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Sudarmana A, Kelly J. Climate change and the spread of disease: An illustrative case of the first Australian invasive non-toxigenic Vibrio cholerae infection in a newborn. J Paediatr Child Health 2021; 57:932-934. [PMID: 32924228 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.15063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aryanto Sudarmana
- Department of General Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julian Kelly
- Department of General Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Vezzulli L, Baker-Austin C, Kirschner A, Pruzzo C, Martinez-Urtaza J. Global emergence of environmental non-O1/O139 Vibrio cholerae infections linked with climate change: a neglected research field? Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:4342-4355. [PMID: 32337781 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The bacterium Vibrio cholerae is a natural inhabitant of aquatic ecosystems across the planet. V. cholerae serogroups O1 and O139 are responsible for cholera outbreaks in developing countries accounting for 3-5 million infections worldwide and 28.800-130.000 deaths per year according to the World Health Organization. In contrast, V. cholerae serogroups other than O1 and O139, also designated as V. cholerae non-O1/O139 (NOVC), are not associated with epidemic cholera but can cause other illnesses that may range in severity from mild (e.g. gastroenteritis, otitis, etc.) to life-threatening (e.g. necrotizing fasciitis). Although generally neglected, NOVC-related infections are on the rise and represent one of the most striking examples of emerging human diseases linked to climate change. NOVC strains are also believed to potentially contribute to the emergence of new pathogenic strains including strains with epidemic potential as a direct consequence of genetic exchange mechanisms such as horizontal gene transfer and genetic recombination. Besides general features concerning the biology and ecology of NOVC strains and their associated diseases, this review aims to highlight the most relevant aspects related to the emergence and potential threat posed by NOVC strains under a rapidly changing environmental and climatic scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Vezzulli
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Craig Baker-Austin
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, CEFAS, Weymouth, UK
| | - Alexander Kirschner
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology - Water Microbiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Division Water Quality and Health, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems, Austria
| | - Carla Pruzzo
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Jaime Martinez-Urtaza
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, CEFAS, Weymouth, UK.,Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Facultat de Biociéncies, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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Engel MF, Muijsken MA, Mooi-Kokenberg E, Kuijper EJ, van Westerloo DJ. Vibrio cholerae non-O1 bacteraemia: description of three cases in the Netherlands and a literature review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 21:30197. [PMID: 27104237 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2016.21.15.30197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae non-O1 serogroup (VCNO) bacteraemia is a severe condition with a high case-fatality rate. We report three cases diagnosed in the Netherlands, identified during a national microbiological congress, and provide a literature review on VCNO bacteraemia. A search strategy including synonyms for 'VCNO' and 'bacteraemia' was applied to PubMed, Medline, Web of Science and Embase databases. The three cases were reported in elderly male patients after fish consumption and/or surface water contact. The literature search yielded 82 case reports on 90 cases and six case series. Thirty case reports were from Asia (30/90; 33%), concerned males (67/90; 74%), and around one third (38/90; 42%) involved a history of alcohol abuse and/or liver cirrhosis The presenting symptom often was gastroenteritis (47/90; 52%) which occurred after seafood consumption in 32% of the cases (15/47).Aside from the most frequent symptom being fever, results of case series concurred with these findings. Published cases also included rare presentations e.g. endophthalmitis and neonatal meningitis. Based on the limited data available, cephalosporins seemed the most effective treatment. Although mainly reported in Asia, VCNO bacteraemia occurs worldwide. While some risk factors for VCNO were identified in this study, the source of infection remains often unclear. Clinical presentation may vary greatly and therefore a quick microbiological diagnosis is indispensable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelon F Engel
- Medical Microbiology Department, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Hsieh TC, Jean SS, Ou TY, Chen FL, Lee WS. Starch dust explosion and flame burn injury in a patient complicated with severe cellulites caused by non-O1 Vibrio cholerae. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2015; 49:623-4. [PMID: 26687236 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Chin Hsieh
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Medical Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shio-Shin Jean
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Medical Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsong-Yi Ou
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Medical Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Lun Chen
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Medical Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Sen Lee
