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Aubry E, Dinant S, Vilaine F, Bellini C, Le Hir R. Lateral Transport of Organic and Inorganic Solutes. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E20. [PMID: 30650538 PMCID: PMC6358943 DOI: 10.3390/plants8010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Organic (e.g., sugars and amino acids) and inorganic (e.g., K⁺, Na⁺, PO₄2-, and SO₄2-) solutes are transported long-distance throughout plants. Lateral movement of these compounds between the xylem and the phloem, and vice versa, has also been reported in several plant species since the 1930s, and is believed to be important in the overall resource allocation. Studies of Arabidopsis thaliana have provided us with a better knowledge of the anatomical framework in which the lateral transport takes place, and have highlighted the role of specialized vascular and perivascular cells as an interface for solute exchanges. Important breakthroughs have also been made, mainly in Arabidopsis, in identifying some of the proteins involved in the cell-to-cell translocation of solutes, most notably a range of plasma membrane transporters that act in different cell types. Finally, in the future, state-of-art imaging techniques should help to better characterize the lateral transport of these compounds on a cellular level. This review brings the lateral transport of sugars and inorganic solutes back into focus and highlights its importance in terms of our overall understanding of plant resource allocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Aubry
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France.
| | - Sylvie Dinant
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France.
| | - Françoise Vilaine
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France.
| | - Catherine Bellini
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France.
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 90183 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Rozenn Le Hir
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France.
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Sandmann M, Skłodowski K, Gajdanowicz P, Michard E, Rocha M, Gomez-Porras JL, González W, Corrâa LGG, Ramírez-Aguilar SJ, Cuin TA, van Dongen JT, Thibaud JB, Dreyer I. The K (+) battery-regulating Arabidopsis K (+) channel AKT2 is under the control of multiple post-translational steps. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2011; 6:558-62. [PMID: 21445013 PMCID: PMC3142392 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6.4.14908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Potassium (K (+) ) is an important nutrient for plants. It serves as a cofactor of various enzymes and as the major inorganic solute maintaining plant cell turgor. In a recent study, an as yet unknown role of K (+) in plant homeostasis was shown. It was demonstrated that K (+) gradients in vascular tissues can serve as an energy source for phloem (re)loading processes and that the voltage-gated K (+) channels of the AKT2-type play a unique role in this process. The AKT2 channel can be converted by phosphorylation of specific serine residues (S210 and S329) into a non-rectifying channel that allows a rapid efflux of K (+) from the sieve element/companion cells (SE/CC) complex. The energy of this flux is used by other transporters for phloem (re)loading processes. Nonetheless, the results do indicate that post-translational modifications at S210 and S329 alone cannot explain AKT2 regulation. Here, we discuss the existence of multiple post-translational modification steps that work in concert to convert AKT2 from an inward-rectifying into a non-rectifying K (+) channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Sandmann
- Heisenberg Group of Biophysics and Molecular Plant Biology; University of Potsdam; Germany
- Department of Plant Physiology; Institute of Biochemistry and Biology; University of Potsdam; Germany
| | - Kamil Skłodowski
- Heisenberg Group of Biophysics and Molecular Plant Biology; University of Potsdam; Germany
| | - Pawel Gajdanowicz
- Heisenberg Group of Biophysics and Molecular Plant Biology; University of Potsdam; Germany
| | - Erwan Michard
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 5004; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique U386; Montpellier SupAgro; Université Montpellier II; France
| | - Marcio Rocha
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology; Potsdam, Germany
| | - Judith L Gomez-Porras
- Heisenberg Group of Biophysics and Molecular Plant Biology; University of Potsdam; Germany
| | - Wendy González
- Centro de Bioinformática y Simulación Molecular; Universidad de Talca; Talca, Chile
| | - Luiz Gustavo Guedes Corrâa
- Heisenberg Group of Biophysics and Molecular Plant Biology; University of Potsdam; Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology; Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Tracey Ann Cuin
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 5004; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique U386; Montpellier SupAgro; Université Montpellier II; France
| | | | - Jean-Baptiste Thibaud
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 5004; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique U386; Montpellier SupAgro; Université Montpellier II; France
| | - Ingo Dreyer
- Heisenberg Group of Biophysics and Molecular Plant Biology; University of Potsdam; Germany
- Centro de Bioinformática y Simulación Molecular; Universidad de Talca; Talca, Chile
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Okumoto S, Schmidt R, Tegeder M, Fischer WN, Rentsch D, Frommer WB, Koch W. High affinity amino acid transporters specifically expressed in xylem parenchyma and developing seeds of Arabidopsis. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:45338-46. [PMID: 12244056 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m207730200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Arabidopsis amino acid transporters (AAPs) show individual temporal and spatial expression patterns. A new amino acid transporter, AAP8 was isolated by reverse transcription-PCR. Growth and transport assays in comparison to AAP1-5 characterize AAP8 and AAP6 as high affinity amino acid transport systems from Arabidopsis. Histochemical promoter-beta-glucuronidase (GUS) studies identified AAP6 expression in xylem parenchyma, cells requiring high affinity transport due to the low amino acid concentration in xylem sap. AAP6 may thus function in uptake of amino acids from xylem. Histochemical analysis of AAP8 revealed stage-dependent expression in siliques and developing seeds. Thus AAP8 is probably responsible for import of organic nitrogen into developing seeds. The only missing transporter of the family AAP7 was nonfunctional in yeast with respect to amino acid transport, and expression was not detectable. Therefore, AAP6 and -8 are the only members of the family able to transport aspartate with physiologically relevant affinity. AAP1, -6 and -8 are the closest AAP paralogs. Although AAP1 and AAP8 originate from a duplicated region on chromosome I, biochemical properties and expression pattern diverged. Overlapping substrate specificities paired with individual properties and expression patterns point to specific functions of each of the AAP genes in nitrogen distribution rather than to mere redundancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakiko Okumoto
