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Growth, Hemato-Biochemical Parameters, Body Composition, and Myostatin Gene Expression of Clarias gariepinus Fed by Replacing Fishmeal with Plant Protein. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030889. [PMID: 33804728 PMCID: PMC8003991 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The costs of feed ingredients in the aquaculture sector are one of the main problems impacting the success or failure of a business. The key ingredient in aquafeeds and the costliest among them is fish meal (FM). Therefore, great consideration was given to the use of different types of plant protein (PP) meals in aquafeeds (soybean and sunflower meal). In this study, fish were divided into five groups, with each group in triplicate (30 fish/group; 10 fish/replicate). Group 1 was fed the control diet consisting of 15% FM and 41% soybean meal. The other four groups (D1, D2, D3, and D4) were fed experimental diets, where FM was replaced gradually by plant protein sources (33, 50, 66, and 100% soybean meal and sunflower meal) for 60 days. In conclusion, partial or total replacement of FM with a plant protein source (soybean and sunflower meal) showed similar growth performance and body composition with greater economic efficiency. Abstract In this study, we evaluated the consequences of replacement of fishmeal with plant protein sources (soybean and sunflower meal) on fish growth parameters, haemato-biochemical factors, body composition, and myostatin gene expression of Clarias gariepinus. A total of 150 C. gariepinus were organized in glass aquaria into five investigational groups, with each group in triplicate (30 fish/group; 10 fish/replicate). Group 1 was fed a control diet (15% fishmeal). The other groups were fed diets where fishmeal was replaced gradually with plant protein, with 10% fishmeal in the second group (D1), 7.5% fishmeal in the third group (D2), 5% fishmeal in the fourth group (D3), and 0% fishmeal in the fifth group (D4). There were no significant differences regarding growth performances and body composition among the groups, except that the feed conversion ratio was improved in D4. The different diet types did not affect hematologic parameters and blood indices. Serum growth hormone and amylase levels also revealed no significant (p = 0.09 and 0.55, respectively) differences among the groups, while serum lipase levels decreased significantly (p = 0.000) due to partial (D2) or complete (D4) substitution of fishmeal with plant protein. The replacement of fishmeal had no effects on liver (p = 0.51) and kidney functions (p = 0.34). However, D4 showed the best profit and economic efficiency compared to the other groups. Altogether, we concluded that substitution of fishmeal with plant protein sources is economically beneficial and may be without any adverse effects on growth parameters, body composition, or hematologic and biochemical parameters, but with the addition of synthetic amino acids.
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Ogbuewu IP, Mbajiorgu CA. Potential of leaf and seeds of tropical plants in chicken diets: effect on spermatozoa and egg production. Trop Anim Health Prod 2018; 51:267-277. [PMID: 30251210 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-018-1715-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The projected human population growth of 9 billion by the year 2050 has placed greater demand on food security. This calls for an increased supply of foods, especially of animal origin in order to prevent food scarcity in the future. Poultry which would have been a solution to this increased demand for foods of animal origin had suffered from the rising costs of conventional feed ingredients, and this emphasizes the interest to develop local feedstuffs. In view of this, there is increased interest by livestock farmers especially in developing countries to harness the potential of leaf and seeds of tropical browse plants. Data abound that leaf and seed meal of tropical plants are rich in beneficial nutrients and phytochemicals. From previous studies, it can be deduced that leaf and seed meal of tropical browse plants improve chicken performance, but their use in animal feed has been limited owing to constraints imposed by antinutrient factors (ANFs). In this review, the biochemistry of leaf and seed meal of tropical plants, mechanism of actions, methodologies for detoxifying their ANFs, and their effect on chicken reproduction is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- I P Ogbuewu
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, University of South Africa, Florida, Johannesburg, 1710, South Africa.
