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Tamano K, Takayama H. Double knockout of two target genes via genome co-editing using a nitrate transporter gene nrtA and a putative thiamine transporter gene thiI as selectable markers in Aspergillus oryzae. J Biosci Bioeng 2024; 138:36-43. [PMID: 38653596 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2024.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Genome co-editing technology is effective in breeding filamentous fungi for applications in the fermentation industry, achieving site-directed mutagenesis, the status of non-genetically modified organisms (non-GMOs), and wild-type-like growth phenotype. Prior to this study, thiI gene was found as a selectable marker for such genome co-editing in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae, while it cannot be reused via marker recycling. Therefore, we aimed to identify another marker gene to knock out another target gene via genome co-editing in A. oryzae. In this study, we focused on the membrane transporter gene nrtA (AO090012000623), which promotes uptake of nitrate (NO3-). It is known that, in nrtA knockout strain, chlorate (ClO3-), an analog of nitrate with antifungal activity, cannot be imported into the cytosol, which enables the mutant to grow in the presence of chlorate. Based on this information, knockout of the target gene wA was attempted using both nrtA- and wA-specific single-guide RNAs via genome co-editing with KClO3 supplementation in A. oryzae laboratory strain RIB40 and industrial strain KBN616. Resultantly, wA knockout mutant was generated, and nrtA was identified as a selectable marker. Moreover, this genome co-editing system using nrtA was compatible with that using thiI, and thus, a double knockout mutant of two target genes wA and yA was constructed in RIB40 while maintaining non-GMO status and wild-type-like growth. As nrtA homologs have been found in several industrial Aspergillus species, genome co-editing using homolog genes as selectable markers is plausible, which would contribute to the widespread breeding of industrial strains of Aspergilli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Tamano
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-17-2-1 Tsukisamu-Higashi, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-8517, Japan; AIST-Waseda University Computational Bio Big-Data Open Innovation Laboratory (CBBD-OIL), AIST, 5-20, Building 63, Nishi-Waseda Campus, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan.
| | - Haruka Takayama
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-17-2-1 Tsukisamu-Higashi, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-8517, Japan
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Yoshioka I, Kirimura K. Rapid and marker-free gene replacement in citric acid-producing Aspergillus tubingensis (A. niger) WU-2223L by the CRISPR/Cas9 system-based genome editing technique using DNA fragments encoding sgRNAs. J Biosci Bioeng 2021; 131:579-588. [PMID: 33612423 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2021.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Strains belonging to Aspergillus section Nigri, including Aspergillus niger, are used for industrial production of citric acid from carbohydrates such as molasses and starch. The objective of this study was to construct the genome editing system that could enable rapid and efficient gene replacement in citric acid-producing fungi for genetic breeding. Using the citric acid-hyperproducer A. tubingensis (formerly A. niger) WU-2223L as a model strain, we developed a CRISPR/Cas9 system-based genome editing technique involving co-transformation of Cas9 and the DNA fragment encoding single guide RNA (sgRNA). Using this system, ATP-sulfurylase gene (sC) knock-out strain derived from WU-2223L was generated; the knock-out efficiency was 29 transformants when 5 μg Cas9 was added to 5 × 105 protoplasts. In the gene replacement method based on this system, a DNA fragment encoding sgRNAs that target both the gene of interest and marker gene was used, and replacement of nitrate reductase gene (niaD) using sC gene as a marker gene was attempted. More than 90% of the sC-knock-out transformants exhibited replaced niaD, indicating efficient gene replacement. Moreover, one-step marker rescue of the sC marker gene was accomplished by excising the knock-in donor via intramolecular homologous recombination, enabling marker-free genome editing and drastically shortening the gene replacement period by circumventing the transformation procedure to recover the sC gene. Thus, we succeeded in constructing a CRISPR/Cas9 system-based rapid and marker-free gene replacement system for the citric acid-hyperproducer strain WU-2223L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isato Yoshioka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Kohtaro Kirimura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan.
