Duplication mitosis in carcinoma

Fundamental physio-mitotic theory

In differentiation division, the mitosis occurring within all tissues consists of more than one type of mitosis. It occurs as two antagonistic types: the essential duplication mitosis activated by the effect of duplication factor and the antagonistic maturation mitosis which develops from the essential type and is further stimulated by maturation factor. These different types of mitosis play antagonistic roles in histological development, while maintaining a specified physio-mitotic balance through their respective mitotic factors and mitotic regulatory mechanisms in the tissues. Depending on the physio-mitotic balance between duplication and maturation mitosis, each layer of organized tissue, comprised of intrinsic functional cells, differentiates from one of the three germ layers, without errors that create abnormal characteristics. In this way, the tissues establish histological identity and continuity while maintaining a prescribed histological organization without excess or reduced multiplication within the tissues. This forms the fundamental basis of the physio-mitotic theory.

Physio-mitotic theory and a new concept of embryological differentiation

According to the physio-mitotic theory described previously by the authors (10,11), general mitosis consists of two different types: essential duplication and converted maturation. In general embryological differentiation, progression for the most fundamental blastocysts of the three germ layers to the immature stem cells comprising functional organic tissues is dependent on the essential duplication mitosis. This mitosis replicates stem cells while gradually initiating latent cellularities whereas the converted maturation process merely amplifies these latent cellularlities by maturing the basic cells in differentiated functional end cells with a pre-determined life span. The differentiation from the three-germ layer to embryologically organized tissues is dependent on duplication mitosis while being regulated by interactions with maturation mitosis. Thus, the complicated embryonic differentiation must be established in each type of organic tissue. During the process, these two types of mitosiseach play an antagonistic role in the embryological development of the other. This is another application of the physio-mitotic theory.

Physio-mitotic theory and a new concept of cancer development

In the physio-mitotic theory, general mitosis consists of two different types: maturation and duplication. While being co-regulated by mechanisms involving maturation and duplication factors, these two types of mitotic activities each play a respective role in the antagonistic histological development of the other. According to the theory of systematic organization, each type of organic tissue is always developed and established under certain physiological conditions. As an organoid tissue, cancerous tissue must also fundamentally develop according to that theory. Consequently, a new concept of cancer development should be devised based on the physio-mitotic theory.

Physio-mitotic theory and a new concept of leukemia development

In the physio-mitotic theory described previously by the authors (10), general mitosis consists of two different types: essential duplication and converted maturation. These two types of mitosis are regulated by mechanisms involving maturation and duplication factors, and each plays a role in the antagonistic histological development of the other.According to this theory, every kind of leukocyte is produced through mitosis in the bone marrow and migrates during cell turnover to the bloodstream. However, in leukemia a highly excessive number of leukocytes and leuko-blastocysts appear in the bloodstream. This excessive amount is greater than the physiological capability of cells in the bone marrow alone. Such an extremely large group of cells would not be produced without being dependent on an extremely high ratio of produced leukocytes to original stem cells. This extremely high ratio may be due to a systematic pathological deterioration of the mitotic maturation ability during the maturation process of the leuko-blastocysts. Consequently, restoration of the deterioration to the original mitotic maturation response of the normal leuko-blastocysts may be an essential event in achieving leukemia eradication, rather than persistent destruction of individual leukemic leukocytes.

Established histological identity and cell destruction treatments for cancer

During cancerous cell turnover activity maintained by two types of mitosis, maturation and heteroduplication, cancer tissue consists of two types of cells, maturable and non-maturable. Most of the tissue is composed of maturable cells, which eventually disappear in the terminally matured cell phase. These cells do not participate in cell turnover activity or the organoid identity of cancer tissue. However, a small portion of the tissue is comprised of non-maturable cells, which replicate themselves endlessly, while producing maturable cells through each mitotic division in hetero-duplication mitosis. Thus, cell turnover activity and organoid identity are established in the cancer tissue. This organoid identity is solely responsible for carcinogenesis. Since most typical features of cancer are only detectable in maturable cells during maturation mitosis, cell destruction targeting these features should not be regarded as eradication. To eradicate cancer, the organoid identity of cancer, which is only established by heteroduplication mitosis, should clearly be recognized, and a new concept of cancer treatment based on destruction of the organoid identity should be devised in the future. This does not appear to be an insurmountable task.

