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Liao C, Wang Q, An J, Zhang M, Chen J, Li X, Xiao L, Wang J, Long Q, Liu J, Guan X. SPINKs in Tumors: Potential Therapeutic Targets. Front Oncol 2022; 12:833741. [PMID: 35223512 PMCID: PMC8873584 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.833741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The serine protease inhibitor Kazal type (SPINK) family includes SPINK1-14 and is the largest branch in the serine protease inhibitor family. SPINKs play an important role in pancreatic physiology and disease, sperm maturation and capacitation, Nager syndrome, inflammation and the skin barrier. Evidence shows that the unregulated expression of SPINK1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 13 is closely related to human tumors. Different SPINKs exhibit various regulatory modes in different tumors and can be used as tumor prognostic markers. This article reviews the role of SPINK1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 13 in different human cancer processes and helps to identify new cancer treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Liao
- Department of Orthodontics II, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Oral Disease Research Key Laboratory of Guizhou Tertiary Institution, School of Stomatology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Oral Disease Research Key Laboratory of Guizhou Tertiary Institution, School of Stomatology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Microbial Resources and Drug Development Key Laboratory of Guizhou Tertiary Institution, Life Sciences Institute, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jiaxing An
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Minglin Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Baiyun Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Xiaolan Li
- Oral Disease Research Key Laboratory of Guizhou Tertiary Institution, School of Stomatology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Microbial Resources and Drug Development Key Laboratory of Guizhou Tertiary Institution, Life Sciences Institute, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Linlin Xiao
- Department of Orthodontics II, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Oral Disease Research Key Laboratory of Guizhou Tertiary Institution, School of Stomatology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jiajia Wang
- Department of Orthodontics II, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Qian Long
- Department of Orthodontics II, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Oral Disease Research Key Laboratory of Guizhou Tertiary Institution, School of Stomatology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- *Correspondence: Qian Long, ; Xiaoyan Guan, ; Jianguo Liu,
| | - Jianguo Liu
- Department of Orthodontics II, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Oral Disease Research Key Laboratory of Guizhou Tertiary Institution, School of Stomatology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- *Correspondence: Qian Long, ; Xiaoyan Guan, ; Jianguo Liu,
| | - Xiaoyan Guan
- Department of Orthodontics II, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Oral Disease Research Key Laboratory of Guizhou Tertiary Institution, School of Stomatology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- *Correspondence: Qian Long, ; Xiaoyan Guan, ; Jianguo Liu,
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Targeting an autocrine IL-6-SPINK1 signaling axis to suppress metastatic spread in ovarian clear cell carcinoma. Oncogene 2020; 39:6606-6618. [PMID: 32929152 PMCID: PMC7572712 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-01451-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A major clinical challenge of ovarian cancer is the development of
malignant ascites accompanied by widespread peritoneal metastasis. In ovarian
clear cell carcinoma (OCCC), a challenging subtype of ovarian cancer, this
problem is compounded by near-universal primary chemoresistance; patients with
advanced stage OCCC thus lack effective therapies and face extremely poor
survival rates. Here we show that tumor cell expressed serine protease inhibitor
Kazal type 1 (SPINK1) is a key driver of OCCC progression and metastasis. Using
cell culture models of human OCCC, we find that shRNA silencing of SPINK1
sensitizes tumor cells to anoikis and inhibits proliferation. Knockdown of
SPINK1 in OCCC cells also profoundly suppresses peritoneal metastasis in mouse
implantation models of human OCCC. We next identify a novel autocrine signaling
axis in OCCC cells whereby tumor cell-produced interleukin-6 (IL-6) regulates
SPINK1 expression to stimulate a common protumorigenic gene expression pattern
leading to anoikis resistance and proliferation of OCCC cells. We further
demonstrate that this signaling pathway can be successfully interrupted with the
IL-6Rα inhibitor tocilizumab, sensitizing cells to anoikis in
vitro and reducing metastasis in vivo. These
results suggest that clinical trials of IL-6 pathway inhibitors in OCCC may be
warranted, and that SPINK1 might offer a candidate predictive biomarker in this
population.
