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Viidu DA, Mõtus K. Implementation of a pre-calving vaccination programme against rotavirus, coronavirus and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (F5) and association with dairy calf survival. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:59. [PMID: 35090439 PMCID: PMC8935617 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03154-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Diarrhea is one of the most common diseases and causes of death in calves during the first month of life. Pre-calving vaccination programme (PVP) against the most common diarrhea-causing pathogens could help to avoid this threat if hyperimmune transition milk (TM) is fed to calves throughout the whole susceptibility period. The aim of this retrospective cohort study was to reveal the implementation practices of PVPs in large commercial dairy farms and to compare calf-level mortality hazards during the first year of vaccination (V+ period) and a year before implementing the vaccination programme (V- period). A questionnaire was filled out in 15 large-scale dairy farms in Estonia that used PVP. The farms were assigned into three groups based on compliance with the vaccine directions for use and TM feeding practices. Calf-level time-to-event data was analyzed with an observation period of 21 days and on-farm mortality due to diarrhea being the event of interest.
Results
During the V+ period, a significant decline in diarrhea-induced calf mortality was identified in three out of six herds that followed vaccination instructions and fed TM for at least 14 days. On average, calf mortality hazard due to diarrhea decreased among these herds (hazard rate ratio (HR) = 0.72, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.63; 0.81). In the group of correctly vaccinating herds where TM was fed for less than 14 days, diarrhea-induced calf mortality decreased in two herds and remained unchanged in two herds with average diarrhea-induced calf mortality hazard declining significantly during the vaccination period (HR = 0.24, 95% CI 0.14; 0.41). Among the three farms that deviated from the vaccination instructions, the average calf mortality hazard increased in the V+ period (HR = 1.61, 95% CI 1.21; 2.14).
Conclusions
This study revealed that implementing a PVP might aid to reduce diarrhea-induced calf mortality in large commercial dairy farms. There is a need to increase veterinarians´ and farmers´ awareness about the importance of including pregnant heifers into the vaccination programme and emphasize the importance of prolonged feeding of hyperimmune TM to calves.
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Karayel I, Fehér E, Marton S, Coskun N, Bányai K, Alkan F. Putative vaccine breakthrough event associated with heterotypic rotavirus infection in newborn calves, Turkey, 2015. Vet Microbiol 2017; 201:7-13. [PMID: 28284625 PMCID: PMC7117445 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The circulation of G8 RVA strains in calves with diarrhea detected first time in Turkey. First report on whole genome of G8P[5] RVA strains from calves with diarrhea in Turkey. VP7 gene of the both Turkish bovine RVA strains showed the closest with human RVA strains detected in Europe and Africa. The genotype constellation of the strains is G8-P[5]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A3-N2-T6-E2-H3. The findings raise provocative questions related to strain-specific vaccine effectiveness in herds where commercial RVA vaccines are routinely utilized.
Group A rotaviruses (RVA) are regarded as major enteric pathogens of large ruminants, including cattle. Rotavirus vaccines administered to pregnant cows are commonly used to provide passive immunity that protects newborn calves from the clinical disease. In this study we report the detection of RVA from calves with severe diarrhea in a herd regularly vaccinated to prevent enteric infections including RVA. Diarrheic disease was observed in newborn calves aged 4–15 days, with high morbidity and mortality rates, but no diarrhea was seen in adult animals. Rotavirus antigen was detected by enzyme-immunoassay in the intestinal content or the fecal samples of all examined animals. Besides RVA, bovine coronavirus and bovine enteric calicivirus were detected in some samples. Selected RVA strains were characterized by whole genome sequencing. Two strains, RVA/Cow-wt/TUR/Amasya-1/2015/G8P[5] and RVA/Cow-wt/TUR/Amasya-2/2015/G8P[5] were genotyped as G8-P[5]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A3-N2-T6-E2-H3 and showed >99% nucleotide sequence identity among themselves. This genomic constellation is fairly common among bovine RVA strains; however, phylogenetic analysis of the G8 VP7 gene showed close genetic relationship to some European human RVA strains (up to 98.4% nt identity). Our findings is the first indication regarding the circulation of G8 RVA strains in Turkey. Given that the administered RVA vaccines contained type G6 and G10 VP7 antigens some concerns raised with regard to the level of heterotypic protection elicited by the vaccine strains against circulating bovine G8 RVA strains. Enhancement of surveillance of circulating RVA strains in calves across Turkey is needed to support ongoing vaccination programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilke Karayel
- Ankara University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Diskapi, 06110 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Enikő Fehér
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 18, H-1581 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Marton
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 18, H-1581 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nüvit Coskun
- Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Kars, Turkey
| | - Krisztián Bányai
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 18, H-1581 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Feray Alkan
- Ankara University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Diskapi, 06110 Ankara, Turkey.