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Medical Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Deshayes S, Daurel C, Cattoir V, Parienti JJ, Quilici ML, de La Blanchardière A. Non-O1, non-O139 Vibrio cholerae bacteraemia: case report and literature review. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:575. [PMID: 26543710 PMCID: PMC4627963 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-1346-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Non-O1, non-O139 Vibrio cholerae (NOVC) are increasingly frequently observed ubiquitous microorganisms occasionally responsible for intestinal and extra-intestinal infections. Most cases involve self-limiting gastroenteritis or ear and wound infections in immunocompetent patients. Bacteraemia, which have been described in patients with predisposing factors, are rare and poorly known, both on the clinical and therapeutic aspects. We describe a case of NOVC bacteraemia and a systematic literature review in PubMed conducted up to November 2014 using a combination of the following search terms: “Vibrio cholerae non-O1” and “bacter(a)emia”. The case was a 70 year-old healthy male subject returning from Senegal and suffering from NOVC bacteraemia associated with liver abscesses. Disease evolution was favourable after 2 months’ therapy (ceftriaxone then ciprofloxacin). Three hundred and fifty cases of NOVC bacteraemia have been identified in the literature. The majority of patients were male (77 %), with a median age of 56 years and presenting with predisposing conditions (96 %), such as cirrhosis (55 %) or malignant disease (20 %). Diarrhoea was inconstant (42 %). Mortality was 33 %. The source of infection, identified in only 25 % of cases, was seafood consumption (54 %) or contaminated water (30 %). Practitioners should be aware of these infections, in order to warn patients with predisposing conditions, on the risk of ingesting raw or undercooked seafood or bathing in potentially infected waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Deshayes
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, CHU Côte de Nacre, avenue Côte de Nacre, 14033 Caen Cedex 9, France
| | - C Daurel
- Service de Microbiologie, CHU Côte de Nacre, avenue Côte de Nacre, 14033 Caen Cedex 9, France
| | - V Cattoir
- Service de Microbiologie, CHU Côte de Nacre, avenue Côte de Nacre, 14033 Caen Cedex 9, France
| | - J-J Parienti
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, CHU Côte de Nacre, avenue Côte de Nacre, 14033 Caen Cedex 9, France ; Unité de Biostatistiques, CHU Côte de Nacre, avenue Côte de Nacre, 14033 Caen Cedex 9, France
| | - M-L Quilici
- Centre National de Référence des Vibrions et du Choléra, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - A de La Blanchardière
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, CHU Côte de Nacre, avenue Côte de Nacre, 14033 Caen Cedex 9, France
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Trubiano JA, Lee JYH, Valcanis M, Gregory J, Sutton BA, Holmes NE. Non-O1, non-O139 Vibrio cholerae bacteraemia in an Australian population. Intern Med J 2015; 44:508-11. [PMID: 24816311 DOI: 10.1111/imj.12409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This retrospective case series identifies the largest cohort of non-O1, non-O139 Vibrio cholerae bacteraemia in an Australian population from 2000 to 2013. We examine the risk factors, epidemiology, clinical presentations and mortality of non-O1, non-O139 V. cholerae bacteraemia in Victoria and compare them with published cases in the literature. This case series highlights the pathogenic potential of non-O1, non-O139 V. cholerae and identifies possible associations with host (underlying chronic liver disease and malignancy) and environmental factors (contaminated water supply and raw seafood). Clinicians should be aware of the morbidity and mortality associated with invasive non-O1, non-O139 V. cholerae infections, particularly in immunocompromised patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Trubiano
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Communicable Disease Prevention and Control Section, Health Protection Branch, Victorian Government Department of Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Darley E, Weeks J, Jones L, Daniels V, Wootton M, MacGowan A, Walsh T. NDM-1 polymicrobial infections including Vibrio cholerae. Lancet 2012; 380:1358. [PMID: 23063285 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60911-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Bielig H, Dongre M, Zurek B, Wai SN, Kufer TA. A role for quorum sensing in regulating innate immune responses mediated by Vibrio cholerae outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). Gut Microbes 2011; 2:274-9. [PMID: 22067940 DOI: 10.4161/gmic.2.5.18091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are released from many Gram-negative bacteria. OMVs interact with and are taken up by human cells. We and others have now showed that OMVs contain peptidoglycan, which is sensed mainly by the pattern-recognition receptor NOD1 in the cytoplasm of host cells. Vibrio cholerae is clinically important as one of the causative agents of severe dehydrating diarrhea in humans. We showed that non-O1 non-O139 V. cholerae (NOVC) strains of V. cholera produce OMVs. Of note, we revealed that NOVC can evade NOD1-mediated immune surveillance by the quorum sensing machinery. Here we review these recent findings and discuss the relevance for our understanding of bacterial infections and innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Bielig
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Ribeiro NFF, Heath CH, Kierath J, Rea S, Duncan-Smith M, Wood FM. Burn wounds infected by contaminated water: case reports, review of the literature and recommendations for treatment. Burns 2009; 36:9-22. [PMID: 19501977 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2009.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2008] [Revised: 01/19/2009] [Accepted: 03/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
First-aid education for the management of burns advocates cool running water over burnt skin to limit soft tissue damage. However, the water used may itself constitute a risk. We report three cases of severe invasive and necrotizing infection in patients who used or immersed themselves in contaminated water in an attempt to extinguish the fire following acute major burns. Wound cultures from all patients yielded Aeromonas hydrophila and two yielded Bacillus cereus. One patient had a complex polymicrobial infection, including zygomycosis with Rhizomucor variabilis. All patients were treated aggressively with wound débridement, including one patient who required bilateral lower limb amputations to control progressive infection. All infections were successfully treated and all patients survived their burn injuries. We review the management of burns complicated by exposure to contaminated water leading to burn wound infections. We describe commonly reported organisms from various water sources, the appropriate initial empirical antimicrobial chemotherapy and present the clinician with a proposed algorithm for managing these serious infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel F F Ribeiro
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia (WA), Australia.
