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Ferretti F, Fouad MA, Abbo C, Ragaini F. Effective Synthesis of 4-Quinolones by Reductive Cyclization of 2'-Nitrochalcones Using Formic Acid as a CO Surrogate. Molecules 2023; 28:5424. [PMID: 37513296 PMCID: PMC10386197 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
4-Quinolones are the structural elements of many pharmaceutically active compounds. Although several approaches are known for their synthesis, the introduction of an aryl ring in position 2 is problematic with most of them. The reductive cyclization of o-nitrochalcones by pressurized CO, catalyzed by ruthenium or palladium complexes, has been previously reported to be a viable synthetic strategy for this aim, but the need for pressurized CO lines and autoclaves has prevented its widespread use. In this paper, we describe the use of the formic acid/acetic anhydride mixture as a CO surrogate, which allows us to perform the reaction in a cheap and commercially available thick-walled glass tube without adding any gaseous reagent. The obtained yields are often high and compare favorably with those previously reported by the use of pressurized CO. The procedure was applied to a three-step synthesis from commercially available and cheap reagents of the alkaloid Graveoline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Ferretti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Manar Ahmed Fouad
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 426, Alexandria 21321, Egypt
| | - Cecilia Abbo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Fabio Ragaini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Synthesis of Indoles by Palladium-Catalyzed Reductive Cyclization of β-Nitrostyrenes with Phenyl Formate as a CO Surrogate. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12010106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The reductive cyclization of suitably substituted organic nitro compounds by carbon monoxide is a very appealing technique for the synthesis of heterocycles because of its atom efficiency and easiness of separation of the only stoichiometric byproduct CO2, but the need for pressurized CO has hampered its diffusion. We have recently reported on the synthesis of indoles by reductive cyclization of o-nitrostyrenes using phenyl formate as a CO surrogate, using a palladium/1,10-phenanthroline complex as catalyst. However, depending on the desired substituents on the structure, the use of β-nitrostyrenes as alternative reagents may be advantageous. We report here the results of our study on the possibility to use phenyl formate as a CO surrogate in the synthesis of indoles by reductive cyclization of β-nitrostyrenes, using PdCl2(CH3CN)2 + phenanthroline as the catalyst. It turned out that good results can be obtained when the starting nitrostyrene bears an aryl substituent in the alpha position. However, when no such substituent is present, only fair yield of indole can be obtained because the base required to decompose the formate also catalyzes an oligo-polymerization of the starting styrene. The reaction can be performed in a single glass pressure tube, a cheap and easily available piece of equipment.
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Ahmed Fouad M, Ferretti F, Formenti D, Milani F, Ragaini F. Synthesis of Indoles by Reductive Cyclization of Nitro Compounds Using Formate Esters as CO Surrogates. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manar Ahmed Fouad
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Milano Via C. Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science Alexandria University P.O. Box 426 Alexandria 21321 Egypt
| | - Francesco Ferretti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Milano Via C. Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Dario Formenti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Milano Via C. Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie – RWTH Aachen Landoltweg 1a 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Fabio Milani
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Milano Via C. Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Fabio Ragaini
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Milano Via C. Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
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Tsygankov AA, Makarova M, Chusov D. Carbon monoxide as a selective reducing agent in organic chemistry. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Macchi P, Ragaini F, Casati N, Krawczuk A, Sironi A. Experimental and theoretical electron density of intermediates in palladium-phenanthroline catalyzed carbonylation of amines and reductive carbonylation of nitroarenes. J Comput Chem 2017; 39:581-586. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.25115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Piero Macchi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3; Bern 3012 Switzerland
| | - Fabio Ragaini
- Department of Chemistry; University of Milan, via Golgi 19; Milano 20133 Italy
| | - Nicola Casati
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, WLGA/229; Villingen 5234 Switzerland
| | - Anna Krawczuk
- Faculty of Chemistry; Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2; Krakow 30-387 Poland
| | - Angelo Sironi
- Department of Chemistry; University of Milan, via Golgi 19; Milano 20133 Italy