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Räsänen K, Lehtinen E, Nokelainen K, Kuopio T, Hautala L, Itkonen O, Stenman UH, Koistinen H. Interleukin-6 increases expression of serine protease inhibitor Kazal type 1 through STAT3 in colorectal adenocarcinoma. Mol Carcinog 2015; 55:2010-2023. [PMID: 26663388 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation promotes colorectal cancer (CRC) tumorigenesis, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are still being uncovered. Proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) stimulates survival signaling in CRC; inflammatory signals also regulate production and activity of proteases and their inhibitors. Over-expression of serine protease inhibitor Kazal type 1 (SPINK1) predicts an unfavorable outcome in colon cancer. The SPINK1 gene contains an IL-6 responsive element, suggesting it could act as an acute phase reactant. We assessed the connection between IL-6 and SPINK1, and the function and mechanism of this signaling. Our results show that Colo205 and HT-29 cells express and secrete SPINK1, and both fibroblast-derived and recombinant IL-6 further increased the SPINK1 levels. Concurrently CRC cells augmented the IL-6 production in fibroblasts. In CRC tissues cancer cells were positive for SPINK1, whereas IL-6 was found in stromal cells. In Colo205 cells IL-6 also stimulated the secretion of trypsin-1 and -2, the key targets of SPINK1 protease inhibition, whereas in HT-29 cells trypsin-1 and -2 levels remained constantly low. Functionally, both IL-6 and SPINK1 increased the motility of the CRC cells. Mechanistically, IL-6 activated the canonical STAT3 pathway and inhibition of STAT3 phosphorylation decreased the levels of SPINK1, trypsin-1 and -2. Taken together, our results indicate a novel link between inflammatory signals originating from the tumor microenvironment and increased SPINK1 levels. This finding has potential therapeutic implications for targeted therapy, as it confirms that SPINK1 acts as an acute phase reactant and that it participates in the paracrine crosstalk with the tumor microenvironment of colon cancer. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kati Räsänen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elina Lehtinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kristiina Nokelainen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teijo Kuopio
- Department of Pathology, Central Finland Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Laura Hautala
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Outi Itkonen
- HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ulf-Håkan Stenman
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannu Koistinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Räsänen K, Itkonen O, Koistinen H, Stenman UH. Emerging Roles of SPINK1 in Cancer. Clin Chem 2015; 62:449-57. [PMID: 26656134 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2015.241513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor-associated trypsin inhibitor (TATI) was originally isolated from the urine of a patient with ovarian cancer. It was later shown to be produced by many other tumors and several normal tissues. It had earlier been isolated from the pancreas and was hence called pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor (PSTI). It belongs to a family of protease inhibitors presently called serine peptidase inhibitor Kazal type (SPINK). In the SPINK family TATI/PSTI is SPINK1, which is the name used in this review. CONTENT In addition to being a protease inhibitor, SPINK1 also acts as an acute-phase reactant and a growth factor. Furthermore, it has been shown to modulate apoptosis. Overexpression of SPINK1 predicts an unfavorable outcome in several cancers and determination of SPINK1 in serum can be used to identify patients at increased risk of aggressive disease. Thus serum SPINK1 can be used as a prognostic tumor marker. Because SPINK1 acts as a growth factor and an inhibitor of apoptosis in some cancers, it has also been suggested that it can be a therapeutic target in cancer. However, because SPINK1 is the major physiological inhibitor of trypsin, inhibition of SPINK1 may increase the risk of pancreatitis. SUMMARY Taking into account the many functions of SPINK1, assessing the role of SPINK1 in cancer has several potentially important clinical applications ranging from a biomarker to a potential new target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kati Räsänen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Outi Itkonen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Finland, Laboratory Division (HUSLAB), Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannu Koistinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ulf-Håkan Stenman
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Finland, Laboratory Division (HUSLAB), Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
