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Sacramento JJD, Goldberg DP. Oxidation of an indole substrate by porphyrin iron(iii) superoxide: relevance to indoleamine and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenases. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:3089-3092. [PMID: 32052805 PMCID: PMC7065957 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc10019a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of FeIII(O2˙-)(TPP) with 2,3-dimethylindole at -40 °C gives the ring-opened, dioxygenated N-(2-acetyl-phenyl)-acetamide product. The reaction was monitored in situ by low-temperature UV-vis and 1H NMR spectroscopies. This work demonstrates that a discrete iron(iii)(superoxo) porphyrin is competent to carry out indole oxidation, as proposed for the tryptophan and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jireh Joy D Sacramento
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
| | - David P Goldberg
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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Mondal P, Wijeratne GB. Modeling Tryptophan/Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase with Heme Superoxide Mimics: Is Ferryl the Key Intermediate? J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:1846-1856. [PMID: 31870154 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b10498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Tryptophan oxidation in biology has been recently implicated in a vast array of paramount pathogenic conditions in humans, including multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, type-I diabetes, and cancer. This 2,3-dioxygenative cleavage of the indole ring of tryptophan with dioxygen is mediated by two heme enzymes, tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), during its conversion to N-formylkynurenine in the first and rate-limiting step of kynurenine pathway. Despite the pivotal significance of this enzymatic transformation, a vivid viewpoint of the precise mechanistic events is far from complete. A heme superoxide adduct is thought to be the active oxidant in both TDO and IDO, which, following O-O bond cleavage, presumably generates a key ferryl (FeIV=O) reaction intermediate. This study, for the first time in model chemistry, demonstrates the potential of synthetic heme superoxide adducts to mimic the bioinorganic chemistry of indole dioxygenation by TDO and IDO, challenging the widely accepted categorization of these metal adducts as weak oxidants. Herein, an electronically divergent series of ferric heme superoxo oxidants mediates the facile conversion of an array of indole substrates into their corresponding 2,3-dioxygenated products, while shedding light on an unequivocally occurring, putative ferryl intermediate. The oxygenated indole products have been isolated in ∼31% yield, and characterized by LC-MS, 1H and 13C NMR, and FT-IR methodologies, as well as by 18O2(g) labeling experiments. Distinctly, the most electron-deficient superoxo adduct is observed to react the fastest, specifically with the most electron-rich indole substrate, underscoring the cruciality of electrophilicity of the heme superoxide moiety in facilitating the initial indole activation step. Comprehensive understanding of such mechanistic subtleties will benefit future attempts in the rational design of salient therapeutic agents, including next generation anticancer drug targets with amplified effectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritam Mondal
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , Alabama 35205 , United States
| | - Gayan B Wijeratne
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , Alabama 35205 , United States
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Smolobochkin AV, Gazizov AS, Burilov AR, Pudovik MA, Sinyashin OG. Ring opening reactions of nitrogen heterocycles. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2019. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Crossley SWM, Obradors C, Martinez RM, Shenvi RA. Mn-, Fe-, and Co-Catalyzed Radical Hydrofunctionalizations of Olefins. Chem Rev 2016; 116:8912-9000. [PMID: 27461578 PMCID: PMC5872827 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 624] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cofactor-mimetic aerobic oxidation has conceptually merged with catalysis of syngas reactions to form a wide range of Markovnikov-selective olefin radical hydrofunctionalizations. We cover the development of the field and review contributions to reaction invention, mechanism, and application to complex molecule synthesis. We also provide a mechanistic framework for understanding this compendium of radical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven W M Crossley
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Carla Obradors
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Ruben M Martinez
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Ryan A Shenvi
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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Simándi LI. Transition metal dioxygen complexes as intermediates in homogeneous catalytic oxidations. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/01442358909353221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Golubchikov OA, Berezin BD. Applied Aspects of the Chemistry of the Porphyrins. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2007. [DOI: 10.1070/rc1986v055n08abeh003221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Ohkubo K, Takano K. Catalytic Action of Iron(II) Phthalocyanine as a Tryptophan-2,3-Dioxygenase Model in Oxygenolysis of 3-Methylindole with Metallophthalocyanines. J COORD CHEM 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00958978508073903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Sono
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208