Progression of cancer

Carcinoma constitution originates in the hetero-duplication mitoses (4) which divide non-maturable stem cells into two different types of daughter cells: maturable and non-maturable cancerous stem cells. Throughout the progression of such mitoses, the organoid continuity of the cancer depends only on the non-maturable daughter stem cells, not on the maturable ones. This type of cancer can be considered non-progressive or to be in the incubation stage, as it only enables cancer tissue to preserve its organoid continuity without allowing progressive growth. However, when an occasional mitotic phase of the hetero-duplication mitotic progression undergoes genuine cell-phase duplication mitosis, this non-progressive or incubation stage of cancer is converted to a progressive type of cancer. This conversion is dependent on the reappearance of the complete mitotic condition of the mitotic maturation promoting system (MMPS) containing an abnormal supplement. Thus, a thorough investigation of the abnormal supplement and the reappearance of the complete mitotic condition is an essential part of research efforts to prevent and eradicate cancer.

Two types of cancer cells and cytotoxic therapies

As previously described in a series of hypotheses (1-5), cancer tissue consists of two types of cancer cells: maturable and non-maturable. Almost all of the cancer tissue is composed of the maturable type. However, the rest, even if very few in number, consists of the non-maturable type. These non-maturable cells contribute to establishment of cancer organoid continuity and are responsible for oncogenesis, whereas the maturable cells, while organizing almost all of the tissue, gradually mature into end cells and eventually complete their limited life-spans without contributing to continuity. During the maturation process to the end-cell phase, most cancer cell characteristics can be expressed only by maturable cells, not non-maturable cells. Since most cytotoxic cancer therapies appear to be designed simply to exploit the cell characteristics expressed only in maturable cells, they may only be effective in destroying maturable cells which complete their life-span, not the non-maturable cells responsible for oncogenesis. Such therapy cannot be regarded as genuine cancer eradication, even if it destroys numerous cancer cells, and decreases cancer volume. Therefore, instead of the cytotoxic therapy employed up until now, a different concept of cancer therapy must be devised in an attempt to achieve genuine cancer eradication.

Genetic abnormalities and oncogenesis

Since the development of carcinoma probably depends on the paralyzed mitotic maturation promoting system present only within the cancer cell's cytoplasm, it must be established within the cytoplasm, not within the nucleus. Hence, genetic abnormalities in the nucleus should not be regarded as responsible for oncogenesis, even though they may always be identified specifically in a certain carcinoma alone and generally be regarded as responsible for the oncogenesis.

An enzymatic effect for cancer prevention and eradication

As previously described in a series of hypotheses, cancer development depends on an unconvertable duplication mitosis caused by some abnormal supplement of the mitotic maturation promoting system which is paralyzed in the cancerous cell's cytoplasm. This abnormal supplement, which may be responsible for the cancer's development, must be a biochemical compound that could be eliminated by exposure to the action of certain enzymes. Accordingly, in order to prevent and eradicate cancer development in general, an enzyme which would destroy and eliminate the biochemical supplement needs to be identified, and a specific method of delivering the enzyme to the supplement needs to be devised.

Hetero-duplication type of cancerous mitosis

In normal mitosis, the two daughter cells are identical to each other. However, in the case of duplication mitosis of the non-matureable cancerous stem cell, the two daughter stem cells must be non-visually, but certainly different from each other in order to allow for the characteristic type of cancerous cell turnover development. One of these daughter stem cells is matureable and normally activated by the maturation factor, then undergoes maturation mitosis and finally passes through its lifespan. However, the other daughter stem cell is non-matureable and not activated by the maturation factor. It undergoes the original mitosis again, reproducing two daughter stem cells that differ from each other: te above matureable cell and the original non-matureable cell (Fig.). Such a hetero-duplication type of mitosis is peculiar to carcinoma and responsible for the oncogenesis. The origin of this mitosis is most probably an unequal division of a mitotic maturation promoting system (MMPS) at the mitotic phase, and may be dependent on some abnormal supplement of the MMPS. Thus, therapy aimed at the complete eradication of cancer should focus on removal of this supplement from the cancerous cell.

Genuine eradication of cancer

As described previously by the author in Duplication mitosis in carcinoma (2), the established organoid continuity of cancer depends on duplication mitosis that cannot be converted to a maturation type of mitosis. This unconverted mitosis is based on certain cell conditions that are peculiar to carcinoma and rejects the effect of a maturation factor, which converts the duplication type of mitosis immediately to the maturation type. This cell abnormality must be dependent on the paralysis of a mitotic maturation promoting system (MMPS). In short, therapy aimed at the complete eradication of cancer must focus on this paralysis, rather than on the destruction of the cancerous cell. In the past, this paralysis has been completely neglected, although it does not appear to be an insurmountable subject for study. If this paralysis could be completely recovered, the cancerous cell would lose its duplication mitotic activity and established organoid continuity, thus allowing the genuine eradication of cancer to be achieved in the future.