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Ida S, Ozaki N, Araki K, Hirashima K, Zaitsu Y, Taki K, Sakamoto Y, Miyamoto Y, Oki E, Morita M, Watanabe M, Maehara Y, Yamamura KI, Baba H, Ohmuraya M. SPINK1 Status in Colorectal Cancer, Impact on Proliferation, and Role in Colitis-Associated Cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2015; 13:1130-8. [PMID: 25804623 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-14-0581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Colorectal cancer is a major cause of deaths due to cancer; therefore, research into its etiology is urgently needed. Although it is clear that chronic inflammation is a risk factor for colorectal cancer, the details remain uncertain. Serine protease inhibitor, Kazal type 1 (SPINK1) is mainly produced in pancreatic acinar cells. However, SPINK1 is expressed in various cancers and in inflammatory states, such as colon cancer and inflammatory bowel disease. There are structural similarities between SPINK1 and epidermal growth factor (EGF). Hence, it was hypothesized that SPINK1 functions as a growth factor for tissue repair in inflammatory states, and if prolonged, acts as a promoter for cell proliferation in cancerous tissues. Here, immunohistochemical staining for SPINK1 was observed in a high percentage of colorectal cancer patient specimens and SPINK1 induced proliferation of human colon cancer cell lines. To clarify its role in colon cancer in vivo, a mouse model exposed to the colon carcinogen azoxymethane and nongenotoxic carcinogen dextran sodium sulfate revealed that Spink3 (mouse homolog of SPINK1) is overexpressed in cancerous tissues. In Spink3 heterozygous mice, tumor multiplicity and tumor volume were significantly decreased compared with wild-type mice. These results suggest that SPINK1/Spink3 stimulates the proliferation of colon cancer cells and is involved in colorectal cancer progression. IMPLICATIONS Evidence suggests that SPINK1 is an important growth factor that connects chronic inflammation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Ida
- Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan. Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Ozaki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kimi Araki
- Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kotaro Hirashima
- Department of Digestive and General Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yoko Zaitsu
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Katsunobu Taki
- Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan. Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yasuo Sakamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yuji Miyamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Eiji Oki
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masaru Morita
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masayuki Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Maehara
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Yamamura
- Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hideo Baba
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masaki Ohmuraya
- Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
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Sakata K, Ohmuraya M, Araki K, Suzuki C, Ida S, Hashimoto D, Wang J, Uchiyama Y, Baba H, Yamamura KI. Generation and analysis of serine protease inhibitor kazal type 3-cre driver mice. Exp Anim 2014; 63:45-53. [PMID: 24521862 PMCID: PMC4160937 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.63.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Serine protease inhibitor Kazal type 1 (SPINK1; mouse homologue Spink3) was initially discovered as a trypsin-specific inhibitor in the pancreas. However, previous studies have suggested that SPINK1/Spink3 is expressed in a wide range of normal tissues and tumors, although precise characterization of its gene expression has not been described in adulthood. To further analyze Spink3 expression, we generated two mouse lines in which either lacZ or Cre recombinase genes were inserted into the Spink3 locus by Cre-loxP technology. In Spink3(lacZ) mice, β-galactosidase activity was found in acinar cells of the pancreas and kidney, as well as epithelial cells of the bronchus in the lung, but not in the gastrointestinal tract or liver. Spink3(cre) knock-in mice were crossed with Rosa26 reporter (R26R) mice to monitor Spink3 promoter activity. In Spink3(cre);R26R mice, β-galactosidase activity was found in acinar cells of the pancreas, kidney, lung, and a small proportion of cells in the gastrointestinal tract and liver. These data suggest that Spink3 is widely expressed in endoderm-derived tissues, and that Spink3(cre) knock-in mice are a useful tool for establishment of a conditional knockout mice to analyze Spink3 function not only in normal tissues, but also in tumors that express SPINK1/Spink3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Sakata
- Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
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7
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Itkonen O, Stenman UH. TATI as a biomarker. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 431:260-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Marshall A, Lukk M, Kutter C, Davies S, Alexander G, Odom DT. Global gene expression profiling reveals SPINK1 as a potential hepatocellular carcinoma marker. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59459. [PMID: 23527199 PMCID: PMC3601070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver cirrhosis is the most important risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) but the role of liver disease aetiology in cancer development remains under-explored. We investigated global gene expression profiles from HCC arising in different liver diseases to test whether HCC development is driven by expression of common or different genes, which could provide new diagnostic markers or therapeutic targets. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Global gene expression profiling was performed for 4 normal (control) livers as well as 8 background liver and 7 HCC from 3 patients with hereditary haemochromatosis (HH) undergoing surgery. In order to investigate different disease phenotypes causing HCC, the data were compared with public microarray repositories for gene expression in normal liver, hepatitis C virus (HCV) cirrhosis, HCV-related HCC (HCV-HCC), hepatitis B virus (HBV) cirrhosis and HBV-related HCC (HBV-HCC). Principal component analysis and differential gene expression analysis were carried out using R Bioconductor. Liver disease-specific and shared gene lists were created and genes identified as highly expressed in hereditary haemochromatosis HCC (HH-HCC) were validated using quantitative RT-PCR. Selected genes were investigated further using immunohistochemistry in 86 HCC arising in liver disorders with varied aetiology. Using a 2-fold cut-off, 9 genes were highly expressed in all HCC, 11 in HH-HCC, 270 in HBV-HCC and 9 in HCV-HCC. Six genes identified by microarray as highly expressed in HH-HCC were confirmed by RT qPCR. Serine peptidase inhibitor, Kazal type 1 (SPINK1) mRNA was very highly expressed in HH-HCC (median fold change 2291, p = 0.0072) and was detected by immunohistochemistry in 91% of HH-HCC, 0% of HH-related cirrhotic or dysplastic nodules and 79% of mixed-aetiology HCC. CONCLUSION HCC, arising from diverse backgrounds, uniformly over-express a small set of genes. SPINK1, a secretory trypsin inhibitor, demonstrated potential as a diagnostic HCC marker and should be evaluated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aileen Marshall
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Histopathology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Margus Lukk
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Kutter
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Davies
- Department of Histopathology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme Alexander
- Cambridge Hepatobiliary Unit, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan T. Odom
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Biomedical Campus, Hutchison-MRC Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Stenman UH. Role of the tumor-associated trypsin inhibitor SPINK1 in cancer development. Asian J Androl 2011; 13:628-9. [PMID: 21602832 DOI: 10.1038/aja.2011.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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10
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Wang GP, Xu CS. Pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor: More than a trypsin inhibitor. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2010; 1:85-90. [PMID: 21607145 PMCID: PMC3097947 DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v1.i2.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Revised: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Kazal-type serine protease inhibitor is one of the most important and widely distributed protease inhibitor families. Pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor (PSTI), also known as serine protease inhibitor Kazal type I(SPINK1), binds rapidly to trypsin, inhibits its activity and is likely to protect the pancreas from prematurely activated trypsinogen. Therefore, it is an important factor in the onset of pancreatitis. Recent studies found that PSTI/SPINK1 is also involved in self-regulation of acinar cell phagocytosis, proliferation and growth of a variety of cell lines. In addition, it takes part in the response to inflammatory factor or injury and is highly related to adult type II citrullinemia.
