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Berniolles S, Kan H, Tong WG. Sensitive absorption-based wave-mixing detector for anthracycline drugs separated by capillary electrophoresis. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2010; 77:374-7. [PMID: 20619724 PMCID: PMC2914113 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2010.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2009] [Accepted: 05/13/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Sensitive absorption-based detection of anthracycline antibiotics, daunorubicin and doxorubicin is demonstrated using a capillary electrophoresis system interfaced to a nonlinear wave-mixing detection system. Unlike conventional absorption methods, this nonlinear absorption method can detect very thin analytes (50 microm) efficiently. At the same peak height, the wave-mixing CE peak is narrower than a conventional CE peak, and hence, compared to other laser-based or non-laser-based CE on-column detection methods, our wave-mixing detection method offers intrinsically enhanced separation resolution even when using identical CE separation conditions. In this unusually sensitive "absorbance" detection method, two input laser beams interact to produce a thermally induced grating from which coherent laser-like wave-mixing signal beams are created. Using our sensitive "absorbance" on-column CE detector, we report a preliminary concentration detection limit of 9.9x10(-10)M using a 50-mum i.d. capillary column. The corresponding "injected" mass detection limit is 9.1x10(-18)mol using an injection volume of 9.2nL. The corresponding preliminary "detected" mass detection limit inside the 12-pL detector probe volume is 1.2x10(-20)M.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Berniolles
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University San Diego, California 92182, USA, Phone/Fax: (619) 594-2442;
| | - Hongjing Kan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University San Diego, California 92182, USA, Phone/Fax: (619) 594-2442;
| | - William G. Tong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University San Diego, California 92182, USA, Phone/Fax: (619) 594-2442;
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2
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Jemelková Z, Zima J, Barek J. Voltammetric and amperometric determination of doxorubicin using carbon paste electrodes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1135/cccc2009081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Direct current voltammetric (DCV) and differential pulse voltammetric (DPV) determination of antineoplastic agent doxorubicin (DOX) at a carbon paste electrode (CPE) was developed. Britton–Robinson buffer (pH 7.0) was used as a supporting electrolyte. The limits of detection are 8 × 10–7 mol l–1 (DCV) and 6 × 10–8 mol l–1 (DPV). The accumulation of DOX at the electrode surface was used to decrease the limits of detection down to 2.2 × 10–7 mol l–1 for adsorptive stripping DC voltammetry (DCAdSV) and 2.8 × 10–9 mol l–1 for adsorptive stripping differential pulse voltammetry (DPAdSV) at CPE. The results of the voltammetric methods were utilized for the development of a new determination of doxorubicin using HPLC with amperometric detection on CPE based on spherical microparticles of glassy carbon in a wall-jet configuration. A column with chemically bonded C18 stationary phase and a mobile phase containing 0.01 M phosphate buffer (pH 5.0)–methanol 25:75 (v/v) were used. The limit of detection is 4 × 10–7 mol l–1 (HPLC with electrochemical detection (ED)).