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Construction and characterization of the GFAT gene as a novel selection marker in Aspergillus nidulans. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:7951-7962. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9185-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Poyedinok NL, Blume YB. Advances, Problems, and Prospects of Genetic Transformation of Fungi. CYTOL GENET+ 2018. [DOI: 10.3103/s009545271802007x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kojo T, Kadooka C, Komohara M, Onitsuka S, Tanimura M, Muroi Y, Kurazono S, Shiraishi Y, Oda K, Iwashita K, Onoue M, Okutsu K, Yoshizaki Y, Takamine K, Futagami T, Mori K, Tamaki H. Characterization of amylolytic enzyme overproducing mutant of Aspergillus luchuensis obtained by ion beam mutagenesis. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2017; 63:339-346. [PMID: 29046501 DOI: 10.2323/jgam.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus luchuensis is a kuro (black) koji fungus that has been used as a starch degrader for the awamori- and shochu-making industries in Japan. In this study, we investigated the effect of ion beam irradiation on A. luchuensis RIB2601 and obtained a high starch-degrading mutant strain U1. Strain U1 showed reduced growth rate, whereas it showed higher α-amylase, glucoamylase, and α-glucosidase activities on a mycelial mass basis than the wild type (wt) strain both on agar plates and in rice koji. In addition, strain U1 showed higher N-acetylglucosamine content in the cell wall and higher sensitivity to calcofluor white, suggesting a deficiency in cell wall composition. Interestingly, produced protein showed higher expression of acid-labile α-amylase (AmyA) and glucoamylase (GlaA) in strain U1, although real-time RT-PCR indicated no significant change in the transcription of the amyA or glaA gene. These results suggested that the high amylolytic activity of strain U1 is attributable to a high AmyA and GlaA production level, but the elevated production is not due to transcriptional regulation of the corresponding genes. Furthermore, RNA-seq analysis indicated that strain U1 shows transcriptional changes in at least 604 genes related to oxidation-reduction, transport, and glucosamine-containing compound metabolic processes, which may be involved in the deficient cell wall composition of strain U1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Kojo
- Education and Research Centre for Fermentation Studies, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University
| | - Chihiro Kadooka
- Education and Research Centre for Fermentation Studies, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University
| | - Marisa Komohara
- Education and Research Centre for Fermentation Studies, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University
| | - Shiori Onitsuka
- Education and Research Centre for Fermentation Studies, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University
| | - Miya Tanimura
- Education and Research Centre for Fermentation Studies, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University
| | - Yukiko Muroi
- Education and Research Centre for Fermentation Studies, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University
| | - Shugo Kurazono
- Education and Research Centre for Fermentation Studies, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University
| | - Yohei Shiraishi
- Education and Research Centre for Fermentation Studies, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University.,Bio'c, Co., Ltd
| | - Ken Oda
- National Research Institute of Brewing
| | | | - Masahira Onoue
- Natural Science Centre for Research and Education, Kagoshima University
| | - Kayu Okutsu
- Education and Research Centre for Fermentation Studies, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University
| | - Yumiko Yoshizaki
- Education and Research Centre for Fermentation Studies, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University
| | - Kazunori Takamine
- Education and Research Centre for Fermentation Studies, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University
| | - Taiki Futagami
- Education and Research Centre for Fermentation Studies, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University
| | - Kazuki Mori
- Computational Bio-Big Data Open Innovation Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
| | - Hisanori Tamaki
- Education and Research Centre for Fermentation Studies, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University
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Fiedler MRM, Gensheimer T, Kubisch C, Meyer V. HisB as novel selection marker for gene targeting approaches in Aspergillus niger. BMC Microbiol 2017; 17:57. [PMID: 28274204 PMCID: PMC5343542 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-017-0960-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background For Aspergillus niger, a broad set of auxotrophic and dominant resistance markers is available. However, only few offer targeted modification of a gene of interest into or at a genomic locus of choice, which hampers functional genomics studies. We thus aimed to extend the available set by generating a histidine auxotrophic strain with a characterized hisB locus for targeted gene integration and deletion in A. niger. Results A histidine-auxotrophic strain was established via disruption of the A. niger hisB gene by using the counterselectable pyrG marker. After curing, a hisB-, pyrG- strain was obtained, which served as recipient strain for further studies. We show here that both hisB orthologs from A. nidulans and A. niger can be used to reestablish histidine prototrophy in this recipient strain. Whereas the hisB gene from A. nidulans was suitable for efficient gene targeting at different loci in A. niger, the hisB gene from A. niger allowed efficient integration of a Tet-on driven luciferase reporter construct at the endogenous non-functional hisB locus. Subsequent analysis of the luciferase activity revealed that the hisB locus is tight under non-inducing conditions and allows even higher luciferase expression levels compared to the pyrG integration locus. Conclusion Taken together, we provide here an alternative selection marker for A. niger, hisB, which allows efficient homologous integration rates as well as high expression levels which compare favorably to the well-established pyrG selection marker. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-017-0960-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus R M Fiedler
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tarek Gensheimer
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christin Kubisch
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vera Meyer
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355, Berlin, Germany.