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11
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Stenman UH. Re: Periprostatic Adipose Tissue as a Modulator of Prostate Cancer Aggressiveness. Eur Urol 2010; 57:541-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2009.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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12
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Hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus replication upregulates serine protease inhibitor Kazal, resulting in cellular resistance to serine protease-dependent apoptosis. J Virol 2009; 84:907-17. [PMID: 19864383 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01249-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV and HCV, respectively) are different and distinct viruses, but there are striking similarities in their disease potential. Infection by either virus can cause chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and ultimately, liver cancer, despite the fact that no pathogenetic mechanisms are known which are shared by the two viruses. Our recent studies have suggested that replication of either of these viruses upregulates a cellular protein called serine protease inhibitor Kazal (SPIK). Furthermore, the data have shown that cells containing HBV and HCV are more resistant to serine protease-dependent apoptotic death. Since our previous studies have shown that SPIK is an inhibitor of serine protease-dependent apoptosis, it is hypothesized that the upregulation of SPIK caused by HBV and HCV replication leads to cell resistance to apoptosis. The evasion of apoptotic death by infected cells results in persistent viral replication and constant liver inflammation, which leads to gradual accumulation of genetic changes and eventual development of cancer. These findings suggest a possibility by which HBV and HCV, two very different viruses, can share a common mechanism in provoking liver disease and cancer.
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13
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Lu X, Lamontagne J, Lu F, Block TM. Tumor-associated protein SPIK/TATI suppresses serine protease dependent cell apoptosis. Apoptosis 2008; 13:483-94. [PMID: 18347987 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-008-0193-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Serine protease dependent cell apoptosis (SPDCA) is a recently described caspase independent innate apoptotic pathway. It differs from the traditional caspase dependent apoptotic pathway in that serine proteases, not caspases, are critical to the apoptotic process. The mechanism of SPDCA is still unclear and further investigation is needed to determine any role it may play in maintaining cellular homeostasis and development of disease. The current knowledge about this pathway is limited only to the inhibitory effects of some serine protease inhibitors. Synthetic agents such as pefabloc, AEBSF and TPCK can inhibit this apoptotic process in cultured cells. There is little known, however, about biologically active agents available in the cell which can inhibit SPDCA. Here, we show that over-expression of a cellular protein called serine protease inhibitor Kazal (SPIK/TATI/PSTI) results in a significant decrease in cell susceptibility to SPDCA, suggesting that SPIK is an apoptosis inhibitor suppressing this pathway of apoptosis. Previous work has associated SPIK and cancer development, indicating that this finding will help to open the doorway for further study on the mechanism of SPDCA and the role it may play in cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanyong Lu
- Drexel Institute for Biotechnology and Virology Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA.
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14
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Autocrine induction of invasion and metastasis by tumor-associated trypsin inhibitor in human colon cancer cells. Oncogene 2008; 27:4024-33. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2008.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Paju A, Stenman UH. Biochemistry and clinical role of trypsinogens and pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2006; 43:103-42. [PMID: 16517420 DOI: 10.1080/10408360500523852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Trypsinogens and PSTI/TATI/SPINK1 are expressed, usually together, at high levels by the pancreas but also by many other normal and malignant tissues. The present review describes studies on the expression and putative functions of trypsinogens and PSTI/TATI/SPINK1 in the human body. The clinical aspects are discussed, including the correlations between expression of trypsinogens and PSTI/TATI/SPINK1 in tissues, serum, and urine of patients with pancreatitis or cancer and clinicopathological characteristics, i.e., the roles of trypsinogens and PSTI/TATI/SPINK1 in spontaneous and hereditary pancreatitis, tumor progression, and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annukka Paju
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- B Grimbacher
