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Amiriantz S, Hoummady S, Jarousse E, Roudeix S, Philippon T. Investigating the Bactericidal Activity of an Ocular Solution Containing EDTA, Tris, and Polysorbate 80 and Its Impact on the In Vitro Efficacy of Neomycin Sulfate against Staphylococcus aureus: A Preliminary Study. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:611. [PMID: 39061293 PMCID: PMC11273460 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13070611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In the current context of emerging and spreading antimicrobial resistance in human and animal infections, new strategies need to be developed to improve the efficacy of commonly prescribed antibiotics and preserve more critical compounds for multi-drug-resistant infections. This preliminary study aimed at evaluating the benefits of an eye cleaning solution containing 0.1% EDTA, 0.02% Tris, and 0.1% Polysorbate 80 in veterinary ophthalmology. A first in vitro study was performed to assess the bactericidal activity of the test solution against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. A second in vitro study evaluated the impact of the test solution on the antimicrobial activity of neomycin against Staphylococcus aureus. The test solution alone did not show bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The test solution seemed to increase the activity of Neomycin Sulfate against Staphylococcus aureus. These findings warrant further research to better characterize the impact on the bactericidal activity of antimicrobials used in veterinary ocular surface infections of the solution containing 0.1% EDTA, 0.02% Tris, and 0.1% Polysorbate 80 as well as of each individual ingredient for a thorough understanding of how this test solution could provide a new strategy to address the growing antimicrobial resistance issue worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Amiriantz
- Dômes Pharma, ZA Champ Lamet, 3 Rue André Citroën, 63430 Pont-du-Château, France
| | - Sara Hoummady
- Dômes Pharma, ZA Champ Lamet, 3 Rue André Citroën, 63430 Pont-du-Château, France
- Transformations et Agro-Ressources, ULR 7519, Institut Polytechnique Unilasalle—Collège Vétérinaire, Université d’Artois, 76130 Mont Saint Aignan, France
| | - Elodie Jarousse
- Groupe Icare, Biopôle Limagne, 6 Rue Emile Duclaux, 63360 Saint Beauzire, France
| | - Séverine Roudeix
- Groupe Icare, Biopôle Limagne, 6 Rue Emile Duclaux, 63360 Saint Beauzire, France
| | - Thomas Philippon
- Dômes Pharma, ZA Champ Lamet, 3 Rue André Citroën, 63430 Pont-du-Château, France
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Edenhart S, Denneler M, Spohn M, Doskocil E, Kavšček M, Amon T, Kosec G, Smole J, Bardl B, Biermann M, Roth M, Wohlleben W, Stegmann E. Metabolic engineering of Amycolatopsis japonicum for optimized production of [S,S]-EDDS, a biodegradable chelator. Metab Eng 2020; 60:148-156. [PMID: 32302770 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The actinomycete Amycolatopsis japonicum is the producer of the chelating compound [S,S]-ethylenediamine-disuccinc acid (EDDS). [S,S]-EDDS is an isomer of ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid (EDTA), an economically important chelating compound that suffers from an extremely poor degradability. Frequent use of the persistent EDTA in various industrial and domestic applications has caused an accumulation of EDTA in soil as well as in aqueous environments. As a consequence, EDTA is the highest concentrated anthropogenic compound present in water reservoirs. The [S,S]-form of EDDS has chelating properties similar to EDTA, however, in contrast to EDTA it is readily biodegradable. In order to compete with the cost-effective chemical synthesis of EDTA, we aimed to optimize the biotechnological production of [S,S]-EDDS in A. japonicum by using metabolic engineering approaches. Firstly, we integrated several copies of the [S,S]-EDDS biosynthetic genes into the chromosome of A. japonicum and replaced the native zinc responsive promoter with the strong synthetic constitutive promoter SP44*. Secondly, we increased the supply of O-phospho-serine, the direct precursor of [S,S]-EDDS. The combination of these approaches together with the optimized fermentation process led to a significant improvement in [S,S]-EDDS up to 9.8 g/L with a production rate of 4.3 mg/h/g DCW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Edenhart
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tuebingen, Microbiology/Biotechnology, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Marius Denneler
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tuebingen, Microbiology/Biotechnology, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Marius Spohn
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tuebingen, Microbiology/Biotechnology, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Eva Doskocil
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tuebingen, Microbiology/Biotechnology, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Martin Kavšček
- Acies Bio d.o.o., Tehnoloski Park 21, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tadeja Amon
- Acies Bio d.o.o., Tehnoloski Park 21, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Kosec
- Acies Bio d.o.o., Tehnoloski Park 21, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jernej Smole
- Acies Bio d.o.o., Tehnoloski Park 21, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bettina Bardl
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, Bio Pilot Plant, Beutenbergstr. 11A, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Biermann