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3
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Emara S, Morita I, Tamura K, Razee S, Masujima T, Mohamed HA, Gizawy SME, Rabbat NAE. Utility of Ion-Pair Chromatography for Analysis of Some Anthracyclines in Plasma and Urine. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10826079808005850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samy Emara
- a Faculty of Pharmacy Assiut University , Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ikue Morita
- b Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences School of Medicine , Hiroshima University , 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734, Japan
| | - Keiko Tamura
- b Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences School of Medicine , Hiroshima University , 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734, Japan
| | - Saeid Razee
- b Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences School of Medicine , Hiroshima University , 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Masujima
- b Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences School of Medicine , Hiroshima University , 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734, Japan
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4
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Chen CL, Thoen KK, Uckun FM. High-performance liquid chromatographic methods for the determination of topoisomerase II inhibitors. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2001; 764:81-119. [PMID: 11817045 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(01)00314-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Various methods for separating eleven different types of topoisomerase II (TOPO-2) inhibitors, including epipodophyllotoxins, anthracyclines, anthracenediones, anthrapyrazoles, anthracenebishydrazones, indole derivatives, aminoacridines, benzisoquinolinediones, isoflavones, bisdioxopiperazines and thiobarbituric acids, are summarized. Proper sample preparation and storage is critical to the successful analysis of some TOPO-2 inhibitors due to difficulties associated with adsorption, instability and complex biological components. Solid-phase and liquid-liquid extractions are widely used to separate TOPO-2 inhibitors from biological samples, although simple deproteinization followed by direct analysis of the supernatant is preferable to extraction based on its speed and simplicity. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is the favored method for the bioanalysis of TOPO-2 inhibitors. UV or diode array detection is generally employed for early pharmacokinetic studies, while fluorescence or electrochemical detection is used more frequently for analytes with fluorescent or oxidative-reductive properties. For analyses requiring highly sensitive and/or specific detection, electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI-MS or ESI-MS-MS) provides a suitable alternative. A comprehensive compilation of the HPLC techniques currently used to separate TOPO-2 inhibitors will aid the future development of analytical methods for new TOPO-2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parker Hughes Cancer Center, Parker Hughes Institute, St. Paul, MN 55113, USA
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Phillips RM, Loadman PM, Cronin BP. Evaluation of a novel in vitro assay for assessing drug penetration into avascular regions of tumours. Br J Cancer 1998; 77:2112-9. [PMID: 9649122 PMCID: PMC2150429 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1998.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The poor blood supply to solid tumours introduces many factors that affect the outcome of chemotherapy, one of which is the problem of drug delivery to poorly vascularized regions of tumours. Whereas poor drug penetration has been recognized as a contributing factor to the poor response of many solid tumours, the question of drug penetration through multicell layers has not been thoroughly addressed, largely because of restrictions imposed upon these studies by the requirement for either radiolabelled or naturally fluorescent compounds. The aim of this study is to describe modifications made to a recently published assay that broadens the scope for assessing drug penetration during the early stages of drug development and to characterize the ability of various drugs to penetrate multicell layers. DLD-1 human colon carcinoma cells were cultured on Transwell-COL plastic inserts placed into 24-well culture plates so that a top and bottom chamber were established, the two chambers being separated by a microporous membrane. Drugs were added to the top chamber at doses equivalent to peak plasma concentrations in vivo and the rate of appearance of drugs in the bottom chamber determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Both 3-amino-1,2,4-benzotriazine 1,4-dioxide (tirapazamine) and 7-[4'-(2-nitroimidazol-1-yl)-butyl]-theophylline (NITP) rapidly penetrated DLD-1 multicell layers (50.9 +/- 12.1 microm thick) with t(1/2) values of 1.36 and 2.38 h respectively, whereas the rate of penetration of 5-aziridino-3-hydroxymethyl-1-methyl-2-[1H-indole-4,7-dione] prop-beta-en-alpha-ol (EO9) and doxorubicin through multicell layers was significantly slower (t(1/2) = 4.62 and 13.1 h respectively). Inclusion of dicoumarol increases the rate of EO9 penetration, whereas reducing the oxygen tension to 5% causes a reduction in tirapazamine penetration through multicell layers, suggesting that the extent of drug metabolism is one factor that determines the rate at which drugs penetrate multicell layers. The fact that EO9 does not readily penetrate a multicell layer, in conjunction with its rapid elimination in vivo (t(1/2) < 10 min), suggests that EO9 is unlikely to penetrate more than a few microm from a blood vessel within its pharmacokinetic lifespan. These results suggest that the failure of EO9 in the clinic is due to a combination of poor drug penetration and rapid elimination in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Phillips