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da Silva Medeiros TN, Lorenzetti E, Alfieri AF, Alfieri AA. Phylogenetic analysis of a G6P[5] bovine rotavirus strain isolated in a neonatal diarrhea outbreak in a beef cattle herd vaccinated with G6P[1] and G10P[11] genotypes. Arch Virol 2014; 160:447-51. [PMID: 25377636 PMCID: PMC7086630 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-2271-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to perform the molecular characterization of the eleven genes of a G6P[5] bovine group A rotavirus (RVA) strain detected in a diarrhea outbreak from a vaccinated beef cattle herd. The outbreak affected 80 % of calves between 15–30 days old. RVA was identified by RT-PCR in 12 (70.6 %) out of 17 diarrheic fecal samples evaluated. The rotavirus wild-type strain had the genotype constellation G6(IV)-P[5](IX)-I2c-R2-C2-M2-A3-N2-T6-E2e-H3a. This study confirms the importance of homotypic immunity against the bovine RVA P[5] genotype in neonatal diarrhea in cattle herds that are regularly vaccinated against rotaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Neris da Silva Medeiros
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Celso Garcia Cid Road, PR455 Km 380, P.O. Box 10.011, Londrina, PR 86057-970 Brazil
| | - Elis Lorenzetti
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Celso Garcia Cid Road, PR455 Km 380, P.O. Box 10.011, Londrina, PR 86057-970 Brazil
| | - Alice Fernandes Alfieri
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Celso Garcia Cid Road, PR455 Km 380, P.O. Box 10.011, Londrina, PR 86057-970 Brazil
| | - Amauri Alcindo Alfieri
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Celso Garcia Cid Road, PR455 Km 380, P.O. Box 10.011, Londrina, PR 86057-970 Brazil
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Silva FD, Gregori F, Gonçalves AC, Samara SI, Buzinaro MG. Molecular characterization of group A bovine rotavirus in southeastern and central-western Brazil, 2009-2010. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2012000300010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Rotavirus is an important cause of neonatal diarrhea in humans and several animal species, including calves. A study was conducted to examine 792 fecal samples collected from calves among 65 dairy and beef herds distributed in two of Brazil's major livestock producing regions, aiming to detect the occurrence of rotavirus and perform a molecular characterization of the rotavirus according to G and P genotypes in these regions. A total of 40 (5.05%) samples tested positive for rotavirus by the polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) technique. The molecular characterization was performed by multiplex semi-nested RT-PCR reactions, which indicated that the associations of genotypes circulating in herds in Brazil's southeastern region were G6P[11], G10P[11], G[-]P[5] + [11], G[-]P[6] in the state of São Paulo and G6P[11], G8P[5], G11P[11], G10P[11] in the state of Minas Gerais. In the central-western region, the genotypes G6P[5] + [11], G6P[5], G8P[-], G6P[11], G [-] P[1], G[-] P[11], and G[-] P[5] were detected in the state of Goiás, while the genotypes G6P[5], G8[P11], G6[P11], G8[P1], G8[P5], G6[P1] were circulating in herds in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul. The genotypic diversity of bovine rotavirus found in each region under study underlines the importance of characterizing the circulating samples in order to devise the most effective prophylactic measures.
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Alkan F, Ozkul A, Oguzoglu TC, Timurkan MO, Caliskan E, Martella V, Burgu I. Distribution of G (VP7) and P (VP4) genotypes of group A bovine rotaviruses from Turkish calves with diarrhea, 1997-2008. Vet Microbiol 2009; 141:231-7. [PMID: 19854003 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2009] [Revised: 09/03/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Group A rotaviruses are major enteric pathogens of calves. In order to investigate the genetic diversity of bovine rotaviruses (BRVs), a collection of 53 BRVs, detected from diarrheic calves from several Turkish geographical areas, between 1997 and 2008 was analyzed by RT-PCR for specificities of the outer capsid proteins VP7 (G type) and VP4 (P type), for the first time. Overall, G6 was the predominant G type, detected in 40/53 samples (75.4%), while P[11] was the predominant P type, detected in 52/53 samples (98.1%). The most common VP7/VP4 combinations were G6P[11] (60.3%) and G10P[11] (24.5%). Mixed infections were identified in 7/53 samples (13.2%). In the VP7 region the G6P[11] viruses were similar to other ones detected worldwide, forming an independent G6 lineage, distantly related to the G6 gene of the vaccine G6P[1] strain NCDV (90.1% amino acid identity), and suggesting that G6P[11] viruses represent a genetically stable BRV strain. The study of G and P type diversity is pivotal to understand the efficacy of the existing rotavirus vaccines and to provide the basis of future prophylaxis tools against rotaviral diarrhea of calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feray Alkan
- Ankara University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Irfan Bastug Cad, Diskapi, 06110 Ankara, Turkey.