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Ferretti F, Formenti D, Ragaini F. The reduction of organic nitro compounds by carbon monoxide as an effective strategy for the synthesis of N-heterocyclic compounds: a personal account. RENDICONTI LINCEI-SCIENZE FISICHE E NATURALI 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12210-017-0601-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ferretti F, Gallo E, Ragaini F. Mineral Oil/Methanol: A Cheap Biphasic Reaction Medium with Thermomorphic Properties and Its Application to the Palladium-Catalyzed Carbonylation of Nitrobenzene to Methyl Phenylcarbamate. ChemCatChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201500452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Sardarian AR, Inaloo ID. 4-Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (DBSA) promoted solvent-free diversity-oriented synthesis of primary carbamates, S-thiocarbamates and ureas. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra14528g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple and efficient solvent-free preparation of primary carbamates, S-thiocarbamates and ureas from alcohols, phenols, thiols and amines in the presence of 4-dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, as a cheap and green Brønsted acid, has been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Reza Sardarian
- Chemistry Department
- College of Sciences
- Shiraz University
- Shiraz 71454
- Iran
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9
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Nitrogen ligands effects in the palladium-catalyzed carbonylation reaction of nitrobenzene to give N-methyl phenylcarbamate. J Organomet Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Ferretti F, Ragaini F, Lariccia R, Gallo E, Cenini S. New Nonsymmetric Phenanthrolines as Very Effective Ligands in the Palladium-Catalyzed Carbonylation of Nitrobenzene. Organometallics 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/om100023x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Ferretti
- Università di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica, Metallorganica e Analitica “Lamberto Malatesta”, ISTM-CNR, and INSTM, UdR Milano, Via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Fabio Ragaini
- Università di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica, Metallorganica e Analitica “Lamberto Malatesta”, ISTM-CNR, and INSTM, UdR Milano, Via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Roberta Lariccia
- Università di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica, Metallorganica e Analitica “Lamberto Malatesta”, ISTM-CNR, and INSTM, UdR Milano, Via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Emma Gallo
- Università di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica, Metallorganica e Analitica “Lamberto Malatesta”, ISTM-CNR, and INSTM, UdR Milano, Via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Sergio Cenini
- Università di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica, Metallorganica e Analitica “Lamberto Malatesta”, ISTM-CNR, and INSTM, UdR Milano, Via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Mechanistic Study of the Palladium-Phenanthroline Catalyzed Carbonylation of Nitroarenes and Amines: Palladium-Carbonyl Intermediates and Bifunctional Effects. Chemistry 2009; 15:8064-8077. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200801882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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12
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Qin F, Li Q, Wang J, Feng Y, Kang M, Zhu Y, Wang X. One Pot Synthesis of Methyl N-Phenyl Carbamate from Aniline, Urea and Methanol. Catal Letters 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-008-9647-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Gasperini M, Ragaini F, Cenini S, Gallo E, Fantauzzi S. Fluoride effect on the palladium–phenanthroline catalyzed carbonylation of nitroarenes to carbamates. Appl Organomet Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.1292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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14
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The palladium–phenanthroline catalyzed carbonylation of nitroarenes to diarylureas: Effect of chloride and diphenylphosphinic acid. J Organomet Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2005.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Gasperini M, Ragaini F, Cazzaniga C, Cenini S. Carbonylation of Dinitrotoluene to Dimethyl Toluenedicarbamate; High Efficiency of Phosphorus Acids as Promoters for the Palladium-Phenanthroline Catalytic System. Adv Synth Catal 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200404151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Paul F, Fischer J, Ochsenbein P, Osborn JA. Syntheses, interconversions and reactivity of heteropalladacycles made from aryl isocyanates and various phenanthroline Pd(II) precursors with small molecules. CR CHIM 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1631-0748(02)01378-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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17
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A Novel PdCl2/ZrO2–SO2−4 Catalyst for Synthesis of Carbamates by Oxidative Carbonylation of Amines. J Catal 2001. [DOI: 10.1006/jcat.2001.3350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Catalytic synthesis of isocyanates or carbamates from nitroaromatics using Group VIII transition metal catalysts. Coord Chem Rev 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0010-8545(99)00230-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Paul F, Fischer J, Ochsenbein P, Osborn JA. The Palladium-Catalyzed Carbonylation of Nitrobenzene into Phenyl Isocyanate: The Structural Characterization of a Metallacylic Intermediate. Organometallics 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/om9708485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Paul
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Métaux de Transition et de Catalyse and Laboratoire de Cristallochimie et de Chimie structurale, URA 424 CNRS, Institut Le Bel, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, F-67070 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Jean Fischer