- Clinical Oncology Unit, University of Bradford, UK
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6
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Embree L, Gelmon KA, Lohr A, Mayer LD, Coldman AJ, Cullis PR, Palaitis W, Pilkiewicz F, Hudon NJ, Heggie JR. Chromatographic analysis and pharmacokinetics of liposome-encapsulated doxorubicin in non-small-cell lung cancer patients. J Pharm Sci 1993; 82:627-34. [PMID: 8392545 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600820617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive and specific quantitative assay for total doxorubicin concentrations in plasma containing liposome-encapsulated doxorubicin hydrochloride (TLC D-99) was developed, with solvent extraction and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Separation of doxorubicin from its metabolites was accomplished with a 15 cm x 3.9 mm i.d., microBondapak phenyl analytical HPLC column. Optimum chromatographic conditions, obtained with a mobile phase gradient from 85 to 50% (v/v) 16 mM ammonium formate buffer in tetrahydrofuran at a flow rate of 2 mL/min, gave a detection limit of 0.3 pmol/injection. Eleven-point standard curves with from 0.00595 to 29.8 microM TLC D-99 and 0.1 microM internal standard in plasma were analyzed on three separate occasions to formally validate this assay. An overall correlation coefficient of 0.9985 was found for the logarithmic transformed data. The pharmacokinetic characteristics of doxorubicin were investigated after administration of TLC D-99 to 12 non-small-cell lung cancer patients as an intravenous infusion at doses of 60 and 75 mg/m2. The data are best described by a three-compartment model with alpha, beta, and gamma elimination half-lives of 0.0721, 2.84, and 25.2 h for the 60-mg/m2 group and 0.103, 2.56, and 14.9 h for the 75-mg/m2 patients. A mean plasma clearance of 9.89 L/h (range: 1.95 to 23.4 L/h) was found for the 60-mg/m2 patients, with that from the 75-mg/m2 group being within these values. Mean area under the plasma concentration versus time curve estimates of 37.1 and 47.9 microM/h were observed for the patients receiving 60 and 75 mg/m2, respectively. The plasma concentration-time course for total doxorubicin following administration of TLC D-99 suggests that the disposition of the liposomal formulation is determined more by the pharmacokinetics of the liposome than the encapsulated drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Embree
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada
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Rossini ML, Farina M. Stability studies with a high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of a new anthracycline analogue, 3'-deamino-3'-[2-(S)-methoxy-4-morpholino)doxorubicin (FCE 23762), in the final drug formulation. J Chromatogr A 1992; 593:47-53. [PMID: 1639912 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(92)80265-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatographic method was studied to optimize the separation of FCE 23762, a new antitumour agent, from both synthetic impurities and degradation products having very similar molecular structures. The main problems faced in the analytical method development using the most common reversed-phase columns available arose from the presence of analytical peaks with poor symmetry, a long analysis time and the separation between FCE 23762 and its R-isomer, which was often unsuitable for the correct determination of the drug substance. The use of a new stationary phase, Zorbax Rx-C8, together with a suitable mobile phase resulted in a good separation between the diastereomers, with satisfactory peak symmetry and run time. The method permitted the study of the stability of the drug substance in formulations for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Rossini
- Galenical Research and Development, Farmitalia Carlo Erba, Milan, Italy
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8
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Abstract
The present review on the methods for the analysis of anticancer drugs should be seen as an addition to the excellent work of Eksborg and Ehrsson published half a decade ago in this journal (Vol. 340, p.31). The style and format have been followed closely, with the focus again on chromatographic techniques. We felt it important to add a list of compound (group) structures as a service to the reader. Methods have been reviewed for alkylating agents, platinum compounds, antitumour antibiotics, antimetabolites, alkaloids, suramin, 1-hydroxy-3-amino-propylidene-1,1-bisphosphonate and tamoxifen.
