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Ylinen V, Pylkkö P, Peura J, Valaja J. Ileal and total tract digestibility and nitrogen utilisation in blue fox ( Vulpes lagopus) fed low-protein diets supplemented with DL-methionine and L-histidine. Arch Anim Nutr 2020; 74:237-255. [PMID: 32159388 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2020.1716655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
To formulate low-protein diets for blue foxes with sufficient amounts of amino acids (AA), AA digestibility and AA requirements of the animals are crucial information. Therefore, a digestibility and nitrogen (N) balance trial was conducted with 20 blue foxes to determine the macronutrient and AA digestibility and N utilisation in low-protein diets supplemented with DL-methionine (Met) and L-histidine (His). In addition, plasma urea and plasma AA were measured. The diets were designated as P24 (control), P20, P20M, P16M and P16MH and contained energy from digestible crude protein (DCP) at 24%, 20% or 16% of total dietary metabolisable energy (ME). The 20% protein level was fed with or without Met and the 16% protein level was fed with Met and with or without His. The apparent total-tract digestibility (ATTD) of crude protein linearly decreased with decreasing dietary protein level. The ATTD of dry matter, organic matter and crude carbohydrates increased when wheat starch was added as a replacement for protein. The apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and ATTD methods were compared to determine the AA digestibility. The decreasing dietary protein supply decreased the ATTD of most of the AA: threonine, tryptophan (Trp), valine, alanine (Ala), aspartic acid (Asp), glutamic acid, glycine (Gly), proline (Pro), serine (Ser) and total AA. The AID of the AA was constant between diets. Diverging AA showed higher or lower digestibility when determined in the AID or ATTD methods. Isoleucine, lysine, Met, Ala and tyrosine showed higher levels of AID. Arginine, His, cysteine (Cys), Trp, Asp, Gly, Pro and Ser showed higher levels of ATTD, which may reflect the net loss of these AA in the large intestine. Met and His supplementation improved the ATTD and AID of the AA in question, respectively, but did not affect the other variables examined. N retention did not differ between diets and renal N excretion decreased with decreasing protein level; thus N utilisation improved. It was concluded that the protein supply and AA composition in low-protein diets with supplemented Met were adequate for adult blue foxes, since the lower protein supply improved N utilisation and did not affect N retention. However, His supplementation failed to reach the designed level and therefore showed no clear results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vappu Ylinen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Jussi Peura
- Finnish Fur Breeders' Association, Vantaa, Finland
| | - Jarmo Valaja
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Black-Box Gastrointestinal Tract-Needs and Prospects of Gaining Insights of Fate of Fat, Protein, and Starch in Case of Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency by Using Fistulated Pigs. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9020150. [PMID: 28212351 PMCID: PMC5331581 DOI: 10.3390/nu9020150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) results in the maldigestion and malabsorption of nutrients. The digestive processes in humans and other monogastric species like rat and pig are characterized by a predominantly enzymatic digestion within the small intestine and microbial fermentation located in the hindgut. For protein, it is doctrine that only prececally absorbed amino acids can be transferred to the amino acid pool of the host, while postileal absorption of nitrogen-containing compounds occurs mainly in the form of ammonia, being a burden rather than a benefit for the organism. The pig is an established animal model for humans to study digestive processes. As digestion is markedly impaired in case of EPI the use of an appropriate animal model to study the effects of this disease and to optimize treatment and dietetic measures is of special interest. By using an animal model of experimentally-induced EPI allowing differentiating between digestive processes in the small as well as in the large intestine by use of ileo-cecal fistulated animals, marked effects of EPI on prececal digestion of starch and protein could be shown. The data indicatethat estimation of digestibility of nutrients over the entire digestive tract results in a distinct overestimation of enzymatic digestion of starch and protein. Therefore, this model clearly shows that protein and starch digestion are significantly reduced in case of EPI although this cannot be detected on a fecal level. As postileal fermentation of starch is associated not only with energy losses but also with intensive gas production, this is of special interest to minimize meteorism and improve wellbeing of patients.