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Detailed analysis of targeted gene mutations caused by the Platinum-Fungal TALENs in Aspergillus oryzae RIB40 strain and a ligD disruptant. J Biosci Bioeng 2017; 123:287-293. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Kadooka C, Onitsuka S, Uzawa M, Tashiro S, Kajiwara Y, Takashita H, Okutsu K, Yoshizaki Y, Takamine K, Goto M, Tamaki H, Futagami T. Marker recycling system using the sC gene in the white koji mold, Aspergillus luchuensis mut. kawachii. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2016; 62:160-3. [PMID: 27211832 DOI: 10.2323/jgam.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Kadooka
- Education and Research Center for Fermentation Studies, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University
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Increases in Gene-Targeting Frequencies Due to Disruption ofkueAas aku80Homolog in Citric Acid-ProducingAspergillus niger. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 75:1594-6. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.110015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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12
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Toyoshima Y, Takahashi A, Tanaka H, Watanabe J, Mogi Y, Yamazaki T, Hamada R, Iwashita K, Satoh K, Narumi I. Lethal and mutagenic effects of ion beams and γ-rays in Aspergillus oryzae. Mutat Res 2012; 740:43-49. [PMID: 23280012 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus oryzae is a fungus that is used widely in traditional Japanese fermentation industries. In this study, the lethal and mutagenic effects of different linear energy transfer (LET) radiation in freeze-dried conidia of A. oryzae were investigated. The lethal effect, which was evaluated by a 90% lethal dose, was dependent on the LET value of the ionizing radiation. The most lethal ionizing radiation among that tested was (12)C(5+) ion beams with an LET of 121keV/μm. The (12)C(5+) ion beams had a 3.6-times higher lethal effect than low-LET (0.2keV/μm) γ-rays. The mutagenic effect was evaluated by the frequency of selenate resistant mutants. (12)C(6+) ion beams with an LET of 86keV/μm were the most effective in inducing selenate resistance. The mutant frequency following exposure to (12)C(6+) ion beams increased with an increase in dose and reached 3.47×10(-3) at 700Gy. In the dose range from 0 to 700Gy, (12)C(5+) ion beams were the second most effective in inducing selenate resistance, the mutant frequency of which reached a maximum peak (1.67×10(-3)) at 400Gy. To elucidate the characteristics of mutation induced by ionizing radiation, mutations in the sulphate permease gene (sB) and ATP sulfurylase gene (sC) loci, the loss of function of which results in a selenate resistant phenotype, were compared between (12)C(5+) ion beams and γ-rays. We detected all types of transversions and transitions. For frameshifts, the frequency of a +1 frameshift was the highest in all cases. Although the incidence of deletions >2bp was generally low, deletions >20bp were characteristic for (12)C(5+) ion beams. γ-rays had a tendency to generate mutants carrying a multitude of mutations in the same locus. Both forms of radiation also induced genome-wide large-scale mutations including chromosome rearrangements and large deletions. These results provide new basic insights into the mutation breeding of A. oryzae using ionizing radiation.