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Rodríguez-Limas WA, Flores-Samaniego B, de la Mora G, Ramírez OT, Palomares LA. Genotypification of bovine group A rotavirus in México. Vaccine 2009; 27:6411-4. [PMID: 19559115 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bovine scours, frequently provoked by rotavirus infection, causes significant economic losses. Nevertheless, no information exists about the bovine rotavirus genotypes present in Mexico. This information is necessary for designing efficient vaccines. In this work, 128 samples from diarrheic calves were collected between 2005 and 2006 in 26 dairy and/or beef cattle herds located in 10 regions of Mexico, and analyzed for the presence of group A rotavirus. G and P genotypes were determined by PCR in rotavirus-positive samples (12/128). Three different genotype combinations were found, G10, P[11]; G6, P[5]; and G10, P[5]; in 67, 25 and 8% of the positive samples, respectively. Some rotavirus-positive animals had been vaccinated with an inactivated rotavirus strain of a different genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Rodríguez-Limas
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal, 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos, CP 62250, Mexico
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Ok M, Güler L, Turgut K, Ok U, Sen I, Gündüz IK, Birdane MF, Güzelbekteş H. The studies on the aetiology of diarrhoea in neonatal calves and determination of virulence gene markers of Escherichia coli strains by multiplex PCR. Zoonoses Public Health 2008; 56:94-101. [PMID: 18771515 PMCID: PMC7165500 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2008.01156.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine aetiological agents of diarrhoea in neonatal calves and to investigate virulence gene markers of Escherichia coli strains isolated from calves by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Eighty‐two diarrhoeic calves and 18 healthy calves were used as subjects. Faeces were taken from the rectums of all the calves and were subjected to bacterial culture. Antigen enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed to detect rotavirus, coronavirus and E. coli K99 in faeces of all the calves. A multiplex PCR was used to characterize E. coli strains in all the calves. Escherichia coli was isolated from 37 faeces samples, Enterococcus ssp. was isolated from 22 faeces samples and Salmonella was isolated from one faeces sample in diarrhoeic calves. Furthermore, only E. coli was isolated from all 18 faeces samples of healthy calves. Of the 37 E. coli isolated from diarrhoeic calves, K99 (18.9%), F41 (18.9%), heat‐stable enterotoxin a (STa) (18.9%), Shiga toxin 1 (Stx1; 13.5%) and Shiga toxin 2 (Stx2; 5.4%) and intimin (8.1%) genes were identified by multiplex PCR. Of the 18 E. coli isolated from healthy calves, K99 (16.6%) and intimin (55.5%) genes were identified by PCR. A total of 15 rotavirus, 11 coronavirus and 11 E. coli K99 were detected in diarrhoeic calves by the antigen ELISA. As a result, this study shows that rotavirus, coronavirus, E. coli and Enterococcus ssp. were determined to play a role in the aetiology of diarrhoea in the neonatal calves. K99, F41, STa, Stx1 and Stx2 were found as the most common virulence gene markers of E. coli strains isolated from calves with diarrhoea. Multiplex PCR may be useful for characterization of E. coli isolated from calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ok
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey.
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10
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Yu X, Guillon A, Szyczew AJ, Kiefel MJ, Coulson BS, von Itzstein M, Blanchard H. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of the carbohydrate-recognizing domain (VP8*) of bovine rotavirus strain NCDV. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2008; 64:509-11. [PMID: 18540062 PMCID: PMC2496849 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309108011949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2008] [Accepted: 04/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The infectivity of rotavirus is dramatically enhanced by proteolytic cleavage of its outer layer VP4 spike protein into two functional domains, VP8* and VP5*. The carbohydrate-recognizing domain VP8* is proposed to bind sialic acid-containing host cell-surface glycans and this is followed by a series of subsequent virus-cell interactions. Live attenuated human and bovine rotavirus vaccine candidates for the prevention of gastroenteritis have been derived from bovine rotavirus strain NCDV. The NCDV VP8*(64-224) was overexpressed, purified to homogeneity and crystallized in the presence of an N-acetylneuraminic acid derivative. X-ray diffraction data were collected to a resolution of 2.0 A and the crystallographic structure of NCDV VP8*(64-224) was determined by molecular replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Yu
- Institute for Glycomics, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Annabel Guillon
- Institute for Glycomics, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Alex J. Szyczew
- Institute for Glycomics, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Milton J. Kiefel
- Institute for Glycomics, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Barbara S. Coulson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Mark von Itzstein
- Institute for Glycomics, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Helen Blanchard
- Institute for Glycomics, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Queensland 4222, Australia
