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Vanden Heuvel JP, Zhou S, Patel AB, Kamerow HN, Baran P, Ford JP. Preclinical Demonstration of a Novel Treatment with High Efficacy and No Detectable Toxicity for Inflammatory Skin Conditions including Psoriasis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 2023:4878774. [PMID: 37469991 PMCID: PMC10353900 DOI: 10.1155/2023/4878774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Although the management options for psoriasis have progressed with the use of systemic agents, there are few efficacious nonsteroidal topical therapies for patients with limited or lower grade disease. The effects of allopurinol (Allo) and glutathione (GSH) were examined in two different in vitro models for psoriasis. In the first model, human immortalized keratinocytes (HaCaT) were treated with M5 cocktail (IL-17A, IL-22, oncostatin M, IL-1α, and TNF-α) in four interventional groups (control, Allo, oxypurinol (Oxy), and methotrexate (MTX)). The number of live and dead cells was determined after treatment for 48 and 72 hrs. Allo decreased cell proliferation (total cells) without increasing cell death compared to both its xanthine oxidase inhibiting metabolite Oxy and a standard agent in clinical use, MTX. In the second model, a human psoriatic skin equivalent (PSE) culture system, cells were treated with vehicle control, Allo and GSH (as monotherapies and in combination), and vitamin D (VitD) for 2 and 6 days followed by histological analysis and altered gene expression. The combined exposure to Allo and GSH was equivalent to a standard antipsoriasis agent VitD in the inhibition of both proliferative and replicative markers. Histologic examination of the tissue at 6 days of exposure to VitD resulted in loss of the integrity of the squamous/epithelial continuity whereas tissue integrity was preserved with Allo and GSH exposure. The additional exposure of GSH to Allo reversed the increased thickness of the dermis layer caused by Allo exposure alone. Taken together, this data shows that topical Allo and GSH may have a synergistic effect with low toxicity and constitute a therapeutic advantage over current nonsteroidal therapies in the treatment of inflammatory skin conditions marked by increased cell proliferation such as psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P. Vanden Heuvel
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Asymmetric Therapeutics LLC, 141 Main St., P.O. Box J, Unadilla, NY 13849, USA
- Indigo Biosciences, Inc., 3006 Research Drive, State College, PA 16801, USA
| | - Shuling Zhou
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Anisha B. Patel
- Asymmetric Therapeutics LLC, 141 Main St., P.O. Box J, Unadilla, NY 13849, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Harry N. Kamerow
- Mount Nittany Medical Center, 1850 East Park Avenue, State College, PA 16803, USA
| | - Peter Baran
- Mount Nittany Medical Center, 1850 East Park Avenue, State College, PA 16803, USA
| | - John P. Ford
- Asymmetric Therapeutics LLC, 141 Main St., P.O. Box J, Unadilla, NY 13849, USA
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Hosoya T, Uchida S, Shibata S, Tomioka NH, Matsumoto K, Hosoyamada M. Xanthine Oxidoreductase Inhibitors Suppress the Onset of Exercise-Induced AKI in High HPRT Activity Urat1- Uox Double Knockout Mice. J Am Soc Nephrol 2022; 33:326-341. [PMID: 34799437 PMCID: PMC8819989 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2021050616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hereditary renal hypouricemia type 1 (RHUC1) is caused by URAT1/SLC22A12 dysfunction, resulting in urolithiasis and exercise-induced AKI (EIAKI). However, because there is no useful experimental RHUC1 animal model, the precise pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying EIAKI have yet to be elucidated. We established a high HPRT activity Urat1-Uox double knockout (DKO) mouse as a novel RHUC1 animal model for investigating the cause of EIAKI and the potential therapeutic effect of xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitors (XOIs). METHODS The novel Urat1-Uox DKO mice were used in a forced swimming test as loading exercise to explore the onset mechanism of EIAKI and evaluate related purine metabolism and renal injury parameters. RESULTS Urat1-Uox DKO mice had uricosuric effects and elevated levels of plasma creatinine and BUN as renal injury markers, and decreased creatinine clearance observed in a forced swimming test. In addition, Urat1-Uox DKO mice had increased NLRP3 inflammasome activity and downregulated levels of Na+-K+-ATPase protein in the kidney, as Western blot analysis showed. Finally, we demonstrated that topiroxostat and allopurinol, XOIs, improved renal injury and functional parameters of EIAKI. CONCLUSIONS Urat1-Uox DKO mice are a useful experimental animal model for human RHUC1. The pathogenic mechanism of EIAKI was found to be due to increased levels of IL-1β via NLRP3 inflammasome signaling and Na+-K+-ATPase dysfunction associated with excessive urinary urate excretion. In addition, XOIs appear to be a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of EIAKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuji Hosoya