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Modified Cre-loxP recombination in Aspergillus oryzae by direct introduction of Cre recombinase for marker gene rescue. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:4126-33. [PMID: 22504800 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00080-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Marker rescue is an important molecular technique that enables sequential gene deletions. The Cre-loxP recombination system has been used for marker gene rescue in various organisms, including aspergilli. However, this system requires many time-consuming steps, including construction of a Cre expression plasmid, introduction of the plasmid, and Cre expression in the transformant. To circumvent this laborious process, we investigated a method wherein Cre could be directly introduced into Aspergillus oryzae protoplasts on carrier DNA such as a fragment or plasmid. In this study, we define the carrier DNA (Cre carrier) as a carrier for the Cre enzyme. A mixture of commercial Cre and nucleic acids (e.g., pUG6 plasmid) was introduced into A. oryzae protoplasts using a modified protoplast-polyethylene glycol method, resulting in the deletion of a selectable marker gene flanked by loxP sites. By using this method, we readily constructed a marker gene-rescued strain lacking ligD to optimize homologous recombination. Furthermore, we succeeded in integrative recombination at a loxP site in A. oryzae. Thus, we developed a simple method to use the Cre-loxP recombination system in A. oryzae by direct introduction of Cre into protoplasts using DNA as a carrier for the enzyme.
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Highly efficient biodiesel production by a whole-cell biocatalyst employing a system with high lipase expression in Aspergillus oryzae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 90:1171-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3186-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Simonics T, Maráz A. Cloning of the ATP sulphurylase gene of Schizosaccharomyces pombe by functional complementation. Can J Microbiol 2008; 54:71-4. [PMID: 18388974 DOI: 10.1139/w07-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The ATP sulphurylase gene of Schizosaccharomyces pombe has been cloned by complementation of cysteine auxotrophy of a selenate-resistant mutant, which supposedly had a defect in ATP sulphurylase. A sulphate nonutilizing (cysteine auxotrophic) and selenate-resistant mutant of S. pombe was transformed with a wild-type S. pombe genomic library and sulphate-utilizing clones were isolated. The open reading frame encoding the ATP sulphurylase enzyme was found to be responsible for the restoration of sulphate assimilation. Transformants became as sensitive for selenate as the wild-type strain and produced a comparable amount of ATP sulphurylase as the prototrophic strains. The cloned ATP sulphurylase gene (sua1) proved to be an efficient selection marker in an ARS vector, when different isogenic or nonisogenic S. pombe selenate-resistant mutants were used as cloning hosts. Complementation of sua1- mutations by sua1-bearing multicopy vectors functions as a useful dual positive and negative selection marker. The cloned sua1 gene also complemented the met3 (ATP sulphurylase deficient) mutation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Simonics
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Science, Corvinus University of Budapest, Somloi ut 14-16, Budapest H-1118, Hungary
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Amey RC, Athey-Pollard A, Mills PR, Foster GD, Bailey A. Investigations into the taxonomy of the mushroom pathogen Verticillium fungicola and its relatives based on sequence analysis of nitrate reductase and ITS regions. Microbiology (Reading) 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261707060161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Oestreicher N, Ribard C, Scazzocchio C. The nadA gene of Aspergillus nidulans, encoding adenine deaminase, is subject to a unique regulatory pattern. Fungal Genet Biol 2007; 45:760-75. [PMID: 18055231 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2007.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2007] [Revised: 10/22/2007] [Accepted: 10/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The adenine deaminase of A. nidulans, encoded by nadA, can be considered both as a catabolic and a purine salvage enzyme. We show that its transcriptional regulation reflects this double metabolic role. As all other genes involved in purine utilisation it is induced by uric acid, and this induction is mediated by the UaY transcription factor. However, it is also independently and synergistically induced by adenosine by a UaY-independent mechanism. At variance with all other enzymes of purine catabolism it is not repressed but induced by ammonium. This is at least partly due to the ammonium responsive GATA factor, AreA, acting in the nadA promoter as a competitor rather than in synergy with UaY. The adB gene, encoding adenylo-succinate synthetase, which can be considered both a biosynthetic and a salvage pathway enzyme, shares with nadA both ammonium and adenosine induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Oestreicher
- Université Paris XI, CNRS UMR8621, Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, Bâtiment 409, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France.