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Barreiros MAB, Alfieri AF, Médici KC, Leite JPG, Alfieri AA. G and P genotypes of group A rotavirus from diarrhoeic calves born to cows vaccinated against the NCDV (P[1],G6) rotavirus strain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 51:104-9. [PMID: 15107035 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.2004.00737.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M A B Barreiros
- Centro de Ciências Tecnológicas da Terra e do Mar, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, Itajaí, SC, Brazil
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12
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Kelling CL, Steffen DJ, Cooper VL, Higuchi DS, Eskridge KM. Effect of infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus alone, bovine rotavirus alone, or concurrent infection with both on enteric disease in gnotobiotic neonatal calves. Am J Vet Res 2002; 63:1179-86. [PMID: 12171174 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2002.63.1179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare experimentally induced concurrent infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and bovine rotavirus (BRV) with infection of either virus alone in calves. ANIMALS Seventeen 1-day-old gnotobiotic calves. PROCEDURE Calves were allotted to 8 treatments as follows: group 1, mock-infected control calves (n = 2); group 2, inoculated with BVDV on day 1 (2); groups 3, 5, and 7, inoculated with BRV on days 1 (2), 4 (1), or 7 (2), respectively; and groups 4, 6, and 8, inoculated with BVDV on day 1 and with BRV on days 1 (2), 4 (2), or 7 (4), respectively. Concentrations of BVDV in serum and ileal tissues were measured, and BRV shedding in feces was determined. Histologic examination and immunohistochemical analysis were conducted to detect lesions and viral antigens. RESULTS Neonatal calves inoculated with BVDV alone or with BVDV on day 1 and BRV on day 7 developed villus atrophy and submucosal inflammation of the intestines. Concurrent BVDV and BRV infections acted synergistically in the intestinal tract, causing more severe enteric disease than infection with either virus alone. Severe lymphoid depletion was associated with BVDV infection in calves regardlesss of concurrent BRV infection. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Infection with BVDV played direct and indirect roles in enteritis in neonatal calves, causing villus atrophy in the duodenum and submucosal inflammation of the intestines. Also, BVDV potentiated effects of BRV. Concurrent infection with BVDV and BRV resulted in more severe enteric disease in neonatal calves than infection with BRV or BVDV alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton L Kelling
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68583-0905, USA
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de Mattos CC, de Mattos CA, MacLachlan NJ, Giavedoni LD, Yilma T, Osburn BI. Phylogenetic comparison of the S3 gene of United States prototype strains of bluetongue virus with that of field isolates from California. J Virol 1996; 70:5735-9. [PMID: 8764098 PMCID: PMC190544 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.70.8.5735-5739.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
To better define the molecular epidemiology of bluetongue virus (BTV) infection, the genetic characteristics and phylogenetic relationships of the S3 genes of the five U.S. prototype strains of BTV, the commercially available serotype 10 modified live virus vaccine, and 18 field isolates of BTV serotypes 10, 11, 13, and 17 obtained in California during 1980, 1981, 1989, and 1990 were determined. With the exception of the S3 gene of the U.S. prototype strain of BTV serotype 2 (BTV 2), these viruses had an overall sequence homology of between 95 and 100%. Phylogenetic analyses segregated the prototype U.S. BTV 2 strain to a unique branch (100% bootstrap value), whereas the rest of the viruses clustered in two main monophyletic groups that were not correlated with their serotype, year of isolation, or geographical origin. The lack of consistent association between S3 gene sequence and virus serotype likely is a consequence of reassortment of BTV gene segments during natural mixed infections of vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. The prototype strain of BTV 13, which is considered an introduction to the U.S. like BTV 2, presents an S3 gene which is highly homologous to those of some isolates of BTV 10 and especially to that of the vaccine strain. This finding strongly suggests that the U.S. prototype strain of BTV 13 is a natural reassortant. The different topologies of the phylogenetic trees of the L2 and S3 genes of the various viruses indicate that these two genome segments evolve independently. We conclude that the S3 gene segment of populations of BTV in California is formed by different consensus sequences which cocirculate and which cannot be grouped by serotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C de Mattos
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of California, Davis 95616, USA
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Lu W, Duhamel GE, Hoshino Y, Benfield DA, Nelson EA, Hesse RA. Characterization of the bovine group A rotavirus strain neonatal calf diarrhea virus-Cody (NCDV-Cody). J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33:990-4. [PMID: 7790474 PMCID: PMC228082 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.33.4.990-994.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The neonatal calf diarrhea virus-Cody (NCDV-Cody) strain was found to contain a mixture of rotaviruses with G6 and G8 VP7 genes. Challenge exposure of calves with the mixed virus inoculum indicated that both viruses were maintained by passage in vivo. This is the first P1:G8 rotavirus to be characterized in cattle in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Lu
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln 68583-0905, USA
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