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Métaux de Transition et de Catalyse and Laboratoire de Cristallochimie et de Chimie structurale, URA 424 CNRS, Institut Le Bel, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, F-67070 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Ochsenbein
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Métaux de Transition et de Catalyse and Laboratoire de Cristallochimie et de Chimie structurale, URA 424 CNRS, Institut Le Bel, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, F-67070 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - John A. Osborn
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Métaux de Transition et de Catalyse and Laboratoire de Cristallochimie et de Chimie structurale, URA 424 CNRS, Institut Le Bel, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, F-67070 Strasbourg Cedex, France
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20
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Masciocchi N, Ragaini F, Cenini S, Sironi A. Ab Initio XRPD Structure Determination of Organometallic Compounds: The Case of Pd(Phen)(C(O)N(Me)OC(O)), a Model Intermediate in the Palladium−Phenanthroline-Catalyzed Reductive Carbonylation of Aromatic Nitro Compounds. Organometallics 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/om9708438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Norberto Masciocchi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Strutturale e Stereochimica Inorganica e Centro CNR, Università di Milano, via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy, and Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica, Metallorganica ed Analitica e Centro CNR, Università di Milano, via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Fabio Ragaini
- Dipartimento di Chimica Strutturale e Stereochimica Inorganica e Centro CNR, Università di Milano, via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy, and Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica, Metallorganica ed Analitica e Centro CNR, Università di Milano, via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Sergio Cenini
- Dipartimento di Chimica Strutturale e Stereochimica Inorganica e Centro CNR, Università di Milano, via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy, and Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica, Metallorganica ed Analitica e Centro CNR, Università di Milano, via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Angelo Sironi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Strutturale e Stereochimica Inorganica e Centro CNR, Università di Milano, via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy, and Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica, Metallorganica ed Analitica e Centro CNR, Università di Milano, via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Wehman P, van Donge HM, Hagos A, Kamer PC, van Leeuwen PW. Influence of various P/N and P/P ligands on the palladium-catalysed reductive carbonylation of nitrobenzene. J Organomet Chem 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-328x(97)00029-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Wehman P, Borst L, Kamer PCJ, Leeuwen PWNMV. Synthesis of Functionalized Carbamates through a Palladium-Catalyzed Reductive Carbonylation of Substituted Nitrobenzenes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19971300104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Tafesh AM, Weiguny J. A Review of the Selective Catalytic Reduction of Aromatic Nitro Compounds into Aromatic Amines, Isocyanates, Carbamates, and Ureas Using CO. Chem Rev 1996; 96:2035-2052. [PMID: 11848820 DOI: 10.1021/cr950083f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 502] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M. Tafesh
- Hoechst AG, Corporate Research and Technology, D-65926 Frankfurt/M., Germany
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Wehman P, Borst L, Kamer PC, van Leeuwen PW. Influence of an aromatic carboxylic acid as cocatalyst in the palladium-catalysed reductive carbonylation of aromatic nitro compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/1381-1169(96)00221-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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25
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Aresta M, Quaranta E. Synthesis, characterization and reactivity of [Rh(bpy)(C2H4)Cl]. A study on the reaction with C1 molecules (CH2O, CO2) and NaBPh4. J Organomet Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-328x(93)83420-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Izumi Y, Satoh Y, Kondoh H, Urabe K. Reductive carbonylation of nitrobenzene catalyzed by heteropolyanion-modified palladium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-5102(92)80028-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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28
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Bontempi A, Alessio E, Chanos G, Mestroni G. Reductive carbonylation of nitroaromatic compounds to urethanes catalyzed by [Pd(1,10-phenanthroline)2][PF6]2 and related complexes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-5102(87)85040-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Carbonyl complexes of Rh(I), Ir(I) and Mo(0) containing substituted derivatives of 1,10-phenanthroline and 2,2′-bipyridine. Inorganica Chim Acta 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1693(00)84481-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Alessio E, Mestroni G. Catalytic reductive carbonylation of aromatic nitro compounds to urethanes promoted by supported palladium activated with 1,10-phenanthroline derivatives. J Organomet Chem 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-328x(85)80207-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Johnson BFG, Twigg MV. Transition metal catalysts. TRANSIT METAL CHEM 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00621087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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