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INTERSTRAIN TRANSFER OF THE 2μm DNA PLASMID OFSACCHAROMYCESBY CYTODUCTION. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.1981.tb04022.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Brown AJP, Goodey AR, Tubb RS. RESTRICTION ANALYSIS OF 2 μm DNA FROM DIVERSE STRAINS OF YEAST. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.1982.tb04060.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Forde BG, Leaver CJ. Nuclear and cytoplasmic genes controlling synthesis of variant mitochondrial polypeptides in male-sterile maize. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 77:418-22. [PMID: 16592757 PMCID: PMC348282 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.77.1.418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The polypeptides synthesized in vitro by mitochondria isolated from etiolated maize shoots of a number of different nuclear and cytoplasmic genotypes have been compared by using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. We have previously shown that mitochondria from maize plants carrying the T or C forms of cytoplasmically inherited male sterility (cms-T and cms-C mitochondria) can be distinguished from each other and from the mitochondria of normal (N) plants by the synthesis of a single additional or variant polypeptide species. Using lines that carry the T cytoplasm, and that differ principally in the presence or absence of nuclear "restorer" alleles that suppress the male-sterile phenotype, we find that these nuclear genes specifically suppress synthesis of the 13,000 M(r) variant polypeptide. A 21,000 M(r) polypeptide that is synthesized by N mitochondria is not detectable among the translation products of cms-T mitochondria from either restored or nonrestored lines. Results obtained with a number of lines possessing dominant restorer alleles from different sources indicate that it is the restorer gene at the Rf(1) locus that is primarily responsible for regulating synthesis of the 13,000 M(r) polypeptide. Mitochondria from lines with the S form of cytoplasmic male sterility (cms-S) were found to synthesize a group of minor polypeptides, ranging in molecular weight from 42,000 to 88,000, which were not detected in N, cms-T, or cms-C mitochondria. In the case of the S and C forms of male sterility no differences were found between the translation products of mitochondria from restored and nonrestored lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- B G Forde
- Department of Botany, The King's Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, Scotland
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Giacalone MJ, Sabbadini RA, Chambers AL, Pillai S, McGuire KL. Immune responses elicited by bacterial minicells capable of simultaneous DNA and protein antigen delivery. Vaccine 2006; 24:6009-17. [PMID: 16806602 PMCID: PMC7125846 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.04.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2006] [Revised: 04/14/2006] [Accepted: 04/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent events surrounding emerging infectious diseases, bioterrorism and increasing multidrug antibiotic resistance in bacteria have drastically increased current needs for effective vaccines. Many years of study have shown that live, attenuated pathogens are often more effective at delivering heterologous protein or DNA to induce protective immune responses. However, these vaccine carriers have inherent safety concerns that have limited their development and their use in many patient populations. Studies using nonliving delivery mechanisms have shown that providing both protein antigen and DNA encoding the antigen to an individual induces an improved, more protective immune response but rarely, if ever, are both delivered simultaneously. Here, non-replicating bacterial minicells derived from a commensal E. coli strain are shown to effectively induce antigen-specific immune responses after simultaneous protein and DNA delivery. These data demonstrate the potential use of achromosomal bacterial minicells as a vaccine carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roger A. Sabbadini
- The Molecular Biology Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Biology, Center For Microbial Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Amy L. Chambers
- The Molecular Biology Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sabitha Pillai
- The Molecular Biology Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Kathleen L. McGuire
- The Molecular Biology Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Biology, Center For Microbial Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
- Corresponding author at: Department of Biology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182-4614, USA. Tel.: +1 619 594 7191; fax: +1 619 594 5676.
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Berlani RE, Davis RW, Walbot V. Genomic organization of two families of highly repeated nuclear DNA sequences of maize selected for autonomous replicating activity in yeast. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1988; 11:161-172. [PMID: 24272258 DOI: 10.1007/bf00015668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/1987] [Accepted: 04/25/1988] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Maize nuclear DNA sequences capable of promoting the autonomous replication of plasmids in yeast were isolated by ligating Eco RI-digested fragments into yeast vectors unable to replicate autonomously. Three such autonomously replicating sequences (ARS), representing two families of highly repeated sequences within the maize genome, were isolated and characterized. Each repetitive family shows hybridization patterns on a Southern blot characteristic of a dispersed sequence. Unlike most repetitive sequences in maize, both ARS families have a constant copy number and characteristic genomic hybridization pattern in the inbred lines examined. Larger genome clones with sequence homology to the ARS-containing elements were selected from a lambda library of maize genomic DNA. There was typically only one copy of an ARS-homologous sequence on each 12-15 kb genomic fragment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Berlani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, 94305, Stanford, CA, USA
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Kunze G, Hecker M, Birnbaum D. Molekularbiologische Charakterisierung der Genome vonCandida spec. EH 15,Lodderomyces elongisporus CBS 2605,Pichia guilliermondii SO809 undPichia guilliermondii fp 1–61. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.3630240108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae was transformed with the Escherichia coli ompA gene coding for an outer membrane protein. Yeast transformants containing the pYTU101 plasmid, consisting of the ompA gene cloned in pSC101 and the HindIII-3 fragment of 2-microns DNA, express the foreign membrane protein. The protein synthesized in yeast has an Mr value very similar if not identical to that of the mature E. coli protein. The expressed protein is present in yeast mitochondrial and plasma membrane fractions. The yeast cell can tolerate about 250 molecules of the foreign membrane protein per cell, although the transformants show altered growth kinetics.