- Department of Human Physiology and Pathology, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan,Biological Research Department, Research Institute, Fuji Yakuhin Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | - Shunya Uchida
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Shibata
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko H. Tomioka
- Department of Human Physiology and Pathology, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Matsumoto
- Biological Research Department, Research Institute, Fuji Yakuhin Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | - Makoto Hosoyamada
- Department of Human Physiology and Pathology, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
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Hosoya T, Uchida S, Shibata S, Tomioka NH, Hosoyamada M. Perfecting a high hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase activity-uricase KO mice to test the effects of purine- and non-purine-type xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) inhibitors. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:2274-2285. [PMID: 31971609 PMCID: PMC7174878 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Purine metabolism in mice and human differ in terms of uricase (Uox) activity as well as hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) activity. The aim of this study was the establishment of high HPRT activity-Uox knockout (KO) mice as a novel hyperuricaemic model. Then to investigate the effects of purine-type xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) inhibitor, allopurinol, and non-purine-type XDH inhibitor, topiroxostat, on purine metabolism. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH A novel hyperuricaemic mouse model was established by mating B6-ChrXCMSM mice with uricase KO mice. The pharmacological effects of allopurinol and topiroxostat were explored by evaluating urate, hypoxanthine, xanthine and creatinine in the plasma and urine of these model mice. Furthermore, we analysed the effect of both drugs on erythrocyte hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase activity. KEY RESULTS Plasma urate level and urinary urate/creatinine ratio significantly decreased after administration of allopurinol 30 mg·kg-1 or topiroxostat 1 mg·kg-1 for 7 days. The urate-lowering effect was equivalent for allopurinol and topiroxostat. However, the urinary hypoxanthine/creatinine ratio and xanthine/creatinine ratio after treatment with topiroxostat were significantly lower than for allopurinol. In addition, the urinary oxypurine/creatinine ratio was significantly lowered after treatment with topiroxostat, but allopurinol elicited no such effect. Furthermore, allopurinol inhibited mouse erythrocyte hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase, while topiroxostat did not. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS High hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase activity- uricase KO mice were established as a novel hyperuricaemic animal model. In addition, topiroxostat, a non-purine-type xanthine dehydrogenase inhibitor, elicited a potent plasma urate-lowering effect. However, unlike allopurinol, topiroxostat did not perturb the salvage pathway, resulting in lowered total oxypurine excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuji Hosoya
- Department of Human Physiology & Pathology, Faculty of Pharma‐ScienceTeikyo UniversityTokyoJapan
- Biological Research Department, Medical R&D DivisionFuji Yakuhin Co., Ltd.SaitamaJapan
| | - Shunya Uchida
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal MedicineTeikyo University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Shigeru Shibata
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal MedicineTeikyo University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Naoko H. Tomioka
- Department of Human Physiology & Pathology, Faculty of Pharma‐ScienceTeikyo UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Makoto Hosoyamada
- Department of Human Physiology & Pathology, Faculty of Pharma‐ScienceTeikyo UniversityTokyoJapan