| | - C A Mbajiorgu
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, University of South Africa, Florida, Johannesburg, 1710, South Africa
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Early nutritional intervention can improve utilisation of vegetable-based diets in diploid and triploid Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Br J Nutr 2017; 118:17-29. [PMID: 28735572 PMCID: PMC5565931 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114517001842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated nutritional programming in Atlantic salmon to improve utilisation of a vegetable-based diet. At first exogenous feeding, fry were fed either a marine-based diet (Diet Mstimulus, 80% fishmeal (FM)/4% fish oil (FO)) or a vegetable-based diet (Diet Vstimulus, 10% FM/0% FO) for 3 weeks. Subsequently, all fish were then fed under the same conditions with a commercial, marine-based, diet for 15 weeks and thereafter challenged with a second V diet (Diet Vchallenge, 10% FM/0% FO) for 6 weeks. Diploid and triploid siblings were run in parallel to examine ploidy effects. Growth performance, feed intake, nutrient utilisation and intestinal morphology were monitored. Fish initially given Diet Vstimulus (V-fish) showed 24 % higher growth rate and 23 % better feed efficiency compared with M-fish when later challenged with Diet Vchallenge. There was no difference in feed intake between nutritional histories, but increased nutrient retentions highlighted the improved utilisation of a V diet in V-fish. There were generally few significant effects of nutritional history or ploidy on enteritis scores in the distal intestine after the challenge phase as only V-triploids showed a significant increase (P<0·05) in total score. The data highlighted that the positive effects were most likely a result of nutritional programming and the ability to respond better when challenged later in life may be attributed to physiological and/or metabolic changes induced by the stimulus. This novel study showed the potential of nutritional programming to improve the use of plant raw material ingredients in feeds for Atlantic salmon.
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Kokou F, Sarropoulou E, Cotou E, Kentouri M, Alexis M, Rigos G. Effects of graded dietary levels of soy protein concentrate supplemented with methionine and phosphate on the immune and antioxidant responses of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 64:111-121. [PMID: 28284854 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The effects of a dietary soy protein concentrate (SPC) as a fish meal (FM) substitute, on selected innate immune responses, the oxidative status, hepatic and intestinal morphology of gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata, were evaluated after a three-month feeding trial. Isonitrogenous (45% crude protein) and isoenergetic (23 kJ/g gross energy) diets with 20% (SPC20), 40% (SPC40) and 60% (SPC60) of SPC inclusion, supplemented with methionine and phosphate, were evaluated against a diet containing FM as the sole protein source. Diets were allocated in triplicate groups of 26-g fish (8 kg m-3/tank) and administered for three months. Immune responses were evaluated by performing immunological assays in blood (respiratory burst activity) and serum (myeloperoxidase content, bacteriolytic and lysozyme activity), as well as by gene expression analysis of immune-associated genes (MHCIIα, β2m, CSF-1R, NCCRP-1, TGF-β1, HSP70) in the head kidney and distal intestine. In addition, oxidative stress was evaluated by measuring the activity of liver enzymes associated with the antioxidant system. The respiratory burst activity of blood was significantly decreased in the SPC40 group, while serum myeloperoxidase content and bacteriolytic and lysozyme activities were affected. Significantly higher expression levels of NCCRP-1 and HSP70 were found in SPC60 head kidneys, while increased intestinal MHCIIα and NCCRP-1 transcripts were observed in SPC40. Hepatic antioxidant enzyme activity of glutathione reductase and glutathione-S-transferase was significantly enhanced in the SPC40 and SPC60 groups, while superoxide dismutase activity was increased only in the SPC40 group. Moreover, increased lipid accumulation in the enterocytes of the distal intestine was observed in the SPC60 group. Overall, a three-month feeding period with diets over 40% of dietary SPC inclusion as a FM substitute, indicated increases on immune and antioxidant enzyme responses, suggesting the dietary SPC levels that gilthead sea bream can tolerate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotini Kokou
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, 71003 Gournes Pediados, Heraklion Crete/16777 Aghios Kosmas Elliniko, Attiki, Greece.