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Hugstetterstrasse 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
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Hedström J, Haglund C, Leinonen J, Nordling S, Stenman UH. Trypsinogen-1, -2 and tumour-associated trypsin-inhibitor in bile and biliary tract tissues from patients with biliary tract diseases and pancreatic carcinomas. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2001; 61:111-8. [PMID: 11347977 DOI: 10.1080/00365510151097584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The bile concentrations of trypsinogen-1, -2 and tumour-associated trypsin-inhibitor (TATI) were determined in 23 patients with benign biliary tract disease, two with biliary tract cancer, and in 15 with pancreatic cancer. We also examined the trypsinogen and TATI expression by immunohistochemistry in tissue specimens from biliary tract cancer and non-neoplastic extrahepatic biliary tract. High levels of trypsinogen-1, trypsinogen-2, and TATI occur in bile of most patients. In contrast to the trypsinogens, the levels of TATI were significantly higher in patients with malignant disease than in those with benign diseases (p=0.04). There was no significant correlation between trypsinogen-2 and amylase (r=0.13, p=0.40), indicating that the occurrence of trypsinogen in bile is not a result of reflux of pancreatic fluid into the bile duct. Immunohistochemically, trypsinogen-2 was detected in five and TATI in 12 out of 15 non-neoplastic biliary tract specimens, and in four and seven out of 11 cholangiocarcinomas, respectively. High concentrations of trypsinogen-1, trypsinogen-2 and TATI occur in the bile of patients with non-neoplastic and malignant biliary tract disease and in patients with pancreatic cancer. At least part of the trypsinogen-2 and TATI found in bile appears to be derived from the biliary epithelium itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hedström
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Sprecher E, Chavanas S, DiGiovanna JJ, Amin S, Nielsen K, Prendiville JS, Silverman R, Esterly NB, Spraker MK, Guelig E, de Luna ML, Williams ML, Buehler B, Siegfried EC, Van Maldergem L, Pfendner E, Bale SJ, Uitto J, Hovnanian A, Richard G. The spectrum of pathogenic mutations in SPINK5 in 19 families with Netherton syndrome: implications for mutation detection and first case of prenatal diagnosis. J Invest Dermatol 2001; 117:179-87. [PMID: 11511292 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2001.01389.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The Comèl-Netherton syndrome is an autosomal recessive multisystemic disorder characterized by localized or generalized congenital ichthyosis, hair shaft abnormalities, immune deficiency, and markedly elevated IgE levels. Life-threatening complications during infancy include temperature and electrolyte imbalance, recurrent infections, and failure to thrive. To study the clinical presentations of the Comèl-Netherton syndrome and its molecular cause, we ascertained 19 unrelated families of various ethnic backgrounds. Results of initial linkage studies mapped the Comèl-Netherton syndrome in 12 multiplex families to a 12 cM interval on 5q32, thus confirming genetic homogeneity of Comèl-Netherton syndrome across families of different origins. The Comèl-Netherton syndrome region harbors the SPINK5 gene, which encodes a multidomain serine protease inhibitor (LEKTI) predominantly expressed in epithelial and lymphoid tissues. Recently, recessive mutations in SPINK5 were identified in several Comèl-Netherton syndrome patients from consanguineous families. We used heteroduplex analysis followed by direct DNA sequencing to screen all 33 exons and flanking intronic sequences of SPINK5 in the affected individuals of our cohort. Mutation analysis revealed 17 distinct mutations, 15 of which were novel, segregating in 14 Comèl-Netherton syndrome families. The nucleotide changes included four non-sense mutations, eight small deletions or insertions leading to frameshift, and five splice site defects, all of which are expected to result in premature terminated or altered translation of SPINK5. Almost half of the mutations clustered between exons 2 and 8, including two recurrent mutations. Genotype-phenotype correlations suggested that homozygous nucleotide changes resulting in early truncation of LEKT1 are associated with a severe phenotype. For the first time, we used molecular data to perform prenatal testing, thus demonstrating the feasibility of molecular diagnosis in the Comèl-Netherton syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sprecher
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology and Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