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Ichinomiya M, Ohta A, Horiuchi H. Expression of asexual developmental regulator gene abaA is affected in the double mutants of classes I and II chitin synthase genes, chsC and chsA, of Aspergillus nidulans. Curr Genet 2005; 48:171-83. [PMID: 16082523 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-005-0004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2005] [Revised: 05/31/2005] [Accepted: 06/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The chsA and chsC encode classes II and I chitin synthases, respectively, of the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans. The DeltachsA DeltachsC double mutants (DeltaAC mutants) show defects in asexual development: a striking reduction in the number of conidiophores and aberrant conidiophore morphology. Here, we examined the involvement of regulatory genes for asexual development (brlA, abaA, and medA) in the conidiation defects of the DeltaAC mutants. Spatial expression patterns of brlA, abaA, and medA in conidiophores of the wild-type strains and DeltaAC mutants were examined by in-situ staining using a reporter gene; expression of either gene was detected at abnormal sterigmata in the DeltaAC mutants as well as at normal ones in the wild-type strain. However, abaA expression was not prominent at a subset of conidiophores developing long chains of aberrant sterigmata, suggesting that induction of the abaA expression was retarded in the DeltaAC mutants. Based on these results and those previously presented, possible mechanisms involved in the conidiation defects are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Ichinomiya
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8657 Tokyo, Japan
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Varadarajalu LP, Punekar NS. Cloning and use of sC as homologous marker for Aspergillus niger transformation. J Microbiol Methods 2005; 61:219-24. [PMID: 15722148 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2004.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2004] [Revised: 11/25/2004] [Accepted: 11/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The sC sequence from Aspergillus niger was cloned and developed into a homologous marker system for genetic transformation. The coding region of the sC gene amplified by PCR from the A. niger genome was provided with Aspergillus nidulans expression signals (gpdA promoter and trpC terminator). This chimeric construct was used to successfully transform a spontaneous sC- isolate of A. niger to prototrophy. The transformants analyzed by Southern analysis showed integration of multiple copies of the transforming DNA. They also exhibited much higher ATP sulfurylase activity than the wild-type A. niger strain reinforcing the molecular data. This demonstrates the usefulness of the sCniger construct, driven by PgpdA, as a marker for A. niger transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi P Varadarajalu
- Biotechnology Group, School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, India
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Bánszky L, Simonics T, Maráz A. Sulphate metabolism of selenate-resistant Schizosaccharomyces pombe mutants. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2004; 49:271-8. [PMID: 14723223 DOI: 10.2323/jgam.49.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Selenate-resistant mutants were obtained from several strains of Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The obtained mutants all belonged to the same genetic complementation group. They were low in sulphate uptake activity and in ATP sulphurylase activity. They grew on medium containing sulphite, thiosulphate, cysteine or glutathione but not methionine as the sole source of sulphur. From these results, the mutants were concluded to carry mutations in the ATP sulphurylase gene. Inability of the mutants to utilize methionine as a sulphur source is rationalized by the absence of the reverse transsulphurylation pathway in this organism; wild type strains must utilize methionine as a sulphur source after it is degraded to give rise to sulphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Bánszky
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Science, Budapest Corvinus University, H-1118 Budapest, Somlói ut 14-16, Hungary
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Li Destri Nicosia MG, Brocard-Masson C, Demais S, Hua Van A, Daboussi MJ, Scazzocchio C. Heterologous transposition in Aspergillus nidulans. Mol Microbiol 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2001.02323.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Ribard C, Rochet M, Labedan B, Daignan-Fornier B, Alzari P, Scazzocchio C, Oestreicher N. Sub-families of alpha/beta barrel enzymes: a new adenine deaminase family. J Mol Biol 2004; 334:1117-31. [PMID: 14643670 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2003.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
