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Asterosaponins: Structures, Taxonomic Distribution, Biogenesis and Biological Activities. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18120584. [PMID: 33255254 PMCID: PMC7760246 DOI: 10.3390/md18120584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Asterosaponins are a class of steroid oligoglycosides isolated from starfish with characteristic structures and diverse biological activities. In this review, we have attempted to combine the most important data concerning asterosaponins and give a list of these secondary metabolites with their structural peculiarities. The purpose of this review is to provide a brief but as complete as possible principal information about their chemical structures, taxonomic distribution in the marine environment, distribution in different geographical areas and depths, some properties, biological activities, and functions. Some other rare steroid metabolites from starfish, closely related in structures and probably biogenesis to asterosaponins, are also discussed.
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Claereboudt EJS, Caulier G, Decroo C, Colson E, Gerbaux P, Claereboudt MR, Schaller H, Flammang P, Deleu M, Eeckhaut I. Triterpenoids in Echinoderms: Fundamental Differences in Diversity and Biosynthetic Pathways. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:E352. [PMID: 31200494 PMCID: PMC6627624 DOI: 10.3390/md17060352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Echinoderms form a remarkable phylum of marine invertebrates that present specific chemical signatures unique in the animal kingdom. It is particularly the case for essential triterpenoids that evolved separately in each of the five echinoderm classes. Indeed, while most animals have Δ5-sterols, sea cucumbers (Holothuroidea) and sea stars (Asteroidea) also possess Δ7 and Δ9(11)-sterols, a characteristic not shared with brittle stars (Ophiuroidea), sea urchins (Echinoidea), and crinoids (Crinoidea). These particular Δ7 and Δ9(11) sterols emerged as a self-protection against membranolytic saponins that only sea cucumbers and sea stars produce as a defense mechanism. The diversity of saponins is large; several hundred molecules have been described in the two classes of these saponins (i.e., triterpenoid or steroid saponins). This review aims to highlight the diversity of triterpenoids in echinoderms by focusing on sterols and triterpenoid glycosides, but more importantly to provide an updated view of the biosynthesis of these molecules in echinoderms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J S Claereboudt
- Biology of Marine Organisms and Biomimetics Unit, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons-UMONS, 7000 Mons, Belgium.
- Laboratory of molecular biophysics of interfaces, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Guillaume Caulier
- Biology of Marine Organisms and Biomimetics Unit, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons-UMONS, 7000 Mons, Belgium.
| | - Corentin Decroo
- Biology of Marine Organisms and Biomimetics Unit, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons-UMONS, 7000 Mons, Belgium.
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Center for Mass Spectrometry, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons-UMONS, 7000 Mons, Belgium.
| | - Emmanuel Colson
- Biology of Marine Organisms and Biomimetics Unit, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons-UMONS, 7000 Mons, Belgium.
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Center for Mass Spectrometry, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons-UMONS, 7000 Mons, Belgium.
| | - Pascal Gerbaux
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Center for Mass Spectrometry, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons-UMONS, 7000 Mons, Belgium.
| | - Michel R Claereboudt
- Department of Marine Science and Fisheries, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, 123 Al-Khod, Oman.
| | - Hubert Schaller
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France.
| | - Patrick Flammang
- Biology of Marine Organisms and Biomimetics Unit, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons-UMONS, 7000 Mons, Belgium.
| | - Magali Deleu
- Laboratory of molecular biophysics of interfaces, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Igor Eeckhaut
- Biology of Marine Organisms and Biomimetics Unit, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons-UMONS, 7000 Mons, Belgium.
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Kicha AA, Ivanchina NV, Stonik VA. Seasonal variations in the levels of polyhydroxysteroids and related glycosides in the digestive tissues of the starfish Patiria (Asterina) pectinifera. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2004; 136:897-903. [PMID: 14662311 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2003.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal variations in the levels of polar steroids including polyhydroxylated steroids and related glycosides in digestive organs of the starfish Patiria (=Asterina) pectinifera have been studied. The concentration of polar steroids is related to the annual reproductive cycle of the starfish and periods of active feeding. Two peaks in concentrations of polar steroids in pyloric caeca and stomach were found, the first in winter during reorganization and the second in summer during intensive gametogenesis before spawning. Probable biological functions of polyhydroxysteroids and related glycosides are discussed. The data support the hypothesis these compounds are involved in digestion in the starfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla A Kicha
- Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok-22, Prospect 100-let Vladivostoku 159, Vladivostok, Russia
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Stonik VA, Ponomarenko LP, Makarieva TN, Boguslavsky VM, Dmitrenok AS, Fedorov SN, Strobikin SA. Free sterol compositions from the sea cucumbers Pseudostichopus trachus, Holothuria (Microtele) nobilis, Holothuria scabra, Trochostoma orientale and Bathyplotes natans. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0305-0491(98)10023-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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