- Plant Physiology, Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen (ZMBP), Auf der Morgenstelle 1, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Tegeder M, Offler CE, Frommer WB, Patrick JW. Amino acid transporters are localized to transfer cells of developing pea seeds. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2000; 122:319-26. [PMID: 10677425 PMCID: PMC58869 DOI: 10.1104/pp.122.2.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/1999] [Accepted: 10/15/1999] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
To determine the nature and cellular localization of amino acid transport in pea seeds, two cDNA clones belonging to the AAP family of H(+)/amino acid co-transporters (PsAAP1 and PsAAP2) were isolated from a cotyledon cDNA library of pea (Pisum sativum L.). Functional expression in the yeast amino acid uptake mutants 22Delta6AAL and 22Delta8AA showed that PsAAP1 mediates transport of neutral, acidic, and basic amino acids. RNA-blot analyses showed that PsAAP1 is expressed in seeds and vegetative organs, including amino acid sinks and sources, whereas PsAAP2 could not be detected. For developing seeds, transcripts of PsAAP1 were detected in coats and cotyledons, with seed coats giving a weak signal. In cotyledons, expression was highest in epidermal-transfer-cell-enriched tissue. RNA in situ hybridization analysis showed that PsAAP1 was predominantly present in epidermal transfer cells forming the outer surface of cotyledons, which abuts the seed coats. Overall, our observations suggest that this transporter, which is localized in transfer cells of cotyledons, might play a role in the uptake of the full spectrum of amino acids released from seed coats.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tegeder
- Plant Physiology, Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Universität Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Hirner B, Fischer WN, Rentsch D, Kwart M, Frommer WB. Developmental control of H+/amino acid permease gene expression during seed development of Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1998; 14:535-44. [PMID: 9675899 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.1998.00151.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Long distance transport of amino acids is mediated by several families of differentially expressed amino acid transporters. The two genes AAP1 and AAP2 encode broad specificity H(+)-amino acid co-transporters and are expressed to high levels in siliques of Arabidopsis, indicating a potential role in supplying the seeds with organic nitrogen. The expression of both genes is developmentally controlled and is strongly induced in siliques at heart stage of embryogenesis, shortly before induction of storage protein genes. Histochemical analysis of transgenic plants expressing promoter-GUS fusions shows that the genes have nonoverlapping expression patterns in siliques. AAP1 is expressed in the endosperm and the cotyledons whereas AAP2 is expressed in the vascular strands of siliques and in funiculi. The endosperm expression of AAP1 during early stages of seed development indicates that the endosperm serves as a transient storage tissue for organic nitrogen. Amino acids are transported in both xylem and phloem but during seed filling are imported only via the phloem. AAP2, which is expressed in the phloem of stems and in the veins supplying seeds, may function in uptake of amino acids assimilated in the green silique tissue, in the retrieval of amino acids leaking passively out of the phloem and in xylem-to-phloem transfer along the path. The promoters provide excellent tools to study developmental, hormonal and metabolic control of nitrogen nutrition during development and may help to manipulate the timing and composition of amino acid import into seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Hirner
- Insitut für Botanik, Universität Tübingen, Germany
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6
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Frommer WB, Kwart M, Hirner B, Fischer WN, Hummel S, Ninnemann O. Transporters for nitrogenous compounds in plants. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1994; 26:1651-1670. [PMID: 7858208 DOI: 10.1007/bf00016495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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7
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Symplast as a Functional Unit in Plant Growth. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)62078-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
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9
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Johannes E, Felle H. Transport of basic amino acids in Riccia fluitans: Evidence for a second binding site. PLANTA 1985; 166:244-251. [PMID: 24241439 DOI: 10.1007/bf00397355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/1985] [Accepted: 04/30/1985] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The transport of several amino acids with different side-chain characteristics has been investigated in the aquatic liverwort Riccia fluitans. i) The saturation of system I (neutral amino acids) by addition of excess α-aminoisobutyric acid to the external medium completely eliminated the electrical effects which are usually set off by neutral amino acids. Under these conditions arginine and lysine significantly depolarized the plasmalemma. ii) L- and D-lysine/arginine were discriminated against in favour of the L-isomers. iii) Increasing the external proton concentration in the interval pH 9 to 4.5 stimulated plasmalemma depolarization, electrical net current, and uptake of [(14)C]-basic amino acids. iv) Uptake of [(14)C]-glutamic acid took place only at acidic pHs. v) [(14)C]-histidine uptake had an optimum between pH 6 and 5.5. vi) Overlapping of the transport of basic, neutral, and acidic amino acids was common. It is suggested that besides system I, a second system (II), specific for basic amino acids, exists in the plasmalemma of Riccia fluitans. It is concluded that the amino-acid molecule with an uncharged side chain is the substrate for system I, which also binds and transports the neutral species of acidic amino acids, whereas system II is specific for amino acids with a positively charged side chain. The possibility of system II being a proton cotransport is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Johannes
- Botanisches Institut I der Justus Liebig Universität, Senckenbergstr. 17-21, D-6300, Giessen, Federal Republic of Germany
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Quantification of the xylem-to-phloem transfer of amino acids by use of inulin [14C]carboxylic acid as xylem transport marker. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-4211(84)90162-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Felle H. Driving forces and current-voltage characteristics of amino acid transport in Riccia fluitans. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(83)90351-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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12
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Amino Acid Uptake by Various Tissues of the Tomato Plant. Effects of the External pH and Light. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0044-328x(81)80017-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Van Bel A, Van Der Schoot C. Light-stimulated biphasic amino acid uptake by xylem parenchyma cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-4211(80)90085-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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