No gene coding for an adenine deaminase has been described in eukaryotes. However, physiological and genetical evidence indicates that adenine deaminases are present in the ascomycetes. We have cloned and characterised the genes coding for the adenine deaminases of Aspergillus nidulans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The A.nidulans gene was expressed in Escherichia coli and the purified enzyme shows adenine but not adenosine deaminase activity. The open reading frames coded by the three genes are very similar and obviously related to the bacterial and eukaryotic adenosine deaminases rather than to the bacterial adenine deaminases. The latter are related to allantoinases, ureases and dihydroorotases. The fungal adenine deaminases and the homologous adenosine deaminases differ in a number of residues, some of these being clearly involved in substrate specificity. Other prokaryotic enzymes in the database, while clearly related to the above, do not fit into either sub-class, and may even have a different specificity. These results imply that adenine deaminases have appeared twice in the course of evolution, from different ancestral enzymes constructed both around the alpha/beta barrel scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carin Ribard
- Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, CNRS UMR 8621, Bâtiment 409, Université Paris XI, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
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23
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Abstract
Infections with mold pathogens have emerged as an increasing risk faced by patients under sustained immunosuppression. Species of the Aspergillus family account for most of these infections, and in particular Aspergillus fumigatus may be regarded as the most important airborne pathogenic fungus. The improvement in transplant medicine and the therapy of hematological malignancies is often complicated by the threat of invasive aspergillosis. Specific diagnostic methods are still limited as are the possibilities of therapeutic intervention, leading to the disappointing fact that invasive aspergillosis is still associated with a high mortality rate that ranges from 30% to 90%. In recent years considerable progress has been made in understanding the genetics of A. fumigatus, and molecular techniques for the manipulation of the fungus have been developed. Molecular genetics offers not only approaches for the detailed characterization of gene products that appear to be key components of the infection process but also selection strategies that combine classical genetics and molecular biology to identify virulence determinants of A. fumigatus. Moreover, these methods have a major impact on the development of novel strategies leading to the identification of antimycotic drugs. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the biology, molecular genetics, and genomics of A. fumigatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel A Brakhage
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 50, Germany.
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24
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Simonics T, Bánszky L, Maráz A. Genetics of sulphate assimilation in Schizosaccharomyces pombe (a short review). Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 2003; 49:279-83. [PMID: 12109159 DOI: 10.1556/amicr.49.2002.2-3.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Sulphur plays an important role in yeasts, especially in the biosynthesis of methionine and cysteine. The inorganic sulphur source, sulphate, is taken up by the cells via the sulphate-permease(s). After its transport, it is activated and subsequently reduced to sulphide or serves as a donor for sulphurylation reactions. Selenate anion (SeO4(2-)), which has the same metabolic pathway as sulphate, is toxic for the cells of Schizosaccharomyces pombe. We isolated selenate resistant mutants which cannot utilize sulphate, therefore they need organic sulphur source for growth. One of the selenate resistant mutants was successively transformed with S. pombe genomic libraries and the gene complementing the selenate resistance was identified as that of coding for the ATP-sulphurylase enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Simonics
- Szent István University, Faculty of Food Science, Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Somlói út 14-16, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ruiz-Díez
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid, Spain.
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26