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The catalytic activity of poly(siloxane)-supported metalloporphyrins in olefin oxidation reactions: the effect of the support on the catalytic activity and selectivity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s1381-1169(96)00055-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Structural effect of cobalt Schiff base complex catalyst on its catalytic activity in dioxygenolysis of 3-methylindole. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-5102(93)87012-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Investigation of the catalytic activity of poly (siloxane)-supported tetra (4-pyridyl) porphyrinatomanganese (III) in olefin oxidation reactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-5102(93)80003-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Tarnaud E, Gaudemer A, Frostin-Rio M, Bied-Charreton C. Copolymerisation of 5-(4′-acrylamido phenyl)-10,15, 20-tritolylporphyrin with styrene, 4-vinylpyridine and 1-vinylimidazole. Complexation of cobalt and copper by the copolymers and application in oxidation of 2,6-di-t-butylphenol by molecular oxygen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-5102(92)80044-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Cady SG, Sono M. 1-Methyl-DL-tryptophan, beta-(3-benzofuranyl)-DL-alanine (the oxygen analog of tryptophan), and beta-[3-benzo(b)thienyl]-DL-alanine (the sulfur analog of tryptophan) are competitive inhibitors for indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. Arch Biochem Biophys 1991; 291:326-33. [PMID: 1952947 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(91)90142-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
1-methyl-DL-Trp, beta-(3-benzofuranyl)-DL-alanine (the oxygen analog of Trp), and beta-[3-benzo(b)thienyl]-DL-alanine (the sulfur analog of Trp), each of which has a substitution at the indole nitrogen atom, were found to be the first examples of potent substrate analog competitive inhibitors (Ki 7-70 microM) with respect to the substrates D-Trp and L-Trp for rabbit small intestinal indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. Binding studies using optical absorption and CD spectroscopy demonstrated that these three inhibitors cause spectral changes upon binding to the native ferric, ferrous, ferrous-CO, and ferrous-NO enzymes. Such spectral effects of 1-methyl-DL-Trp on all of these enzyme derivatives were similar to those caused by L-Trp, while the sulfur and the oxygen analogs of Trp exhibit relatively small effects except for those observed for the sulfur analog with CD spectroscopy. Each of these three Trp analog inhibitors competes with L-Trp for the ferrous-CO enzyme, a model for the ferrous-O2 enzyme. The present findings demonstrate that, although substitution of a methyl group for the hydrogen atom on the indole nitrogen or of a more electron-inductive sulfur or oxygen atom for the indole nitrogen atom does not prevent the binding of the resulting Trp analog to indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, the free form of the indole nitrogen base is an important physical and/or electronic structural requirement for Trp to be metabolized by the enzyme. The inability of 1-methyl-Trp to serve as a substrate for the dioxygenase supports a view that singlet oxygen is not the reactive oxygen species involved in the dioxygenation of Trp by the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Cady
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia 29208
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Oxygenation of 3-methylindole catalyzed by cobalt(II) phthalocyanine attached to polyorganosiloxane Part 2. Mechanism for addition of oxygen to 3-methylindole. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-5102(91)80156-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Nemoto N, Asano M, Asakura T, Hongo I, Ueno Y, Ikeda K, Takamiya N. Oxidation of 3-methylindole catalyzed by cobalt(II)phthalocyanines covalently bound to polyorganosiloxane. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00701320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Bailey CL, Drago RS. Utilization of O2 for the specific oxidation of organic substrates with cobalt(II) catalysts. Coord Chem Rev 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0010-8545(87)80009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Sasaki I, Pujol D, Gaudemer A, Chiaroni A, Riche C. X-ray and electrochemical investigation of a series of cobalt complexes with tetra- and quinquedentate schiff base ligands and their catalytic properties in the oxidation of 2,6-ditertbutylphenol by molecular oxygen. Polyhedron 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0277-5387(00)84272-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ohkubo K, Iwabuchi M, Takano K. Ring-opening oxygenolysis of indoles catalyzed by a tryptophan-2,3- dioxygenase model of Iron(II and III) complexes which include bipyridine and pyridi. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-5102(85)85081-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Nishinaga A, Ohara H, Tomita H, Matsuura T. Mechanism of Co(salen)-catalyzed oxygenolysis of indole ring as a model for the tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase reaction. Tetrahedron Lett 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)81368-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Bied-Charreton C, Frostin-Rio M, Pujol D, Gaudemer A, Audebert R, Idoux J. Synthesis and properties of polymeric schiff bases and their Co(II), Cu(II) and Ni(II) complexes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-5102(82)85017-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Kaneda K, Itoh T, Kii N, Jitsukawa K, Teranishi S. Oxygenation of enamines using copper catalysts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-5102(82)80027-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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