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Affiliation(s)
- U R Tjaden
- Division of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leiden, The Netherlands
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9
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Lunte SM, Radzik DM, Kissinger PT. An introduction to the study of xenobiotic metabolism using electroanalytical techniques. J Pharm Sci 1990; 79:557-67. [PMID: 2204699 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600790703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S M Lunte
- Center for Bioanalytical Research, University of Kansas, Lawrence 66046
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Radzik DM, Lunte SM. Application of Liquid Chromatography/Electrochemistry in Pharmaceutical and Biochemical Analysis: A Critical Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1080/10408348908050070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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11
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Rose LM, Tillery KF, el Dareer SM, Hill DL. High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of doxorubicin and its metabolites in plasma and tissue. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1988; 425:419-23. [PMID: 3372654 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(88)80049-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L M Rose
- Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, AL 35255-5305
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12
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Dubois J, Hanocq M, Atassi G. Determination of Doxorubicin, Daunorubicin and some of their Metabolites in Mouse Plasma by High-Performance Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography with Amperometric Detection. ANAL LETT 1987. [DOI: 10.1080/00032718708078030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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13
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Maessen PA, Mross KB, Pinedo HM, van der Vijgh WJ. Improved method for the determination of 4'-epidoxorubicin and seven metabolites in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1987; 417:339-46. [PMID: 3477566 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(87)80127-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
4'-Epidoxorubicin, its seven metabolites and doxorubicin, as internal standard, were efficiently extracted from plasma using C18 Sep-Pak cartridges. The recoveries ranged from 58% for doxorubicin aglycone up to 98% for 4'-epidoxorubicin glucuronide. The anthracyclines were separated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography within 9 min and analysed by fluorescence. The assay was sensitive to 3 X 10(-10) M for the glucuronides up to 12 X 10(-10) M for 7-deoxydoxorubicin aglycone. The peak-height ratio of the fluorescence intensities of the anthracyclines versus doxorubicin showed a linear correlation with the concentration from the detection limit up to 2.5 X 10(-7) M (correlation coefficient r2 greater than 0.99). Within-day and between-day precision of the assay were in the ranges 2-14% (n = 6) and 2-11% (n = 6), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Maessen
- Department of Oncology, Academic Hospital Free University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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14
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Dubois J, Hanocq M, Atassi G. Extraction and assay of daunorubicin and its metabolites from neoplastic tissue. Int J Pharm 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-5173(87)90133-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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15
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Riley CM, Runyan AK, Graham-pole J. Determination of Doxorubicin in Plasma and Urine by High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Electrochemical Detection (HPLC-EC). Application to the Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Doxorubicin in Patients with Osteogenic Sarcoma. ANAL LETT 1987. [DOI: 10.1080/00032718708082239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Riley CM, Runyan AK. High-performance liquid chromatography of anthracycline antibiotics with electrochemical detection. Application to the clinical pharmacokinetics of 4′-deoxydoxorubicin. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1987; 5:33-43. [PMID: 16867544 DOI: 10.1016/0731-7085(87)80005-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/1986] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-EC) of six anthracycline antibiotics is described. All the compounds of interest may be analysed using a reversed-phase column (ODS Hypersil or Zorbax ODS) and a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile-isopropanol-0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 4.5). The use of short columns (7.5 cm) allowed short analysis times and improved sensitivity, such that detection limits of between 1 and 2 ng ml(-1) could be achieved. Sample preparation involved an alkaline extraction into chloroform, followed by a back extraction into acid solution. Final clean-up of the samples is achieved by shaking the final acidic extract with an organic solvent. The precision of the assay for the compounds studied ranges between 1.22 and 6.46% and the accuracy ranges between 94.5 and 106.0%. The analytical methodology developed is applied to the clinical pharmacokinetics of 4'-deoxydoxorubicin. The correlation between plasma levels found by HPLC-EC and those found by HPLC with fluorescence detection is excellent (r(2) = 0.990).
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Riley
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, J. Hillis Miller Health Center (Box J-4), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Bouma J, Beijnen JH, Bult A, Underberg WJ. Anthracycline antitumour agents. A review of physicochemical, analytical and stability properties. PHARMACEUTISCH WEEKBLAD. SCIENTIFIC EDITION 1986; 8:109-33. [PMID: 3520474 DOI: 10.1007/bf02086146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A review of physicochemical and analytical properties of anthracycline antitumour agents is presented. The following subjects are discussed: protolytic equilibria, partition and partition coefficients, self-association, adsorptive properties, metal complexation, spectroscopy and chromatography. Furthermore, the stability of anthracyclines in solutions, in pharmaceutical preparations and in biological media is discussed.
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Abstract
The present review on the quantification of cytostatic drugs has mainly been focussed on chromatographic techniques. Special attention has been paid to the precautions that have to be taken into account to ensure the selectivity and accuracy of the various methods. The various cytostatics that have been dealt with are: alkylating agents, antimetabolites, vinca alkaloids, antibiotics, cis-diamminedichloroplatinum, podophyllotoxine derivatives, and nitrosoureas.
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