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Yasuda T, Yasuda T, Ohmachi Y, Katsuki M, Yokoyama M, Murata A, Monden M, Matsubara K. Identification of novel pancreas-specific regulatory sequences in the promoter region of human pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor gene. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:34413-21. [PMID: 9852108 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.51.34413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The human pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor (PSTI) genes introduced into mice are specifically expressed in pancreas. The 1.0 kilobase pairs of PSTI 5'-flanking sequence directed preferential expression of a linked reporter chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, which was active in a PSTI-expressing pancreatic cell line (AR42j) but not in a PSTI-nonexpressing fibroblast cell line (XC). Two positively acting elements were found, Region I (-161/-116) and Region II (-103/-74), as defined by transfection and binding assays with AR42j cells. Region II is sufficient for the pancreas-specific expression, but the presence of both Regions I and II is needed for the maximum activity. Sequence studies also revealed that these two elements differ from the previously identified recognition sequence for pancreas transcription factor 1 (PTF1). When the same set of experiments was done with XC cells, one negatively acting element was identified, Region IV (-154/-137). Interestingly, Regions I and IV share a core sequence (-149/-139), CAATCAATAAC. These results suggest that this novel element regulates the human PSTI gene expression positively in pancreatic cells but negatively in nonpancreatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yasuda
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Kobayashi K, Nakata M, Terazono H, Shinsato T, Saheki T. Pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor gene is highly expressed in the liver of adult-onset type II citrullinemia. FEBS Lett 1995; 372:69-73. [PMID: 7556646 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(95)00948-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Deficiency of argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS) causes citrullinemia. Type II citrullinemia is found in most patients with adult-onset citrullinemia in Japan, and ASS is deficient specifically in the liver. Previous studies have shown that the decrease of hepatic ASS activity is caused by a decrease in enzyme protein with normal kinetic properties and that there are no apparent abnormalities in the amount, translational activity, and nucleotide sequence of hepatic ASS mRNA. Recent results of homozygosity testing indicate that the primary defect of type II citrullinemia is not within the ASS gene locus. In this present work, to understand the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of type II citrullinemia, we have characterized the alterations of gene expression in the liver of type II patients using the recently developed mRNA differential display method. Some cDNA bands expressed differently in type II citrullinemia patients and control were selected, cloned, and sequenced. Nucleotide sequence analysis and homology searching revealed an interesting clone which has 99% homology with the human pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor (hPSTI). Northern blot and RT-PCR analyses showed that the expression of hPSTI mRNA increased significantly in the liver of all type II patients tested. Furthermore, the concentration of hPSTI protein was found to be higher in the liver of type II citrullinemia than in control. These results suggest that hPSTI may be related to the primary defect of type II citrullinemia and may be useful as a diagnostic marker, although the detailed mechanism of the high expression of hPSTI mRNA in type II liver is not yet known.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kobayashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Japan
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Ohmachi Y, Murata A, Matsuura N, Yasuda T, Uda K, Mori T. Overexpression of pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor in pancreatic cancer. Evaluation of its biological function as a growth factor. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PANCREATOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF PANCREATOLOGY 1994; 15:65-73. [PMID: 8195643 DOI: 10.1007/bf02924389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Four clones of pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor (PSTI)-overexpressing cells (TF-PANC clones 1, 6, 8, and 36) were established to evaluate the physiological function of PSTI secreted by cancer cells, by means of introducing a PSTI-expression vector (pRSV-PSTI) into the human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell line (PANC-1). No obvious changes were observed in the histological features of these transplanted tumors in nude mice, in the growth of TF-PANC and PANC-1, or that of 3T3 fibroblasts when cocultured with them. Addition of recombinant human PSTI to the cultured media resulted in no increase in proliferation of fibroblasts (3T3 and WI-38) or of four pancreatic cancer cell lines (PANC-1, CAPAN-I, MIAPaCa-2, and Hs766T). These results suggest that the estimation of tumor-bearing PSTI as a paracrine or autocrine growth factor in recent studies should be given careful consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ohmachi
- Department of Surgery II, Osaka University Medical School, Japan
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