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Álvarez C, Tiwari BK, Rendueles M, Díaz M. Use of response surface methodology to describe the effect of time and temperature on the production of decoloured, antioxidant and functional peptides from porcine haemoglobin by sub-critical water hydrolysis. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2016.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Orcajo J, Marcet I, Paredes B, Díaz M. Egg yolk hydrolysed granules: Characteristics, rheological properties and applications. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Álvarez C, Rendueles M, Díaz M. Alkaline hydrolysis of porcine blood haemoglobin: applications for peptide and amino acid production. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1071/an12148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Alkaline hydrolysis of proteins recovered from slaughterhouse blood is a method to obtain profitable peptides and free amino acids for animal feed, besides decreasing the waste produced by this industry. The current trend to use enzymatic hydrolysis may need reconsidering due to its high cost in materials and the need for control processes that are both complex and expensive. The use of caustic soda (NaOH), which is a low-cost product, to obtain useful peptides from porcine haemoglobin is studied in this paper. Concentrations of 6 M NaOH at 50°C for 24 h afforded an 80% peptide recovery yield with an average peptide size of 13 kDa. Product obtained at 24 h was composed of soluble haemoglobin (7%), peptides larger than 10 kDa (63%), peptides between 6 and 10 kDa (16%), peptides between 1 and 6 kDa (1%), free amino acids (4%) and non-soluble compounds (8%). A kinetic model was subsequently developed. It is proposed that neutralising the alkaline product using acid products allows the processing of a higher amount of protein while employing the same amounts of reagents, although this topic requires further research.
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Alvarez C, Rendueles M, Díaz M. Production of porcine hemoglobin peptides at moderate temperature and medium pressure under a nitrogen stream. Functional and antioxidant properties. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:5636-5643. [PMID: 22524547 DOI: 10.1021/jf300400k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A new hydrolysis method for producing peptides from porcine hemoglobin has been developed. Current processes are based on the use of expensive enzymes or high hydrostatic pressures. In the present study, a cheap and effective process has been assayed to produce peptides from purified porcine hemoglobin. A solution of purified hemoglobin is heated at different temperatures and pressurized at 4 MPa while a stream of nitrogen is injected into the reactor. A total of 82% of initial hemoglobin was transformed into peptides presenting an average size of 3.2 kDa. Some preferential hydrolyzed bonds have been detected. The peptide size distribution was evaluated at different times and temperatures. It has been demonstrated that this technique produces large amounts of peptides possessing good antioxidant properties. Furthermore, functional properties are conserved, and a desirable decrease in color (80%) is achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Alvarez
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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Alvarez C, Rendueles M, Diaz M. The yield of peptides and amino acids following acid hydrolysis of haemoglobin from porcine blood. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2012. [DOI: 10.1071/an11218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Animal blood is the most important waste product from the meat industry due to the huge volumes produced and its pollutant power. Different methods are currently employed to process this by-product, such as drying, incineration or enzymatic hydrolysis. All these techniques are expensive, do not result in revalorisation or are not applicable at an industrial scale. In this paper, chemical hydrolysis is presented as an alternative to recover and increase the value of purified haemoglobin, the most abundant protein in blood. Non-enzymatic hydrolysis of haemoglobin is a good method for obtaining peptides due to its low cost, ease of control and the large amount of peptides produced, as well as being suitable for industrial applications. This paper presents a study of the use of two acids (sulfuric and hydrochloric) for this purpose under different experimental conditions. From the analysis of the kinetics of the hydrolysis process, four fractions can be defined: unbroken haemoglobin, soluble peptides, non-soluble peptides and free amino acids. A kinetic model was developed to simulate the hydrolysis mechanisms, providing a good fit to the experimental results. Both sulfuric and hydrochloric acid at concentrations of 6 M can hydrolyse the haemoglobin completely, but the average peptide size is lower for sulfuric than for hydrochloric acid.
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McWhorter TJ, Caviedes-Vidal E, Karasov WH. The integration of digestion and osmoregulation in the avian gut. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2009; 84:533-65. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.2009.00086.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Nahm KH. Feed formulations to reduce N excretion and ammonia emission from poultry manure. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2007; 98:2282-300. [PMID: 17303412 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2006.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2005] [Revised: 07/31/2006] [Accepted: 07/31/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
This summary focuses on reducing nitrogen (N) and ammonia emissions from poultry manure through the use of improved amino acid digestibilities and enzyme supplementation. Proper feed processing techniques, phase feeding, and the minimization of feed and water waste can contribute to additional minor reductions in these emissions. Reductions in environmental pollution can be achieved through improved diet formulation based on available nutrients in the ingredients, reducing crude protein (CP) levels and adding synthetic amino acids. Use of amino acid and CP digestibilities can reduce N excretion up to 40% and a 25% increase in N digestibility can be achieved with enzyme supplementation in broiler diets. Digestibilities can be measured by two methods: the excreta and ileal amino acid digestibilities. Both methods allow amino acid levels to be reduced by 10% or more. Enzyme supplementation decreases intestinal viscosity, improves metabolizable energy levels, and increases amino acid digestibilities. Many feed manufacturers still use total amino acid content to formulate feeds. To meet amino acid requirements, crystalline amino acids are needed. The use of feather, meat and bone meal must not be overestimated or underestimated and the limiting amino acids such as cystine, tryptophan, and threonine must be carefully analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Nahm
- Feed and Nutrition Laboratory, College of Life and Environmental Science, Taegu University, Gyong San 712-714, South Korea.