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, Bio Pilot Plant, Beutenbergstr. 11A, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Roth
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, Bio Pilot Plant, Beutenbergstr. 11A, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wohlleben
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tuebingen, Microbiology/Biotechnology, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Evi Stegmann
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tuebingen, Microbiology/Biotechnology, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
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Chan WY, Hickey EE, Khazandi M, Page SW, Trott DJ, Hill PB. In vitro antimicrobial activity of narasin and monensin in combination with adjuvants against pathogens associated with canine otitis externa. Vet Dermatol 2019; 31:138-145. [PMID: 31710159 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The emergence of antimicrobial resistance represents a serious human and animal health risk. Good antimicrobial stewardship is essential to prolong the lifespan of existing antibiotics, and new strategies are required to combat infections in man and animals. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To determine the in vitro interaction of ionophores (narasin or monensin) with antimicrobial adjuvants (N-acetylcysteine (NAC), Tris-EDTA or disodium EDTA) against bacterial strains representing pathogens associated with canine otitis externa (OE). ANIMAL/ISOLATES American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) strains Staphylococcus aureus 29213, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 27853 and P. aeruginosa biofilm producer PAO1, and a clinical isolate of Proteus mirabilis from a case of canine OE were tested. METHODS AND MATERIALS A 2D microdilution checkerboard method was used, allowing calculation of fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI), dose reduction index (DRI) and plotting of isobolograms. RESULTS The combination of narasin with either Tris-EDTA or disodium EDTA produced additive effects (FICI = 0.75) against P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and P. aeruginosa biofilm producer ATCC PAO1. An additive effect (FICI = 0.53-0.75) was found against S. aureus ATCC 29213 when narasin or monensin were combined with NAC. The highest DRI (32-fold) was found with monensin/NAC where the MIC of monensin was reduced from 4 to 0.125 μg/mL. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The combination of narasin with Tris-EDTA or disodium EDTA is a promising strategy to inhibit the intrinsic resistance elements of Gram-negative bacteria. These novel combinations potentially could be useful as a multimodal approach to treat mixed infections in canine OE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yee Chan
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Mudla Wirra Rd, Roseworthy, South Australia, 5371, Australia.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Elizabeth E Hickey
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Mudla Wirra Rd, Roseworthy, South Australia, 5371, Australia
| | - Manouchehr Khazandi
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Mudla Wirra Rd, Roseworthy, South Australia, 5371, Australia
| | - Stephen W Page
- Luoda Pharma Pty Ltd., 1/304-318, The Kingsway, Caringbah, New South Wales, 2229, Australia
| | - Darren J Trott
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Mudla Wirra Rd, Roseworthy, South Australia, 5371, Australia
| | - Peter B Hill
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Mudla Wirra Rd, Roseworthy, South Australia, 5371, Australia
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Boyd M, Santoro D, Gram D. In vitroantimicrobial activity of topical otological antimicrobials and Tris‐EDTAagainst resistantStaphylococcus pseudintermediusandPseudomonas aeruginosaisolates from dogs. Vet Dermatol 2019; 30:139-e40. [DOI: 10.1111/vde.12717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Megan Boyd
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine University of Florida 2015 SW 16th Avenue Gainesville FL 32610 USA
| | - Domenico Santoro
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine University of Florida 2015 SW 16th Avenue Gainesville FL 32610 USA
| | - Dunbar Gram
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine University of Florida 2015 SW 16th Avenue Gainesville FL 32610 USA
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Sala L, Moraes CC, Kalil SJ. Cell pretreatment with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid for selective extraction of C‐phycocyanin with food grade purity. Biotechnol Prog 2018; 34:1261-1268. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Sala
- Chemistry and Food SchoolFederal University of Rio Grande Rio Grande RS Brazil
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Buckley LM, McEwan NA, Nuttall T. Tris-EDTA significantly enhances antibiotic efficacy against multidrug-resistantPseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro. Vet Dermatol 2013; 24:519-e122. [DOI: 10.1111/vde.12071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Buckley
- School of Veterinary Science; The University of Liverpool; Leahurst Campus; Neston; Cheshire; CH64 7TE; UK
| | - Neil A. McEwan
- School of Veterinary Science; The University of Liverpool; Leahurst Campus; Neston; Cheshire; CH64 7TE; UK
| | - Tim Nuttall
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies; Easter Bush Veterinary Centre; The University of Edinburgh; Roslin; Midlothian; EH25 9RG; UK