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Flipphi M, Mathieu M, Cirpus I, Panozzo C, Felenbok B. Regulation of the aldehyde dehydrogenase gene (aldA) and its role in the control of the coinducer level necessary for induction of the ethanol utilization pathway in Aspergillus nidulans. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:6950-8. [PMID: 11102439 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m005769200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of the structural genes for alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenase, alcA and aldA, respectively, enables the fungus Aspergillus nidulans to grow on ethanol. The pathway-specific transcriptional activator AlcR mediates the induction of ethanol catabolism in the presence of a coinducing compound. Ethanol catabolism is further subject to negative control mediated by the general carbon catabolite repressor CreA. Here we show that, in contrast to alcA and alcR, the aldA gene is not directly subject to CreA repression. A single cis-acting element mediates AlcR activation of aldA. Furthermore, we show that the induction of the alc gene system is linked to in situ aldehyde dehydrogenase activity. In aldA loss-of-function mutants, the alc genes are induced under normally noninducing conditions. This pseudo-constitutive expression correlates with the nature of the mutations, suggesting that this feature is caused by an intracellular accumulation of a coinducing compound. Conversely, constitutive overexpression of aldA results in suppression of induction in the presence of ethanol. This shows unambiguously that acetaldehyde is the sole physiological inducer of ethanol catabolism. We hypothesize that the intracellular acetaldehyde concentration is the critical factor governing the induction of the alc gene system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Flipphi
- Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, CNRS UMR 8621, Université Paris-Sud XI, Centre Universitaire d'Orsay, Bâtiment 409, F-91405 Orsay Cedex, France
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27
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Pokorska A, Drevet C, Scazzocchio C. The analysis of the transcriptional activator PrnA reveals a tripartite nuclear localisation sequence. J Mol Biol 2000; 298:585-96. [PMID: 10788322 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.2000.3666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear localisation signals (NLSs) have been classified as either mono- or bipartite. Genetic analysis and GFP fusions show that the NLS of a Zn-binuclear cluster transcriptional activator of Aspergillus nidulans (PrnA) is tripartite. This NLS comprises two amino-terminal basic sequences and the first basic sequence of the Zn-cluster. Neither the two amino-terminal basic sequences nor the paradigmatic nucleoplasmin bipartite NLS drive our construction to the nucleus. Cryosensitive mutations in the second basic sequence are suppressed by mutations that restore the basicity of the domain. The integrity of the Zn-cluster is not necessary for nuclear localisation. A tandem repetition of the two basic amino-terminal sequences results in a strong NLS. Complete nuclear localisation is observed when the whole DNA-binding domain, including the putative dimerisation element, is included in the construction. At variance with what is seen with tandem NLSs, all fluorescence here is intra-nuclear. This suggests that retention and nuclear entry are functionally different. With the whole PrnA protein, we observe localisation, retention and also a striking sub-localisation within the nucleus. Nuclear localisation and sub-localisation are constitutive (not dependent on proline induction). In contrast with what has been observed by others in A. nidulans, none of our constructions are delocalised during mitosis. This is the first analysis of the NLS of a Zn-binuclear cluster protein and the first characterisation of a tripartite NLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pokorska
- Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, UMR CNRS C8621, Université Paris-Sud, F-91405, France
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28
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Iwashita K, Nagahara T, Kimura H, Takano M, Shimoi H, Ito K. The bglA gene of Aspergillus kawachii encodes both extracellular and cell wall-bound beta-glucosidases. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999; 65:5546-53. [PMID: 10584016 PMCID: PMC91756 DOI: 10.1128/aem.65.12.5546-5553.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We cloned the genomic DNA and cDNA of bglA, which encodes beta-glucosidase in Aspergillus kawachii, based on a partial amino acid sequence of purified cell wall-bound beta-glucosidase CB-1. The nucleotide sequence of the cloned bglA gene revealed a 2,933-bp open reading frame with six introns that encodes an 860-amino-acid protein. Based on the deduced amino acid sequence, we concluded that the bglA gene encodes cell wall-bound beta-glucosidase CB-1. The amino acid sequence exhibited high levels of homology with the amino acid sequences of fungal beta-glucosidases classified in subfamily B. We expressed the bglA cDNA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and detected the recombinant beta-glucosidase in the periplasm fraction of the recombinant yeast. A. kawachii can produce two extracellular beta-glucosidases (EX-1 and EX-2) in addition to the cell wall-bound beta-glucosidase. A. kawachii in which the bglA gene was disrupted produced none of the three beta-glucosidases, as determined by enzyme assays and a Western blot analysis. Thus, we concluded that the bglA gene encodes both extracellular and cell wall-bound beta-glucosidases in A. kawachii.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Iwashita
- National Research Institute of Brewing, 7-3-1, Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan.