| | - Elena Sarropoulou
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, 71003 Gournes Pediados, Heraklion Crete/16777 Aghios Kosmas Elliniko, Attiki, Greece
| | - Efthimia Cotou
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, 71003 Gournes Pediados, Heraklion Crete/16777 Aghios Kosmas Elliniko, Attiki, Greece
| | - Maroudio Kentouri
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, PO Box 1470, Heraklion, Crete, 71110, Greece
| | - Maria Alexis
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, 71003 Gournes Pediados, Heraklion Crete/16777 Aghios Kosmas Elliniko, Attiki, Greece
| | - George Rigos
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, 71003 Gournes Pediados, Heraklion Crete/16777 Aghios Kosmas Elliniko, Attiki, Greece
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Effects of dietary protein source on growth, immune function, blood chemistry and disease resistance of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) parr. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1017/s1357729800058100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMany studies with fin fish have demonstrated the potential to use alternative dietary protein sources to fish meal based on growth responses, although these trials mostly neglect to determine if such protein sources affect immune function. This study investigated the effect of fish meal replacement with dehulled lupin meal (LPN) or hydrolysed poultry feather meal (FTH). Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) parr were supplied isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets with 40% of the dietary protein provided by LPN or FTH, or 400 g/kg of the dietary protein provided equally by LPN and FTH (MIX). A diet mainly containing fish-meal protein acted as a control (CON). Growth, immune function, blood chemistry and disease resistance were assessed after 56 days. Significant differences (P < 0·05) in weight gain were detected between Atlantic salmon given the CON and FTH diets, whilst those salmon given LPN and MIX did not differ from any other. Productive protein values were significantly lower (P < 0·01) for salmon on FTH compared with those on CON and MIX. Immune function (as assessed by lysozyme, antiprotease, neutrophil oxygen radical production and plasma total immunoglobulin) and blood chemistry (as assessed by plasma total protein and glucose) were not significantly (P > 0·05) affected by any diet. Mortality rates of Atlantic salmon challenged with Vibrio anguillarum were not influenced by diet. These data suggest Atlantic salmon could be supplied diets with the fish meal component reduced to supply approximately 600 g/kg of the total protein, with the remaining 400 g/kg supplied by dehulled lupin meal or a combined dehulled lupin and hydrolysed poultry feather meal without any adverse effects on growth, immune function or blood chemistry.
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Dietary protein source affects the susceptibility to lipid peroxidation of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) muscle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1017/s1357729800058410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis study was designed to explore the effect of protein source on muscle susceptibility to lipid peroxidation in two representative species of fish farmed for human consumption: the freshwater rainbow trout and the seawater European sea bass. Four isoproteic diets (digestible protein in the range 366 to 392 for rainbow trout and 391 to 415 g/kg for European sea bass) were formulated to contain one of the following as the main protein source: fish meal, warm water alcohol-extracted or toasted soya protein concentrates or maize gluten meal. Highest daily growth indices were always achieved using the diets based on fish meal as the main source of protein (P< 0·05). Fish of both species given diets containing maize gluten and the toasted soya protein concentrate showed slowest growth. The depressant growth effect of the vegetable protein concentrates was greater in sea bass than in rainbow trout. Dietary treatment was not correlated with any significant effect on whole-body composition or intramuscular fat content except for ash concentration in European sea bass. Under conditions of forced peroxidation in vitro for 240 min, muscle specimens of trout and sea bass given diets containing fish protein as the main source of protein showed the highest peroxidation levels (P< 0·05); while the lowest peroxidation values were found in fish given maize gluten-containing diets (P< 0·05). In the present case, the partial substitution of fish meal with vegetable proteins in diets led to a lower susceptibility of fish flesh to peroxidation. This finding may have applications in the production of fish of improved quality and longer shelf life.
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Buyukcapar HM, Gunlemez F, Kamalak A. Effect of partially replacing fish meal with honey locust seed (Gleditsia triacanthos) on growth, feed utilisation and body composition of mirror carp,Cyprinus carpio, fingerlings. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2011.607761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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DENG JM, MAI KS, AI QH, ZHANG WB. EFFECTS OF SOYBEAN OLIGOSACCHARIDES ON NUTRITIONAL CHARACTERS OF JAPANESE FLOUNDER ( PARALICHTHYS OLIVACEUS):Ⅱ.DIGESTIBILITY AND DIGESTIVE PHYSIOLOGY. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1035.2009.00369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Drew M, Borgeson T, Thiessen D. A review of processing of feed ingredients to enhance diet digestibility in finfish. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Dias J, Alvarez MJ, Arzel J, Corraze G, Diez A, Bautista JM, Kaushik SJ. Dietary protein source affects lipid metabolism in the European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2005; 142:19-31. [PMID: 16087375 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2005.