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Steen SI, Paterson S. The susceptibility ofPseudomonas spp. isolated from dogs with otitis to topical ear cleaners. J Small Anim Pract 2012; 53:599-603. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2012.01262.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. I. Steen
- Abbey Veterinary Services; 89 Queen Street; Newton Abbot Devon; TQ12 2BG; United Kingdom
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LeBlanc MM. Advances in the diagnosis and treatment of chronic infectious and post-mating-induced endometritis in the mare. Reprod Domest Anim 2010; 45 Suppl 2:21-7. [PMID: 20591061 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2010.01634.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
CONTENTS Rapid physical uterine clearance is paramount for fertility. Mares that are unable to clear the by-products of insemination or foaling quickly may develop post-mating-induced or acute endometritis. If endometritis is not promptly resolved, the infection can become chronic. Endometritis can be difficult to identify because clinical signs, ultrasonographic and laboratory findings can vary between uterine pathogens. Some micro-organisms are associated with an influx of neutrophils and fluid into the uterine lumen while others are associated with only heavy debris on cytological specimens. Identifying the inciting cause may require more than swabbing the endometrium. Culturing endometrial biopsy tissue or uterine fluids are more sensitive methods for identifying Escherichia coli than culture swab while endometrial cytology identifies twice as many mares with acute inflammation than uterine culture swab. While post-mating-induced endometritis is classically treated with uterine irrigation and ecbolics and acute endometritis is treated with either systemic or intra-uterine antibiotics, these therapies are not always effective in resolving chronic uterine inflammation or infections. Mucolytics can be used to break up mucus produced by an irritated endometrium, steroids can modulate the inflammatory response associated with insemination and buffered chelating agents can remove biofilm, a protective mechanism used primarily by gram-negative organisms and yeast to evade the host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M LeBlanc
- Rood and Riddle Equine Hospital, Lexington, KY 40580, USA.
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Abstract
ABSTRACTSemen was collected from boars of proven fertility and diluted with Zorpva base using the antibiotic treatments: benzylpenicillin and streptomycin; polymixin B; tylosin; neomycin; gentamycin; kanamycin or lincomycin and spectinomycin. The last combination provided an economical treatment with enhanced quality and preservation of motility. The addition of trehalose (1 g/1) and potassium chloride (0·25 g/1) improved the preservation of acrosomes. The resulting ‘Reading’ variant was compared with Zorpva at days 4 to 6 of storage in a split ejaculate trial using 40 sows slaughtered 9/10 weeks after insemination. Conception rates were significantly higher using Reading (16/20) compared with Zorpva (8/20; P < 0·05) and the effect was particularly marked at days 5 and 6. The mean number of embryos per pregnant sow was 11·6 (Reading) v. 9·4 (Zorpva), representing 51% and 42%, respectively, of ova shed, as measured by counting corpora lutea.
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LeBlanc MM, Causey RC. Clinical and subclinical endometritis in the mare: both threats to fertility. Reprod Domest Anim 2009; 44 Suppl 3:10-22. [PMID: 19660076 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2009.01485.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Endometritis, a major cause of mare infertility arising from failure to remove bacteria, spermatozoa and inflammatory exudate post-breeding, is often undiagnosed. Defects in genital anatomy, myometrial contractions, lymphatic drainage, mucociliary clearance, cervical function, plus vascular degeneration and inflamm-ageing underlie susceptibility to endometritis. Diagnosis is made through detecting uterine fluid, vaginitis, vaginal discharge, short inter-oestrous intervals, inflammatory uterine cytology and positive uterine culture. However, these signs may be absent in subclinical cases. Hypersecretion of an irritating, watery, neutrophilic exudate underlies classic, easy-to-detect streptococcal endometritis. In contrast, biofilm production, tenacious exudate and focal infection may characterize subclinical endometritis, commonly caused by Gram-negative organisms, fungi and staphylococci. Signs of subclinical endometritis include excessive oedema post-mating and a white line between endometrial folds on ultrasound. In addition, cultures of uterine biopsy tissue or of small volume uterine lavage are twice as sensitive as guarded swabs in detecting Gram-negative organisms, while uterine cytology is twice as sensitive as culture in detecting endometritis. Uterine biopsy may detect deep inflammatory and degenerative changes, such as disruption of the elastic fibres of uterine vessels (elastosis), while endoscopy reveals focal lesions invisible on ultrasound. Mares with subclinical endometritis require careful monitoring by ultrasound post-breeding. Treatments that may be added to traditional therapies, such as post-breeding uterine lavage, oxytocin and intrauterine antibiotics, include lavage 1-h before mating, carbetocin, cloprostenol, cervical dilators, systemic antibiotics, intrauterine chelators (EDTA-Tris), mucolytics (DMSO, kerosene, N-acetylcysteine), corticosteroids (prednisolone, dexamethasone) and immunomodulators (cell wall extracts of Mycobacterium phlei and Propionibacterium acnes).