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Das S, Hollenberg CP. A high-frequency transformation system for the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis. Curr Genet 1982; 6:123-8. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00435211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/1982] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Hollenberg CP. Cloning with 2-micrometer DNA vectors and the expression of foreign genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1982; 96:119-44. [PMID: 6276088 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-68315-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Sigurdson DC, Gaarder ME, Livingston DM. Characterization of the transmission during cytoductant formation of the 2 micrometers DNA plasmid from Saccharomyces. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1981; 183:59-65. [PMID: 7035822 DOI: 10.1007/bf00270139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The transmission of the yeast 2 micrometers DNA plasmid has been examined in heterokaryons formed between a haploid donor cell containing the plasmid and a haploid recipient cell lacking the plasmid. Strains lacking the plasmid were mated to donor strains and cytoductants, haploid exconjugants arising from heterokaryons, were selected. The cytoductants bearing the genotype of the recipient cells were then tested for the presence of 2 micrometers DNA. The frequency with which the recipient received plasmid copies varied between 0 and 46%. This frequency depended on the recipient strain but was not highly dependent on whether or not the donor strain carried a kar1 mutation. Exceptional cytoductants, which had acquired a chromosome from the mating partner, were examined and found to have a much greater probability of acquiring plasmid DNA than cytoductants in general. This correlation supports the contention that plasmid copies are associated with the nucleus. In one mating the donor strain contained nearly equal amounts of two physically distinct plasmid types. Of the cytoductants bearing the recipient genotype which had acquired the plasmid during mating, most contained only one of the two plasmid types present in the donor. Analysis of this result using a Poisson distribution indicates that the average number of plasmid copies transmitted between nuclei of a heterokaryon is 0.2.
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Ballario P, Buongiorno-Nardelli M, Carnevali F, Di Mauro E, Pedone F. Selective in vitro transcription by purified yeast RNA polymerase II on cloned 2 micron DNA. Nucleic Acids Res 1981; 9:3959-78. [PMID: 7029462 PMCID: PMC327408 DOI: 10.1093/nar/9.16.3959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The in vitro transcription properties of purified yeast RNA polymerase II have been analyzed on prokaryotic plasmids (pBR322 and pBR313) and chimaeric plasmids bearing yeast 2 micron sequences (BTYP 1, BTYH 2 and BTYH 3). Conditions for selective transcription of the 2 micron DNA sequences in chimaeric plasmids have been determined. pBR322 and pBR313 are not transcribed by the purified RNA polymerase II when not bearing eukaryotic inserts. We show that the agarose gel electrophoretic analysis of ternary transcription complexes allows the localization of nascent RNA chains. The RNA produced has been visualized by electron microscopy (nascent RNA hybridization loops) and by gel electrophoretic analysis. All the observed properties are shared by RNA polymerase II purified by a conventional method (1) and by a rapid alternative procedure described herein. The peculiar properties of a partially purified form of RNA polymerase II are reported.
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Abstract
The nucleotide sequence of the yeast DNA plasmid (2 mu circle) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain A364A D5 has been determined. The plasmid contains 6,318 base pairs, including two identical inverted repeats of 599 base pairs. Possible functions are suggested, and attributes of an improved vector for cloning foreign DNAs in yeast are discussed.
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Seligy VL, Thomas DY, Miki BL. Saccharomyces cerevisiae plasmid, Scp or 2 mum: intracellular distribution, stability and nucleosomal-like packaging. Nucleic Acids Res 1980; 8:3371-91. [PMID: 6255414 PMCID: PMC324158 DOI: 10.1093/nar/8.15.3371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell fractions from yeast strains known to harbor the plasmic 2 mum or Scp were treated with nucleases used to probe eukaryotic chromosome structure. Scp and subfragments were identified by hybridization to natural or cloned Scp probes according to Southern (34). Specificity was confirmed with non-Scp probes. Copy/haploid nuclear genome(n) was estimated from reconstructions at a resolution of 0.5/n. About 43-67% of the total cellular copy exists as nucleoprotein complexes which separate from other debris on isokinetic sucrose gradients with s-values of 67-110. These complexes are totally degraded by DNAase I. Digestion with micrococcal nuclease produced integral-sized fragments; they are not generated by direct mixing of pure Scp with nuclear chromatin from a[cir] strain. Initial digests gave a repeat of 168 +/- 3 base pairs (bp) for both Scp and nuclear nucleoprotein; advanced digests reduced the nuclear repeat relative to Scp by 8 bp. Of a potential 37 repeat units/plasmid, 31-32 were directly measured. A strain difference in Scp autodegradation was found. A partial nuclease resistant form was also demonstrated whose abundance was cell strain and growth stage dependent. Both Scp isomers exist in these complexes which are structurally similar to simian viral 40 minichromosomes.