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Sharma BR, Harish D, Singh VP, Bangar S. Septicemia as a cause of death in burns: an autopsy study. Burns 2006; 32:545-9. [PMID: 16797127 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2006.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2005] [Accepted: 02/13/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In burn victims, invasion by the bacteria is not unexpected, despite advances in antibiotics, and it has been reported that in the absence of topical therapy, the superficial areas of burn wound contain up to 100 million organisms per gram of tissue within 48h following the injury. We examined the autopsy reports of 334 cases who died because of complicated burns and who underwent medico-legal autopsy during a period of 5 years to study the rate of infection/sepsis. It was observed that in 65% of fatal burn cases, septicemia was the cause of death. Pseudomonas aeuroginosa and Klebsiella sp. were the most common organism, isolated either singly or in combination in 29% and 28% cases, respectively. High mortality from burns in young married women has been recognized as an alarming and contentious problem in India, particularly among the low socio-economic groups. We found that the females aged 21-25 were the most common victims accounting for 37% of burn fatalities due to septicemia. It was concluded that to carry out periodic review of patterns of isolation and susceptibility profiles of microorganisms infecting burn wounds should be a routine in all burn units. In view of the limited resources of developing countries, we recommend the use of available scoring systems to estimate burn outcome so that the best care can be directed to those who have a better chance of improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Sharma
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh 160030, India
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Bang RL, Sharma PN, Sanyal SC, Bang S, Ebrahim MK. Burn septicaemia in Kuwait: associated demographic and clinical factors. Med Princ Pract 2004; 13:136-41. [PMID: 15073425 DOI: 10.1159/000076952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2002] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the demographic and clinical factors associated with burn septicaemia patients in Kuwait. MATERIALS AND METHODS All burn in-patients, who developed septicaemia at the Burns Unit, Al-Babtain Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery, Kuwait, during a 9-year period (June 1992 to May 2001) were included in the study. The data were recorded for age, sex, nationality, cause and percentage of burns, inhalation injury, resuscitation, number of episodes, septicaemia on post-burn day, the microorganisms responsible in each episode, treatment and outcome for statistical analysis. Using SPSS (PC version 11.0) software, a probability level of p < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS Of the 2,082 patients treated in the Burns Unit, 166 [8%; 99 (60%) males and 67 (40%) females] with a mean age of 26 years (range 1-70) had septicaemia. Significantly higher (p < 0.001) cases were recorded among Kuwaiti children (< or =14 years) and non-Kuwaitis (25-59 years) than other corresponding age groups. The total body surface area burned ranged from 2 to 95% (mean 42%) and the main cause of burn was flame (77.1%). Inhalation injury was diagnosed in 39 (23.5%) patients. A total of 253 septicaemic episodes occurred in all patients. The majority, 123 (74.1%), had a single episode and the remaining 43 (25.6%) had multiple (2-10) episodes. One hundred and fifty-five (61.3%) episodes were due to gram-positive organisms, mainly methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and 32 (12.7%) were polymicrobial. One hundred and twenty-four (74.7%) patients had wound excision and skin grafting procedures and their survival was significantly higher (OR = 4.3; 95% CI: 1.98-9.31) than non-surgically treated patients. Thirty-nine (23.5%) patients died mainly due to multi-organ failure. CONCLUSION The findings indicate that the patients with extensive flame burns were prone to developing septicaemia due mainly to gram-positive bacteria. The surgical excision of eschar and wound covering improved the outcome of the patients while prophylactic antibiotic treatment had no role in the incidence and outcome of the burn patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rameshwar L Bang
- Al-Babtain Centre for Plastic Surgery and Burns, Ibn Sina Hospital, Kuwait
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Abstract