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Hosoyamada M, Tomioka NH, Ohtsubo T, Ichida K. Xanthine oxidoreductase knockout mice with high HPRT activity were not rescued by NAD + replenishment. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 39:1465-1473. [PMID: 32126884 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2020.1725044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Although xanthinuria is nonfatal in human, xanthine oxidoreductase knockout (Xor-KO) mice have only a short lifespan. Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase activity (HPRT) in human and wild mice is higher than in laboratory mice. The aim of this study was to investigate the underlying mechanisms that give rise to the longer lifespan of high-HPRT/Xor-KO mice. Before Xor-KO mice die, urinary excretion of hypoxanthine increased with a corresponding decrease in excretion of xanthine. The switch of excretion from xanthine to hypoxanthine might be a cause of death for Xor-KO mice, suggesting inhibition of NAD+-dependent IMP dehydrogenase. Because hypoxanthine inhibits the synthesis of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), a precursor of NAD+, the accumulation of hypoxanthine in Xor-KO mice may cause a depletion in the levels of NAD+. Moreover, urinary excretion of urate in high-HPRT/Uox-KO/Xor-KO mice means urate derived from gut microbiota is absorbed by the intestine. Likewise, over excretion of oxypurine in mice may be caused by intestinal absorption of oxypurine. For NAD+ replenishment, oral supplementation with 1% L-tryptophan, an alternative precursor of NAD+, resulted in a recovery of body weight gain in high-HPRT/Uox-KO/Xor-KO mice. In conclusion, the death of Xor-KO mice by renal failure seems to be caused by a depletion in NAD+ levels due to the intracellular accumulation of hypoxanthine. NAD+ replenishment by oral supplementation of NMN or tryptophan was complicated by the effect of gut microbiota and failed to rescue high-HPRT/Xor-KO mice. The attenuation of intestinal absorption of oxypurines seems to be necessary to avoid hypoxanthine accumulation and over excretion of oxypurine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Hosoyamada
- Department of Human Physiology and Pathology, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko H Tomioka
- Department of Human Physiology and Pathology, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshio Ohtsubo
- Department of Internal Medicine (Hypertension), Fukuoka Red Cross Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kimiyoshi Ichida
- Department of Pathophysiology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
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The effect of allopurinol and low-dose thiopurine combination therapy on the activity of three pivotal thiopurine metabolizing enzymes: results from a prospective pharmacological study. J Crohns Colitis 2013; 7:812-9. [PMID: 23317929 DOI: 10.1016/j.crohns.2012.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Thiopurine therapy is often discontinued in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. The xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitor allopurinol has previously shown to enhance thiopurine efficacy and to prevent adverse reactions, the mechanism of this beneficial interaction is not completely clarified. The aim of this study is to observe possible effects of allopurinol and low-dose thiopurine combination therapy on the activity of three pivotal thiopurine metabolizing enzymes. METHODS A prospective study of IBD patients failing thiopurine therapy due to a skewed thiopurine metabolism was performed. Patients were treated with allopurinol and azathioprine or mercaptopurine. Xanthine oxidase, hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) and thiopurine S-methyl transferase (TPMT) activities, and thiopurine metabolites concentrations were measured during thiopurine monotherapy, and after 4 and 12 weeks of combination therapy. RESULTS Of fifteen IBD patients, XO activity decreased from 0.18 (IQR 0.08-0.3) during thiopurine monotherapy to 0.14 (IQR 0.06-0.2) and 0.11 (IQR 0.06-0.2; p=0.008) mU/hour/ml at 4 and 12 weeks, respectively. HGPRT activity increased from 150 (IQR 114-176) to 180 (IQR 135-213) and 204 nmol/(h×mg protein) (IQR 173-213; p=0.013). TPMT activity seemed not to be affected. 6-Thioguanine nucleotide concentrations increased from 138 (IQR 119-188) to 235 (223-304) and to 265 pmol/8×10^8 (IQR 188-344), whereas 6-methyl mercaptopurine ribonucleotides concentrations decreased from 13230 (IQR 7130-17420) to 690 (IQR 378-1325) and 540 (IQR 240-790) pmol/8×10^8 at 4 and 12 weeks of combination therapy (both p<0.001). CONCLUSION Allopurinol and thiopurine combination-therapy seems to increase HGPRT and decrease XO activity in IBD patients, which at least in part may explain the observed changes in thiopurine metabolite concentrations.