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Schøyen HF, Hetland H, Rouvinen-Watt K, Skrede A. Growth Performance and Ileal and Total Tract Amino Acid Digestibility in Broiler Chickens Fed Diets Containing Bacterial Protein Produced on Natural Gas. Poult Sci 2007; 86:87-93. [PMID: 17179420 DOI: 10.1093/ps/86.1.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 180 broiler chickens were fed 1 of 3 diets from day-old to slaughter at 35 d: a control diet with 35% soybean meal (SOY) or diets in which either 6% basic bacterial protein meal (BBP) or 6% autolysed bacterial protein meal (AUT) partially replaced soybean meal protein. Ileal and total tract apparent amino acid digestibility were examined in 5 chickens per diet using TiO(2) as an inert marker. Chickens fed the diets with bacterial protein had higher weight gain and feed consumption than control chicks during the first 3 wk, but there were no differences in growth or feed intake during the last 2 wk or during the total experimental period. The birds fed the BBP diet showed more efficient feed conversion compared with chickens fed the SOY and AUT diets. Litter quality at 5 wk was poorer in pens where the chickens were fed the AUT diet compared with the other 2 treatments. There were no differences among diets in the dressing percentage. Ileal amino acid digestibility at 5 wk of age revealed only minor differences between diets. There was a tendency toward lower ileal digestibility (0.12 > P > 0.07) of Arg, Lys, Met, and Phe in the AUT diet compared with the SOY diet, whereas there were no differences between the SOY and BBP diets. Total tract amino acid digestibilities at 5 wk were similar or slightly lower than the ileal digestibilities within diets. Total tract amino acid digestibility at 2 wk was similar to the total tract amino acid digestibility at 5 wk. The diets containing bacterial protein showed lower total tract digestibility of most amino acids compared with the SOY diet. It was concluded that 6% of either basic or autolysed bacterial protein can replace soybean meal in diets for broiler chickens without impairing growth performance, and the basic bacterial protein seemed to be a slightly better substitute than the autolysed bacterial protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- H F Schøyen
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1432 As, Norway.
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Cowieson A, Acamovic T, Bedford M. Using the precision-feeding bioassay to determine the efficacy of exogenous enzymes—A new perspective. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2005.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Belenguer A, Balcells J, Guada JA, Decoux M, Milne E. Protein recycling in growing rabbits: contribution of microbial lysine to amino acid metabolism. Br J Nutr 2005; 94:763-70. [PMID: 16277780 DOI: 10.1079/bjn20051508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
To study the absorption of microbial lysine in growing rabbits, a labelled diet (supplemented with (15)NH4Cl) was administered to six animals (group ISOT); a control group (CTRL, four rabbits) received a similar, but unlabelled, diet. Diets were administered for 30 d. An additional group of six animals were fed the unlabelled diet for 20 d and then the labelled diet for 10 d while wearing a neck collar to avoid caecotrophy (group COLL), in order to discriminate it from direct intestinal absorption. At day 30 animals were slaughtered and caecal bacteria and liver samples taken. The (15)N enrichment in amino acids of caecal bacteria and liver were determined by GC-combustion/isotope ratio MS. Lysine showed a higher enrichment in caecal microflora (0.925 atom% excess, APE) than liver (0.215 APE) in group ISOT animals, confirming the double origin of body lysine: microbial and dietary. The COLL group showed a much lower enrichment in tissue lysine (0.007 (se 0.0029) APE for liver). Any enrichment in the latter animals was due to direct absorption of microbial lysine along the digestive tract, since recycling of microbial protein (caecotrophy) was avoided. In such conditions liver enrichment was low, indicating a small direct intestinal absorption. From the ratio of [(15)N]lysine enrichment between liver and bacteria the contribution of microbes to body lysine was estimated at 23 %, with 97 % of this arising through caecotrophy. Absorption of microbial lysine through caecotrophy was 119 (se 4.0) mg/d, compared with 406 (se 1.8) mg/d available from the diet. This study confirms the importance of caecotrophy in rabbit nutrition (15 % of total protein intake).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Belenguer
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Miguel Servet 177, Zaragoza 50013, Spain