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Saunders GW, Rank GH, Kustermann-Kuhn B, Hollenberg CP. Inheritance of multiple drug resistance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: linkage to leu1 and analyses of 2 micron DNA in partial revertants. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1979; 175:45-52. [PMID: 390306 DOI: 10.1007/bf00267854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The inheritance and phenotype of multiple drug resistance in independent multiple drug resistant mutants, two isolated in this laboratory (GR359 and 2-20), and two (DRI 9/T7 and DRI 9/T8) reported by Guerineau et al. (Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 61,462), was investigated. Comparison of resistance to 12 selected drugs showed that the resistance phenotypes of all mutants were similar, although some differences in levels of resistance of each mutant was observed with certain drugs. Mapping of the resistance loci in GR359 and 2-20 revealed tight linkage of both resistance genes to the centromere linked gene leul. 2 micron DNA was analysed by hybridization of 2 micron RNA to EcoRI fragments of a total DNA extract. Eight partial revertants of 2-20, which had been chosen as having a phenotype similar to the 2 micron DNA deficient [cir degrees] isolate DRI 9/T7, revealed the presence of 2 micron DNA. The lack of detectable 2 micron DNA in DRI 9/T7 was confirmed.
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Royer HD, Hollenberg CP. Mapping of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase binding sites on 2-micrometers DNA from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Heterogeneity within the inverted duplication and evidence for an eukaryotic invertible DNA sequence. Plasmid 1979; 2:403-16. [PMID: 384419 DOI: 10.1016/0147-619x(79)90024-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Broach JR, Atkins JF, McGill C, Chow L. Identification and mapping of the transcriptional and translational products of the yeast plasmid, 2mu circle. Cell 1979; 16:827-39. [PMID: 378400 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(79)90098-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We have identified two major and approximately ten minor poly(A)-containing RNA species in S. cerevisiae which arise from in vivo transcription of the yeast plasmid, known as 2mu circle. The two major species, which are 1325 and 1275 bases in length, are transcribed from the two unique halves of the plasmid and extend into the inverted repeat sequences which separate the unique regions. The map positions of the minor transcripts, which range in length from 350 to 2600 bases, indicate that except for a small region of the genome in which no transcription is observed, both strands of the entire 2mu circle genome are transcribed. We also present evidence demonstrating that RNA transcribed from 2mu circular DNA is used to program the synthesis of specific proteins in yeast: that is, yeast RNA complementary to 2mu circle DNA can be translated in vitro to produce specific polypeptides of substantial size. Finally, the pattern of transcription of 2mu circle suggests the possibility that messenger RNA species are derived by cleavage of larger transcripts, and in addition, that the intramolecular recombination of 2mu circle which occurs in yeast functions as a genetic switch to allow separate expression of two sets of genes on the 2mu circle genome.
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Genetics of Industrial Microorganisms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-040303-5.50008-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Hollenberg CP. Mapping of regions on cloned Saccharomyces cerevisiae 2-mum DNA coding for polypeptides synthesized in Escherichia coli minicells. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1978; 162:23-34. [PMID: 353523 DOI: 10.1007/bf00333847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae 2-mum DNA and some of its restriction fragments were integrated in vector pCR1 ,pBR313 or pBR322 and their expression in Escherichia coli P678-54 minicells was analyzed. 2mum DNA inserted at the EcoRI site of pCR1 or pBR313 and at the PstI site of pBR322 promoted the synthesis of polypeptides of 48,000, 37,000, 35,000 and 19,000 daltons. The DNA regions coding for these polypeptides were mapped on the 2-mum DNA molecule by insertion of single EcoRI or HindIII restriction fragments and comparison of the polypeptides produced. For the synthesis of the 37,000 dalton polypeptide, intact sites RIB and H3 were required. The disappearance of the 37,000 dalton polypeptide on interruption of one of these sites by insertion of the vector, was correlated with the appearance of a polypeptide of 22,000 or 23,500 daltons respectively. The DNA sequence coding for the 37,000 daltons polypeptide, therefore, has to be located in the S-loop region close to or overlapping with the site RIB and H3. Assuming that the 22,000 and the 23,500 dalton polypeptides are truncated forms of the 37,000 dalton polypeptide, the last polypeptide can be exactly mapped. The polypeptide of 48,000 daltons was mapped to that half of the L-loop segment containing the sites H1 and H2. If, however, HindIII fragment H1-H2 was expressed, the 48,000 dalton polypeptide was lost and concomitantly a 43,000 dalton polypeptide appeared. We assume that this polypeptide results from early termination of the polypeptide of 48,000 daltons. The 35,000 and 9,000 dalton polypeptides were mapped to the S-loop region. The integrated inverted repeat sequence of yeast 2-mum Dna did not induce any detectable insert-specific polypeptide synthesis.
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Meagher RB. The development of a molecular cloning system in higher plants. BASIC LIFE SCIENCES 1977; 9:129-58. [PMID: 336022 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-0880-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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