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Graeff JE, Leblond JD. Sterol Composition of the Peridinioid Dinoflagellate Zooxanthella nutricula, A Symbiont of Polycystine Radiolarians. Protist 2021; 172:125817. [PMID: 34198015 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2021.125817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Some dinoflagellates, such as Symbiodinium, are able to form symbiotic relationships with larger marine organisms. An important aspect of dinoflagellate symbiosis involves the exchange of lipids, namely sterols, from the symbiont to the host. Much research has explored the lipid biochemistry of the symbiotic relationship between cnidarians and Symbiodinium dinoflagellates. However, no research has addressed the sterol biochemistry of the symbiosis between radiolarians and dinoflagellates such as Zooxanthella nutricula. To this end, we have provided the first sterol characterization of Z. nutricula isolated from a spumellarian polycystine radiolarian. Fifteen sterols and one steroidal ketone were observed where the major sterol identified was C27 22-dehydrocholesterol, which does not tend to be a dominant sterol among dinoflagellates, including closely related peridinioid species in the genus Heterocapsa. However, C30 dinosterol and dinostanol were major sterols in both Z. nutricula and Heterocapsa spp., thus indicating common sterols between closely related taxa. Major sterols of the distantly related genus Symbiodinium, a symbiont of foraminifera and cnidarians, have included C27 cholesterol and C30 gorgosterol, whereas in Z. nutricula these sterols were minor and absent, respectively. Our results indicate potentially different sterol pools available to cnidarian and radiolarian symbiont hosts during their respective relationships with symbiotic dinoflagellates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jori E Graeff
- Ecology and Evolution Group, Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Leblond
- Ecology and Evolution Group, Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA.
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Khalturin K, Billas IML, Chebaro Y, Reitzel AM, Tarrant AM, Laudet V, Markov GV. NR3E receptors in cnidarians: A new family of steroid receptor relatives extends the possible mechanisms for ligand binding. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 184:11-19. [PMID: 29940311 PMCID: PMC6240368 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Steroid hormone receptors are important regulators of development and physiology in bilaterian animals, but the role of steroid signaling in cnidarians has been contentious. Cnidarians produce steroids, including A-ring aromatic steroids with a side-chain, but these are probably made through pathways different than the one used by vertebrates to make their A-ring aromatic steroids. Here we present comparative genomic analyses indicating the presence of a previously undescribed nuclear receptor family within medusozoan cnidarians, that we propose to call NR3E. This family predates the diversification of ERR/ER/SR in bilaterians, indicating that the first NR3 evolved in the common ancestor of the placozoan and cnidarian-bilaterian with lineage-specific loss in the anthozoans, even though multiple species in this lineage have been shown to produce aromatic steroids, whose function remain unclear. We discovered serendipitously that a cytoplasmic factor within epidermal cells of transgenic Hydra vulgaris can trigger the nuclear translocation of heterologously expressed human ERα. This led us to hypothesize that aromatic steroids may also be present in the medusozoan cnidarian lineage, which includes Hydra, and may explain the translocation of human ERα. Docking experiments with paraestrol A, a cnidarian A-ring aromatic steroid, into the ligand-binding pocket of Hydra NR3E indicates that, if an aromatic steroid is indeed the true ligand, which remains to be demonstrated, it would bind to the pocket through a partially distinct mechanism from the manner in which estradiol binds to vertebrate ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Khalturin
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Isabelle M L Billas
- Centre for Integrative Biology (CBI), Department of Integrated Structural Biology, IGBMC (Institute of Genetics and of Molecular and Cellular Biology), Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7104, Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U964, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Yassmine Chebaro
- Centre for Integrative Biology (CBI), Department of Integrated Structural Biology, IGBMC (Institute of Genetics and of Molecular and Cellular Biology), Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7104, Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U964, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Adam M Reitzel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Ann M Tarrant
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA
| | - Vincent Laudet
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Observatoire océanologique de Banyuls-sur-mer, Avenue de Fontaule, 66650 Banyuls-sur-mer, France
| | - Gabriel V Markov
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 8227 Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, CS 90074, 29688 Roscoff Cedex, France.
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Bobrovskiy I, Hope JM, Ivantsov A, Nettersheim BJ, Hallmann C, Brocks JJ. Ancient steroids establish the Ediacaran fossil Dickinsonia as one of the earliest animals. Science 2018; 361:1246-1249. [PMID: 30237355 DOI: 10.1126/science.aat7228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The enigmatic Ediacara biota (571 million to 541 million years ago) represents the first macroscopic complex organisms in the geological record and may hold the key to our understanding of the origin of animals. Ediacaran macrofossils are as "strange as life on another planet" and have evaded taxonomic classification, with interpretations ranging from marine animals or giant single-celled protists to terrestrial lichens. Here, we show that lipid biomarkers extracted from organically preserved Ediacaran macrofossils unambiguously clarify their phylogeny. Dickinsonia and its relatives solely produced cholesteroids, a hallmark of animals. Our results make these iconic members of the Ediacara biota the oldest confirmed macroscopic animals in the rock record, indicating that the appearance of the Ediacara biota was indeed a prelude to the Cambrian explosion of animal life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Bobrovskiy
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Janet M Hope
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Andrey Ivantsov
- Borissiak Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | | | - Christian Hallmann
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena 07745, Germany.,MARUM-Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen 28359, Germany
| | - Jochen J Brocks
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
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Composition of the lipophilic extract from the sponge Axinella carteri collected from the Bay of Bengal of the Orissa coast. Chem Nat Compd 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-008-9043-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Nechev J, Christie WW, Robaina R, de Diego F, Popov S, Stefanov K. Chemical composition of the sponge Hymeniacidon sanguinea from the Canary Islands. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2004; 137:365-74. [PMID: 15123209 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2003.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2003] [Revised: 10/19/2003] [Accepted: 10/20/2003] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The fatty acid composition of the lipids from the sponge Hymeniacidon sanguinea was investigated and 73 acids were identified. Three of them were new and their structures, elucidated by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, were identified as 13-methyl-icosanoic, 15-methyl-docosanoic and 3,13-dimethyl-tetradecanoic. Only 12 sterols were present, with cholestanol predominating in the volatile fraction; 22 compounds were identified, mainly hydrocarbons and fatty acids. In the n-butanol fraction, we found mainly nitrogen-containing compounds. The compositions of sterols and lipids in the sponge collected from two locations with different ecological conditions (Canary Islands and Black Sea) were compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Nechev
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulg. Acad. Sci., Sofia 1113, Bulgaria
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Popov S, Carlson RM, Djerassi C. Occurrence and seasonal variation of 19-norcholest-4-en-3-one and 3 beta-monohydroxy sterols in the Californian gorgonian, Muricea californica. Steroids 1983; 41:537-48. [PMID: 6658890 DOI: 10.1016/0039-128x(83)90093-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The first natural occurrence of 19-norcholestenone is reported, together with 17 sterols and one other delta 4-3-ketone in the extracts of the Californian gorgonian, Muricea californica (Aurivillius). Six additional demethyl sterols and five additional 4-monomethyl sterols which remain unidentified were also detected. Lipid extracts of M. californica from a winter and summer collection were split by various chromatographic methods into free sterol, steryl ester, and steryl conjugate fractions. Sterol compositions (determined by CG and CG-MS) of each fraction, subsequent to hydrolysis, are tabulated and discussed with respect to plausible origins of observed variations. The possible relationship of the Muricea 19-nor-steroidal ketone to other naturally occurring 19-nor-steroids is discussed.
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