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29
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30
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Borges-Walmsley MI, Turner G, Bailey AM, Brown J, Lehmbeck J, Clausen IG. Isolation and characterisation of genes for sulphate activation and reduction in Aspergillus nidulans: implications for evolution of an allosteric control region by gene duplication. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1995; 247:423-9. [PMID: 7770049 DOI: 10.1007/bf00293143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A region of the Aspergillus nidulans genome carrying the sA and sC genes, encoding PAPS reductase and ATP sulphurylase, respectively, was isolated by transformation of an sA mutant with a cosmid library. The genes were subcloned and their functions confirmed by retransformation and complementation of A. nidulans strains carrying sA and sC mutations. The physical distance of 2 kb between the genes corresponds to a genetic distance of 1 cM. While the deduced amino acid sequence of the sA gene product shows homology with the equivalent MET16 gene product of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the sC gene product resembles the equivalent MET3 yeast gene product at the N-terminal end, but differs markedly from it at the C-terminal end, showing homology to the APS kinases of several microorganisms. It is proposed that this C-terminal region does not encode a functional APS kinase, but is responsible for allosteric regulation by PAPS of the sulphate assimilation pathway in A. nidulans, and that the ATP sulphurylase encoding-gene (sC) of filamentous ascomycetes may have evolved from a bifunctional gene similar to the nodQ gene of Rhizobium meliloti.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Borges-Walmsley
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Krebs Institute for Biomolecular Research, University of Sheffield, UK
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31
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Glatigny A, Scazzocchio C. Cloning and molecular characterization of hxA, the gene coding for the xanthine dehydrogenase (purine hydroxylase I) of Aspergillus nidulans. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:3534-50. [PMID: 7876088 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.8.3534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We have cloned and sequenced the hxA gene coding for the xanthine dehydrogenase (purine hydroxylase I) of Aspergillus nidulans. The gene codes for a polypeptide of 1363 amino acids. The sequencing of a nonsense mutation, hxA5, proves formally that the clones isolated correspond to the hxA gene. The gene sequence is interrupted by three introns. Similarity searches reveal two iron-sulfur centers and a NAD/FAD-binding domain and have enabled a consensus sequence to be determined for the molybdenum cofactor-binding domain. The A. nidulans sequence is a useful outclass for the other known sequences, which are all from metazoans. In particular, it gives added significance to the missense mutations sequenced in Drosophila melanogaster and leads to the conclusion that while one of the recently sequenced human genes codes for a xanthine dehydrogenase, the other one must code for a different molybdenum-containing hydroxylase, possibly an aldehyde oxidase. The transcription of the hxA gene is induced by the uric acid analogue 2-thiouric acid and repressed by ammonium. Induction necessitates the product of the uaY regulatory gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Glatigny
- Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, Unité Associtée au CNRS 1354, Université Paris-Sud, Centre d'Orsay, France
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32
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Oestreicher N, Sealy-Lewis HM, Scazzocchio C. Characterisation, cloning and integrative properties of the gene encoding urate oxidase in Aspergillus nidulans. Gene 1993; 132:185-92. [PMID: 8224862 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(93)90194-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A number of mutations have been obtained which define the structural gene (uaZ) coding for urate oxidase in linkage group I of Aspergillus nidulans. This gene has been cloned by transformation of a uaZ- null mutant. A chromosome I/VIII translocation which splits the gene has been defined both genetically and physically. All known mutations are contained in a 1-kb fragment, itself contained in the probe which recognizes a 1.2-kb inducible message. Plasmids carrying uaZ show a strict bias towards homologous recombination in transformation experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Oestreicher
- Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, Unité Associée au CNRS 1354, Université Paris-Sud, Centre d'Orsay, France
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33
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34
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Finkelstein DB, Soliday CL, Crawford MS, Rambosek J, McAda PC, Leach J. Improvements in fungal product synthesis by recombinant DNA technology. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1991; 646:202-6. [PMID: 1809190 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb18578.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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35
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Calmels T, Parriche M, Durand H, Tiraby G. High efficiency transformation of Tolypocladium geodes conidiospores to phleomycin resistance. Curr Genet 1991; 20:309-14. [PMID: 1934136 DOI: 10.1007/bf00318520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A convenient and efficient transformation system has been developed for the filamentous fungus Tolypocladium geodes. In contrast to most of the commonly described techniques requiring prior preparation of protoplasts or spheroplasts, this method leads to high efficiency transformation of T. geodes conidiospores following moderate lytic enzyme treatment. Competent cells so obtained are still resistant to osmotic pressure and can be stored frozen without loss of viability. The highest transformation frequency (3-5 x 10(3) transformants per microgram of DNA) was obtained with plasmid pUT737 containing the Sh ble gene conferring phleomycin resistance under the control of a strong promoter isolated from Trichoderma reesei. Southern hybridization revealed multiple integration sites of plasmid DNA into the T. geodes nuclear DNA despite the absence of homology between the transforming DNA and the recipient genome. Instability could not be detected for the phleomycin phenotype during more than five generations of mitotic growth under non-selective conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Calmels
- Laboratoires CAYLA, Toulouse, France
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