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Seinen ML, de Boer NKH, Smid K, van Asseldonk DP, Bouma G, van Bodegraven AA, Peters GJ. Allopurinol enhances the activity of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase in inflammatory bowel disease patients during low-dose thiopurine therapy: preliminary data of an ongoing series. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2012; 30:1085-90. [PMID: 22132961 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2011.597371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Thiopurines are crucial in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. The phenotype of pivotal metabolic enzymes determines whether thioguanine nucleotides (6-TGN) are generated in clinically sufficiently high levels. The first step in activation of thiopurine prodrugs to 6-TGN is catalysis by hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT). Often, patients exhibit a clinically unfavorable metabolism, leading to discontinuation of conventional thiopurine therapy. The combination of allopurinol and low-dose thiopurine therapy may optimize this variant metabolism, presumably by affecting enzyme activities. We performed a prospective pharmacodynamic study to determine the effect of combination therapy on the activity of HGPRT. The activity of HGPRT and 6-TGN concentrations was measured in red blood cells during thiopurine monotherapy and after 4 weeks of combination therapy. The activity of HGPRT was also measured after 12 weeks of combination therapy. From the results, we conclude that combination therapy increases the activity of HGPRT and subsequently 6-TGN concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margien L Seinen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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van Asseldonk DP, de Boer NKH, Smid K, Mulder CJ, van Bodegraven AA, Peters GJ. Limited intra-individual variability in hypoxanthine-Guanine phosphoribosyl transferase, thiopurine S-methyl transferase, and xanthine oxidase activity in inflammatory bowel disease patients during 6-thioguanine therapy. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2010; 29:284-90. [PMID: 20544508 DOI: 10.1080/15257771003730052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
6-Thioguanine (6-TG) may be indicated in case of intolerance of or resistance to conventional thiopurines in the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). The aim of our study was to evaluate the intrapatient variability in the 6-TG metabolizing enzymes: hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT), thiopurine S-methyl transferase and xanthine oxidase. We performed a pharmacokinetic study of 6-TG after oral and intravenous administration in IBD patients in remission. The enzyme activities were determined at baseline and 1 week after the initiation of 6-TG in red blood cells, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) or plasma. From the results we conclude that HGPRT activity in erythrocytes decreases following the initiation of 6-TG therapy, which may imply that HGPRT is a rate limiting enzyme in 6-TG metabolism. Moreover, little intrapatient variability in enzyme activities was observed except for HGPRT activity in PBMC. These data may have implications in regard of future therapeutic drug monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P van Asseldonk
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Post GR, Fischer AG. Hypoxanthine and adenine metabolism in bovine thyroid tissue. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1986; 18:63-6. [PMID: 3753691 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(86)90009-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxanthine was converted primarily to uric acid by thyroid tissue slices and homogenates with little inosine 5'-monophosphate formation while adenine was essentially all salvaged to adenosine 5'-monophosphate by similar tissue preparations. The ratio of hypoxanthine/guanine phosphoribosyltransferase activity to adenine phosphoribosyltransferase activity was 0.15 in the thyroid homogenates.
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Robinson JL, Drabik MR, Dombrowski DB, Clark JH. Consequences of UMP synthase deficiency in cattle. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1983; 80:321-3. [PMID: 6572893 PMCID: PMC393368 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.80.2.321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Several dairy cows have been identified as partially deficient in UMP synthase. Although erythrocytes of normal cows contained 2.54 units of enzyme per ml, four cows were discovered with only 1.08 units per ml. Cows deficient in UMP synthase secreted milk with abnormally high levels of orotate, 300-1,000 micrograms of orotate per ml compared to 80 micrograms/ml for normal cows. The deficiency also was accompanied by a lactation-induced orotic aciduria. Although bovine urinary orotate was generally less than 10 micrograms/ml, the urine of the deficient cows, when lactating, contained 20-200 micrograms/ml. Their plasma orotate also was elevated. Genetic transmission of the condition was suggested by a common bull in the pedigrees of all deficient animals. Indeed, these cows, with half the normal level of UMP synthase, are probably heterozygotes with a 50% chance of passing the deficient allele to their progeny. For these putative heterozygotes, the condition is apparently benign because longevity and production were unaffected. However, the existence of a gene for UMP synthase deficiency in the dairy cow population poses a hazard with respect to the conception of homozygotic, deficient animals. These, in analogy with a comparable human condition, would be expected to exhibit high perinatal morbidity and mortality.
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Peters GJ, Veerkamp JH. Purine and pyrimidine metabolism in peripheral blood lymphocytes. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1983; 15:115-23. [PMID: 6185367 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(83)90051-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Victor J, Greenberg L, Sloan D. Studies of the kinetic mechanism of orotate phosphoribosyltransferase from yeast. J Biol Chem 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)30121-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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