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Peruri A, Morgan A, D’Souza A, Mellon B, Hung CW, Kayal G, Shin H, Nguyen K, Zahed M, Yount M, Ellis R, Wynne T, Fritz V, Simmons Z, Roballo KCS. Pineal Gland from the Cell Culture to Animal Models: A Review. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12071057. [PMID: 35888145 PMCID: PMC9317964 DOI: 10.3390/life12071057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review demonstrates current literature on pineal gland physiology, pathology, and animal model experiments to concisely explore future needs in research development with respect to pineal gland function and neuro-regenerative properties. The pineal gland plays an integral role in sleep and recovery by promoting physiologic circadian rhythms via production and release of melatonin. Yet, the current literature shows that the pineal gland has neuroprotective effects that modulate both peripheral and central nerve injuries through several direct and indirect mechanisms, such as angiogenesis and induction of growth factors and anti-inflammatory mediators. Animal models have also shown correlations between pineal gland function and metabolic homeostasis. Studies have shown that a functional pineal gland is essential in preventing and slowing the progression of certain diseases such as diabetes, osteoporosis, vertebral osteoarthritis, and neurodegenerative processes. Lastly, the array of cell culturing methods and animal models that can be used to further develop the study of pineal gland function and nervous system injury were reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alekhya Peruri
- Biomedical Affairs and Research, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, 2265 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (A.P.); (A.M.); (A.D.); (B.M.); (C.W.H.); (G.K.); (H.S.); (K.N.); (M.Z.); (M.Y.); (R.E.); (T.W.); (V.F.); (Z.S.)
| | - Alexandra Morgan
- Biomedical Affairs and Research, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, 2265 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (A.P.); (A.M.); (A.D.); (B.M.); (C.W.H.); (G.K.); (H.S.); (K.N.); (M.Z.); (M.Y.); (R.E.); (T.W.); (V.F.); (Z.S.)
| | - Alida D’Souza
- Biomedical Affairs and Research, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, 2265 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (A.P.); (A.M.); (A.D.); (B.M.); (C.W.H.); (G.K.); (H.S.); (K.N.); (M.Z.); (M.Y.); (R.E.); (T.W.); (V.F.); (Z.S.)
| | - Bridget Mellon
- Biomedical Affairs and Research, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, 2265 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (A.P.); (A.M.); (A.D.); (B.M.); (C.W.H.); (G.K.); (H.S.); (K.N.); (M.Z.); (M.Y.); (R.E.); (T.W.); (V.F.); (Z.S.)
| | - Carey W. Hung
- Biomedical Affairs and Research, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, 2265 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (A.P.); (A.M.); (A.D.); (B.M.); (C.W.H.); (G.K.); (H.S.); (K.N.); (M.Z.); (M.Y.); (R.E.); (T.W.); (V.F.); (Z.S.)
| | - Gabriella Kayal
- Biomedical Affairs and Research, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, 2265 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (A.P.); (A.M.); (A.D.); (B.M.); (C.W.H.); (G.K.); (H.S.); (K.N.); (M.Z.); (M.Y.); (R.E.); (T.W.); (V.F.); (Z.S.)
| | - Haejung Shin
- Biomedical Affairs and Research, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, 2265 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (A.P.); (A.M.); (A.D.); (B.M.); (C.W.H.); (G.K.); (H.S.); (K.N.); (M.Z.); (M.Y.); (R.E.); (T.W.); (V.F.); (Z.S.)
| | - Kim Nguyen
- Biomedical Affairs and Research, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, 2265 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (A.P.); (A.M.); (A.D.); (B.M.); (C.W.H.); (G.K.); (H.S.); (K.N.); (M.Z.); (M.Y.); (R.E.); (T.W.); (V.F.); (Z.S.)
| | - Malek Zahed
- Biomedical Affairs and Research, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, 2265 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (A.P.); (A.M.); (A.D.); (B.M.); (C.W.H.); (G.K.); (H.S.); (K.N.); (M.Z.); (M.Y.); (R.E.); (T.W.); (V.F.); (Z.S.)
| | - Mason Yount
- Biomedical Affairs and Research, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, 2265 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (A.P.); (A.M.); (A.D.); (B.M.); (C.W.H.); (G.K.); (H.S.); (K.N.); (M.Z.); (M.Y.); (R.E.); (T.W.); (V.F.); (Z.S.)
| | - Reilly Ellis
- Biomedical Affairs and Research, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, 2265 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (A.P.); (A.M.); (A.D.); (B.M.); (C.W.H.); (G.K.); (H.S.); (K.N.); (M.Z.); (M.Y.); (R.E.); (T.W.); (V.F.); (Z.S.)
| | - Taylor Wynne
- Biomedical Affairs and Research, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, 2265 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (A.P.); (A.M.); (A.D.); (B.M.); (C.W.H.); (G.K.); (H.S.); (K.N.); (M.Z.); (M.Y.); (R.E.); (T.W.); (V.F.); (Z.S.)
| | - Virginia Fritz
- Biomedical Affairs and Research, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, 2265 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (A.P.); (A.M.); (A.D.); (B.M.); (C.W.H.); (G.K.); (H.S.); (K.N.); (M.Z.); (M.Y.); (R.E.); (T.W.); (V.F.); (Z.S.)
| | - Zachary Simmons
- Biomedical Affairs and Research, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, 2265 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (A.P.); (A.M.); (A.D.); (B.M.); (C.W.H.); (G.K.); (H.S.); (K.N.); (M.Z.); (M.Y.); (R.E.); (T.W.); (V.F.); (Z.S.)
| | - Kelly C. S. Roballo
- Biomedical Affairs and Research, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, 2265 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (A.P.); (A.M.); (A.D.); (B.M.); (C.W.H.); (G.K.); (H.S.); (K.N.); (M.Z.); (M.Y.); (R.E.); (T.W.); (V.F.); (Z.S.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, 1410 Prices Fork, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
- Correspondence:
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Lumsden SC, Clarkson AN, Cakmak YO. Neuromodulation of the Pineal Gland via Electrical Stimulation of Its Sympathetic Innervation Pathway. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:264. [PMID: 32300290 PMCID: PMC7145358 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulation of the pineal gland via its sympathetic innervation pathway results in the production of N-acetylserotonin and melatonin. Melatonin has many therapeutic roles and is heavily implicated in the regulation of the sleep-wake cycle. In addition, N-acetylserotonin has recently been reported to promote neurogenesis in the brain. Upregulation of these indoleamines is possible via neuromodulation of the pineal gland. This is achieved by electrical stimulation of structures or fibres in the pineal gland sympathetic innervation pathway. Many studies have performed such pineal neuromodulation using both invasive and non-invasive methods. However, the effects of various experimental variables and stimulation paradigms has not yet been reviewed and evaluated. This review summarises these studies and presents the optimal experimental protocols and stimulation parameters necessary for maximal upregulation of melatonin metabolic output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susannah C. Lumsden
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Brain Health Research Centre, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Andrew N. Clarkson
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Brain Research New Zealand, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Medical Technologies Centre of Research Excellence, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yusuf Ozgur Cakmak
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Brain Health Research Centre, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Medical Technologies Centre of Research Excellence, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Health Systems and Technology, Dunedin, New Zealand
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