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2004] [Revised: 07/13/2005] [Accepted: 07/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of dietary protein sources on lipogenesis and fat deposition in a marine teleost, the European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Four isonitrogenous (crude protein (CP, Nx6.25), 44% DM) and isoenergetic (22-23 kJ/g DM) diets were formulated to contain one of the following as the major protein source: fish meal (FM), one of two soy protein concentrates (SPC) and corn gluten meal (CGM). Apparent digestibility coefficients of the diets and raw ingredients, as well as soluble nitrogen (ammonia and urea) and phosphorus excretion were measured. Growth rates of seabass fed plant protein-based diets were significantly lower than those fed fish meal based diet. The protein utilisation was strongly correlated to the dietary essential amino acids index. Measurements of N excretion (ammonia and urea nitrogen) confirmed these data. Daily fat gain at the whole body level ranged between 1.1 to 1.7 g/kg BW, with the highest values being recorded in fish fed the fish meal based diet. Levels of plasma triglycerides and cholesterol were lower in fish fed soy protein diets than in those fed the diet solely based on fish meal. Soy protein rich diets decreased the activities of selected hepatic lipogenic enzymes (glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme, ATP-citrate lysase, acetylcoenzyme A carboxylase and fatty acid synthetase). Highest lipogenic enzyme activities where found in fish fed the fish meal diet, except for fatty acid synthetase which was increased in seabass fed the corn-gluten meal based diets. Overall data suggest that dietary protein sources affects fat deposition and the lipogenic potential in European seabass.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Dias
- UMR Nutrition, Aquaculture and Genomics (NuAGe), INRA, Saint Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
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Bransden MP, Carter CG, Nichols PD. Replacement of fish oil with sunflower oil in feeds for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.): effect on growth performance, tissue fatty acid composition and disease resistance. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2003; 135:611-25. [PMID: 12892753 DOI: 10.1016/s1096-4959(03)00143-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Dietary sunflower oil (SFO) was used to gradually replace fish oil (FO) in six diets (which also contained fish meal) for Atlantic salmon parr (initial mass: 21.7 g). The effect on growth performance, tissue fatty acid profiles and disease resistance was monitored after 63 days. At the conclusion of the trial, no significant differences were detected in growth between any of the feeds. Fatty acid composition of whole carcass, dorsal muscle and liver generally reflected that of the diets. Forty percent of the FO could be replaced by SFO before tissue 22:6n-3 was significantly reduced, although other essential and non-essential fatty acids were more susceptible to change. Significant differences were detected in cumulative mortality of Atlantic salmon challenged with Vibrio anguillarum at the trials conclusion, although this was not correlated to the inclusion level of SFO. Despite the changes observed to the tissue fatty acid profile, there was no significant effect on growth suggesting that SFO is a suitable alternative to FO in diets for Atlantic salmon parr when fish meal is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Bransden
- Marine Research Laboratories, Tasmanian Aquaculture and Fisheries Institute, TAFI-MRL, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.
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Olli JJ, Krogdahi Å. Nutritive Value of Four Soybean Products as Protein Sources in Diets for Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum) Reared in Fresh Water. ACTA AGR SCAND A-AN 1994. [DOI: 10.1080/09064709409410896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Rumsey GL, Siwicki AK, Anderson DP, Bowser PR. Effect of soybean protein on serological response, non-specific defense mechanisms, growth, and protein utilization in rainbow trout. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1994; 41:323-39. [PMID: 7941311 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2427(94)90105-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were fed chemically and immunologically defined diets containing either a low-temperature fish meal or soybean preparations containing high (SBM) or low levels of the globular antigenic proteins glycinin (G) and beta-conglycinin (BC) for 26 weeks. While trout fed both soybean preparations exhibited poorer growth than those fed fish meal, those fed the soya diet with high levels of G and BC showed the most significant growth diminution, elevated feed conversion and impaired utilization of dietary protein. Changes in intestinal morphology were also observed in fish fed the SBM diet, coinciding with the inferior nutritional performance. Several serologic and non-specific immune defense mechanisms were monitored. Cell counts showed increased leukocyte cell numbers as well as increased concentrations of plasma protein and immunoglobulin in the soya-fed fish. Increased neutrophil, monocyte and macrophage activity, as assessed by several oxidative radical production and phagocytic index assays, were higher in the soya-fed fish, possibly indicating an inflammatory or hypersensitivity response. The results of this study suggest that antigenic soya protein affects non-specific defense mechanisms, growth performance, and protein utilization in rainbow trout. Furthermore, it would appear that dietary sensitivity can be overcome by process removal of this immunologically characterized antigen in soybean protein. Serological and immunological assessments appear to be very useful criteria for evaluating various protein sources for fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Rumsey
- Tunison Laboratory of Fish Nutrition, US Fish and Wildlife Service, Cortland, NY 13045-9357
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