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Transmission patterns of Fasciola hepatica were investigated on beef cattle (n=3) and sheep (n=3) farms in Sweden between 2011 and 2012. The dynamics of fluke infection, particularly estimated time of infection, were screened each grazing season by ELISA detection of antibodies in lambs (n=94) and first grazing season calves (n=61). Colostral transfer of F. hepatica antibodies from seropositive ewes was detected in sheep up to 11 weeks of age. In sheep, the estimated time of infection differed significantly between herds and years. Typical 'winter infection' was observed on two sheep farms in 2012, but the most prevalent transmission pattern was found to be 'summer infection', characterised by infection of animals in late summer by F. hepatica originating from overwintered and/or spring-excreted eggs. In contrast, beef calves were infected mainly in September-October ('summer infection'). Furthermore, lymnaeid and succineid snails were collected on the pastures used by these animals both in spring and in the autumn each year. In total, 1726, 588, 138, 130, 93 and 42 specimens of Galba truncatula, Lymnaea palustris, Lymnaea glabra, Lymnaea fuscus, Radix peregra and Succinea putris, respectively, were collected and identified. These were subsequently examined for the presence of F. hepatica DNA by species-specific PCR and the findings compared against mean monthly rainfall and temperature data for each farm. The main intermediate host of the liver fluke was G. truncatula, with a prevalence range of F. hepatica infection from 0% to 82%. Only 1 out of 42 terrestrial S. putris tested positive for F. hepatica, casting doubt on the role of this species in transmission of F. hepatica in Sweden. In conclusion, two main peak periods of infection were observed: May-June (from overwintered infected snails='winter infection') and August-September (from metacercariae developed and produced by snails during summer='summer infection'). The occurrence and frequency of 'winter infection' were dependent on local environmental factors such as snail habitat availability or grazing behaviour of animals, rather than on climatic factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Novobilský
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section for Parasitology, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Annie Engström
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section for Parasitology, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sofia Sollenberg
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section for Parasitology, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - David A Morrison
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section for Parasitology, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Höglund
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section for Parasitology, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rojo-Vázquez FA, Meana A, Valcárcel F, Martínez-Valladares M. Update on trematode infections in sheep. Vet Parasitol 2012; 189:15-38. [PMID: 22521973 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Trematode parasites live in the liver, fore stomachs or blood vessels of a wide range of animals and humans. Most of them have a special economic and veterinary significance. Liver fluke disease of sheep and other animal species is caused by the common liver fluke Fasciola hepatica. Hepatic fasciolosis occurs throughout the world, where climatic conditions are suitable for the survival of aquatic intermediate host snails. Also of importance for ruminants, in some parts of the world, are Fasciola gigantica and Fascioloides magna. Other trematodes infecting ruminants include Dicrocoelium dendriticum; Eurytrema pancreaticum and Eurytrema coelomaticum. Among the Paramphistomidae, some species can infect sheep and other ruminants. Finally, Schistosoma spp. are found in the blood vessels of ruminants and are of minor importance in temperate regions. The manuscript concentrates on trematode species of veterinary importance for domestic sheep.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F A Rojo-Vázquez
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Predicting impacts of climate change on Fasciola hepatica risk. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16126. [PMID: 21249228 PMCID: PMC3018428 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica (liver fluke) is a physically and economically devastating parasitic trematode whose rise in recent years has been attributed to climate change. Climate has an impact on the free-living stages of the parasite and its intermediate host Lymnaea truncatula, with the interactions between rainfall and temperature having the greatest influence on transmission efficacy. There have been a number of short term climate driven forecasts developed to predict the following season's infection risk, with the Ollerenshaw index being the most widely used. Through the synthesis of a modified Ollerenshaw index with the UKCP09 fine scale climate projection data we have developed long term seasonal risk forecasts up to 2070 at a 25 km square resolution. Additionally UKCIP gridded datasets at 5 km square resolution from 1970-2006 were used to highlight the climate-driven increase to date. The maps show unprecedented levels of future fasciolosis risk in parts of the UK, with risk of serious epidemics in Wales by 2050. The seasonal risk maps demonstrate the possible change in the timing of disease outbreaks due to increased risk from overwintering larvae. Despite an overall long term increase in all regions of the UK, spatio-temporal variation in risk levels is expected. Infection risk will reduce in some areas and fluctuate greatly in others with a predicted decrease in summer infection for parts of the UK due to restricted water availability. This forecast is the first approximation of the potential impacts of climate change on fasciolosis risk in the UK. It can be used as a basis for indicating where active disease surveillance should be targeted and where the development of improved mitigation or adaptation measures is likely to bring the greatest benefits.
Collapse
|
8
|
Climate change and infectious disease: helminthological challenges to farmed ruminants in temperate regions. Animal 2010; 4:377-92. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731109990991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
|
9
|
Kleiman F, Pietrokovsky S, Prepelitchi L, Carbajo AE, Wisnivesky-Colli C. Dynamics of Fasciola hepatica transmission in the Andean Patagonian valleys, Argentina. Vet Parasitol 2007; 145:274-86. [PMID: 17270347 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2006] [Revised: 12/22/2006] [Accepted: 12/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We described the transmission dynamics of Fasciola hepatica at its southern distribution range. Studies of prevalence and egg output in cattle and population dynamics and infection in snails were performed in a farm in the Andean Patagonian valleys, Argentina, between December 1998 and February 2002. Snail surveys were conducted from spring to autumn. Infection was diagnosed coprologically in the whole herd at the beginning and end of the study, and in a cohort of heifers at the beginning and end of 2001. A twice-a-year anthelmintic treatment was implemented in 1999. The relationship of the variables mentioned above with temperature and rainfall was determined. Lymnaea viatrix showed a life-span of about 15 months and an annual pattern of population dynamics. Specimens were frequently found in temporary environments and lagoons, and rarely in streams. Snail abundance and soil-water availability were directly related in temporary environments and inversely related in lagoons. Overall prevalence in L. viatrix was 0.67% (range: 0.9-14%) and infection was detected in summer and autumn. At the beginning of the study, calves were the least infected age group (15%). Prevalences and median egg counts in grazing animals were similar at the beginning (heifers: 81%, 3.3 epg; cows: 60%, 1.3 epg) and end of the study (heifers and cows: around 51%, 1 epg). Likewise, the prevalence in the cohort of heifers remained similar (around 40%) between surveys. Transmission to cattle was highly effective despite of the short activity period and the low infection rate of snails, and the regular anthelminthic treatment. There would be two seasonal transmission peaks, one in summer-autumn, when infected snails were present, and the other in early spring due to overwintering metacercariae. Some recommendations based on the climatic conditions of the region are provided to minimize snail infection and ultimately to reduce the incidence of fasciolosis in cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Kleiman
- Unidad de Ecología de Reservorios y Vectores de Parásitos, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|