Seventy-nine (8.4%) patients during June 1992-May 1996 (Group-1) and 68 (7.2%) patients from June 1996 to May 2000 (Group-2) who developed septicaemia at the burns unit of Al-Babtain Centre for Plastic Surgery and Burns, Kuwait, were retrospectively studied and compared. The mean age of 26 years, male predominance, flame burns as main aetiology and mean burn percentage of >or=40% was observed in both the groups. Both groups revealed extensive flame burn, inhalation injury, intubation and difficult resuscitation as the risk factors. The proportion of satisfactory resuscitation increased significantly (P<0.001) in Group-2. The septicaemia commonly occurred within 2 weeks postburn but the number of episodes during 5 days postburn was less in Group-2. The surface wound was found to be the likely source of entry of the organisms into the blood stream in both the groups. The gram positive organisms were dominant aetiologic factor in both groups but an increase frequency of Acnetobacter was found in Group-2. The proportion of MRSE and Pseudomonas septicaemia was significantly higher (P<0.01) in the Group-1. The rate of survivors, in both the groups was higher among operated patients but it was significantly higher (P<0.001) in the Group-1. A mortality rate 20.6% in Group-2 decreased against Group-1, which can be attributed to better resuscitation, nutritional care, early detection of septicaemia, appropriate antibiotics and early wound excision and skin grafting. MOF was the cause of death of 60.9% in Group-1 and 85.7% in Group-2. There was no role of prophylactic antibiotic in burn patients in the incidence of septicaemia and mortality.
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Kerketta JA, Paul AC, Kirubakaran VBC, Jesudason MV, Moses PD. Non-01 Vibrio cholerae septicemia and meningitis in a neonate. Indian J Pediatr 2002; 69:909-10. [PMID: 12450305 DOI: 10.1007/bf02723720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Non-O1 Vibrio cholerae is known to cause diarrhoea as well as extra-intestinal infections in adults and children. However meningitis in children is a rare occurrence. We report a neonate who developed septicemia and meningitis due to Non-O1 Vibrio cholerae.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bose
- Department of Community Health, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
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Abstract
Out of 943 patients treated from June 92 to May 96 at the burns unit of the Al-Babtain Centre for Plastic Surgery and Burns, Kuwait, 280 (30%) required admission to the burns intensive care unit (ICBU) and were studied retrospectively. Seventy-nine (28.2%) developed clinically and microbiologically proven septicaemia. Forty-four (56%) were males, 35 (44%) females with a mean age of 26 years (range 45 days to 75 years) and mean total body surface area burn (TBSA) of 46% (range 10-90%). Sixty-two had flame burns, 16 a scald and one had an electric burn. These 79 patients had a total of 118 septicaemic episodes. Sixty (76%) had only one and 19 (24%) had multiple episodes of septicaemia. Fifty-four (68%) had their first episode within 2weeks, though the maximum number of episodes was between 6 and 10 days postburn. Septicaemia was also observed in 13% of patients within 3 days postburn. Out of the 118 episodes, 48 were due to methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), 17 due to methicillin resistant Staphylococcus epidemidis (MRSE), 15 to Pseudomonas, 12 to Acinetobacter, four to Streptococcus, another four to Enterococci, two to Klebsiella, one due to Serratia and 15 to more than one organism. Once the septicaemia was diagnosed appropriate therapy was instituted. Fifty-six (71%) patients had 143 sessions of skin grafting and the mortality was low in operated patients. Twenty-three (29.1%) patients died. The low mortality rate was probably due to factors such as continuous clinical and microbiological surveillance leading to quick detection of aetiology, appropriate antibiotic therapy, care for nutrition and early wound cover. This study suggests that flame burn patients are more vulnerable to sepsis. Onset of septicaemia may be as early as 3 days and commonly within 2 weeks. A surface wound is the likely source of entry to the blood stream. Gram positive organisms are dominant in the aetiology. Early detection and appropriate treatment including wound coverage result in a better outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Bang
- Al-Babtain Centre for Plastic Surgery and Burns, Ibn Sina Hospital, Kuwait
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