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Affiliation(s)
- M M LeBlanc
- Rood and Riddle Equine Hospital, Lexington, KY 40580, USA.
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Ritchie BW, Wooley RE, Kemp DT. Use of potentiated antibiotics in wound management. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2004; 7:169-89, vii. [PMID: 14768385 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2003.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Prevention or resolution of microbial colonization of wounds is critical to rapid and uneventful healing. The use and misuse of antimicrobial agents continues to support the evolution of multidrug resistant organisms that can cause severe or life-threatening infections. Chelating agents have been shown to potentiate the effects of antimicrobial compounds. The third generation chelating agent. Tricide has been shown to be effective against many multidrug resistant pathogens, prevents pathogens from development resistance to the antimicrobials with which it is mixed and substantially reduces the amount of antimicrobials needed to kill bacteria and fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branson W Ritchie
- Departments of Small Animal Medicine and Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Sparks TA, Kemp DT, Wooley RE, Gibbs PS. Antimicrobial effect of combinations of EDTA-Tris and amikacin or neomycin on the microorganisms associated with otitis externa in dogs. Vet Res Commun 1994; 18:241-9. [PMID: 7831753 DOI: 10.1007/bf01839190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Combinations of EDTA-Tris and two aminoglycoside antibiotics (amikacin and neomycin) were tested for synergistic activities against the microorganisms associated with otitis externa in dogs and for the solutions' stability over time. Synergistic activity was observed when EDTA-Tris plus amikacin and EDTA-Tris plus neomycin were tested against Staphylococcus intermedius, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli, but not against Candida albicans. Stability studies over a 3-month period indicated that the test solutions were stable at room temperature and that their antimicrobial activity was maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Sparks
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
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Abstract
Infectious arthritis and osteomyelitis are commonly encountered diseases of the skeletal system that can result in premature loss of an affected animal from the herd. Selection of the best possible treatment approach for an individual animal requires a solid understanding of the pathophysiologic processes involved in the infection of bone or joint; recognition of the unique aspects of the anatomy, physiology, behavior, management, and economics of the species involved; and a broad grasp of the availability and role of various therapeutic options. By recognizing the importance of all three of these areas, a clinician not only will be able to make realistic and effective judgments about care of commonly encountered cases today but also will have a sufficient basis for rational variations in therapy as pharmacologic options expand and environmental or economic pressures change.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Trent
- Veterinary Teaching Hospitals, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul
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Lambert PA. The bacterial cell surface and antimicrobial resistance. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 1988; 32:149-74. [PMID: 2851150 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-9154-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Wooley RE, Dickerson HW, Simmons KW, Shotts EB, Brown J. Effect of EDTA-tris on an Escherichia coli isolate containing R plasmids. Vet Microbiol 1986; 12:65-75. [PMID: 3088823 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1135(86)90042-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Solutions of ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA)-tris combined with antibiotics have been shown to be effective in treating selected cases of persistent bacterial infections. Basic techniques in microbial genetics, including mating frequencies, chemical elimination of R plasmids, isolation of plasmid DNA and agarose gel electrophoresis, were used to determine if EDTA-tris has a curing effect on an R plasmid as part of its clinical action. Results of this study indicated that EDTA-tris by itself eliminated an antibiotic resistance marker from a clinical isolate of Escherichia coli and when combined with another chemical curing agent altered the isolate's mating frequency.
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