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FROELICH C, RICKE S. RAPID BACTERIAL-BASED BIOASSAYS FOR QUANTIFYING METHIONINE BIOAVAILABILITY IN ANIMAL FEEDS: A REVIEW. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4581.2005.00001.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Hennig U, Metges CC, Berk A, Tuchscherer A, Kwella M. Relative ileal amino acid flows and microbial counts in intestinal effluents of Goettingen Minipigs and Saddleback pigs are not different1. J Anim Sci 2004; 82:1976-85. [PMID: 15309944 DOI: 10.2527/2004.8271976x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We explored the suitability of Goettingen Minipigs as models to measure ileal AA digestibility and evaluate dietary proteins for conventional pigs. Further, a potential for secondary ileal microbial colonization 5 mo after establishing end-to-end ileorectal anastomosis was investigated. Goettingen Minipigs (BW 18 kg) and Saddleback pigs (BW 27 kg) fitted with end-to-end ileorectal anastomosis were fed six diets based on barley and oilseed meals and three diets based on wheat and milk powder differing in total and ileal digestible lysine. Apparent ileal digestibilities of CP (N x 6.25) and of 20 AA were determined. No differences (P = 0.062 to 0.982) were found in AA apparent ileal digestibilities between breeds. Therefore, Minipigs are a reasonable model to estimate apparent ileal digestibility of AA for evaluation of dietary proteins. However, the apparent ileal digestibility of CP (P = 0.048) was higher in Minipigs than in Saddleback pigs (barley and oilseed meals-based diets 70% vs. 66%; wheat and milk powder-based diets 80% vs. 77%), which is probably due to a smaller contribution of non-AA-nitrogen in the ileal effluent of Goettingen Minipigs. For lysine, the apparent ileal digestibilities (means of both breeds) ranged from 78 to 85% in wheat and milk powder-based, and 70 to 78% in barley and oilseed-based diets. Experimentally derived concentrations of ileally digestible lysine confirmed the values predicted from a published table. Microbial counts were not affected by breed as shown for lactobacilli, with 9.1+/-0.2 and 9.1+/-0.2 (P = 0.977), enterococci with 4.8+/-0.3 and 5.6+/-0.4 (P = 0.162), and yeasts with 4.6+/-0.3 and 4.6+/-0.4 (P = 0.906) log cfu/g effluent for Goettingen Minipigs and Saddleback pigs, respectively. The counts did not change over 5 mo, suggesting that no secondary microbial colonization occurred in pigs with end-to-end ileorectal anastomosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Hennig
- Oskar Kellner Research Unit for Nutritional Physiology, FBN-Research Institute for the Biology of Farm Animals, Dummerstorf, Germany
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Yamka RM, Jamikorn U, True AD, Harmon DL. Evaluation of soyabean meal as a protein source in canine foods. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0377-8401(03)00203-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Yamka RM, Jamikorn U, True AD, Harmon DL. Evaluation of low-ash poultry meal as a protein source in canine foods. J Anim Sci 2003; 81:2279-84. [PMID: 12968703 DOI: 10.2527/2003.8192279x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Eight mature female dogs (18.0 +/- 0.2 kg) were used in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square experiment to determine the feeding value of low-ash poultry meal (PM) in a complete food fed to dogs. All foods contained graded concentrations of PM (10.4 to 32.5% DM), resulting in foods that were 10, 15, 20, and 25% CP. Daily DMI averaged 284 +/- 14 g/d. An increase in PM resulted in an increase in fecal moisture from 44.7 to 55.1% (linear; P < 0.01), and fecal DM output increased from 24.8 to 31.6 g/d (linear; P < 0.05). Ileal DM flow increased from 27.1 to 40.7 g/d (linear; P < 0.01). Small intestinal DM digestibility decreased from 90.4 to 86.1% (linear; P < 0.01) and total-tract DM digestibility decreased from 91.2 to 89.4% (linear; P < 0.01) as PM increased. Large intestinal DM digestibility increased from 8.4 to 21.1% with increasing PM (linear; P < 0.05). Fecal excretion of CP increased from 5.6 to 10.0 g/d (linear; P < 0.01) and ileal flow of CP increased from 6.9 to 15.6 g/d (linear; P < 0.01) as PM increased. Small intestinal CP digestibility was unaffected with treatment (P > 0.05). Large intestinal CP digestibility increased from 21.6 to 37.1% (linear; P < 0.05) with increasing PM. Total-tract CP digestibility increased from 81.0 to 86.6% (linear; P < 0.01) as PM increased. Arginine had the highest overall digestibility ranging from 88.5 to 91.3%, whereas cysteine had the lowest digestibility, ranging from 67.1 to 71.4%. These data indicate that PM is a highly digestible protein source for canine foods with inclusions of 10.4 to 32.5% of DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Yamka
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40546, USA
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Paulicks BR, Roth FX, Kirchgessner M. Effects of potassium diformate (FormiR LHS) in combination with different grains and energy densities in the feed on growth performance of weaned piglets. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2000. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0396.2000.00288.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Mosenthin R, Sauer W, Blank R, Huisman J, Fan M. The concept of digestible amino acids in diet formulation for pigs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-6226(99)00139-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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