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Sheng L, Jena PK, Hu Y, Liu HX, Nagar N, Kalanetra KM, French SW, French SW, Mills DA, Wan YJY. Hepatic inflammation caused by dysregulated bile acid synthesis is reversible by butyrate supplementation. J Pathol 2017; 243:431-441. [PMID: 28892150 DOI: 10.1002/path.4983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulated bile acid (BA) synthesis or reduced farnesoid X receptor (FXR) levels are found in patients having metabolic diseases, autoimmune hepatitis, and liver cirrhosis or cancer. The objective of this study was to establish the relationship between butyrate and dysregulated BA synthesis-induced hepatitis as well as the effect of butyrate in reversing the liver pathology. Wild-type (WT) and FXR knockout (KO) male mice were placed on a control (CD) or western diet (WD) for 15 months. In the presence or absence of butyrate supplementation, feces obtained from 15-month-old WD-fed FXR KO mice, which had severe hepatitis and liver tumors, were transplanted to 7-month-old WD-fed FXR KO for 3 months. Hepatic phenotypes, microbiota profile, and BA composition were analyzed. Butyrate-generating bacteria and colonic butyrate concentration were reduced due to FXR inactivation and further reduced by WD intake. In addition, WD-fed FXR KO male mice had the highest concentration of hepatic β-muricholic acid (β-MCA) and bacteria-generated deoxycholic acid (DCA) accompanied by serious hepatitis. Moreover, dysregulated BA and reduced SCFA signaling co-existed in both human liver cancers and WD-fed FXR KO mice. Microbiota transplantation using butyrate-deficient feces derived from 15-month-old WD-fed FXR KO mice increased hepatic lymphocyte numbers as well as hepatic β-MCA and DCA concentrations. Furthermore, butyrate supplementation reduced hepatic β-MCA as well as DCA and eliminated hepatic lymphocyte infiltration. In conclusion, reduced butyrate contributes to the development of hepatitis in the FXR KO mouse model. In addition, butyrate reverses dysregulated BA synthesis and its associated hepatitis. Copyright © 2017 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Sheng
- Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Prasant Kumar Jena
- Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Ying Hu
- Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Hui-Xin Liu
- Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Nidhi Nagar
- Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, East Bay, Hayward, CA, USA
| | - Karen M Kalanetra
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Samuel Wheeler French
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David A Mills
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Yu-Jui Yvonne Wan
- Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
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Minato K, Suzuki M, Nagao H, Suzuki R, Ochiai H. Development of analytical method for simultaneous determination of five rodent unique bile acids in rat plasma using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 1002:399-410. [PMID: 26363851 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) are crucial for the diagnosis, follow-up, and prognostics of liver injuries and other BA metabolism related diseases. In particular, rodent unique BAs, α-muricholic acid (α-MCA), β-MCA, ω-MCA, tauro-α-MCA (α-TMCA), and β-TMCA, are valuable biomarkers for preclinical drug development. To the best of our knowledge, however, a simple, selective, sensitive, and robust analytical method for ω-MCA and taurine-conjugated MCAs has never been reported. We have developed a simple, selective, and sensitive analytical method for measurement of 16 BAs including the five rodent unique BAs in rat plasma using an ultra-performance liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-TOF-MS) method. Activated charcoal was utilized to prepare BA-free plasma, which served as the surrogate matrix for the preparation of calibration standards and quality control (QC) samples. Results of matrix effects evaluation suggested that the BA-free plasma could be adequate as a surrogate matrix for BAs determination. Three stable isotope labelled internal standards were separated by reverse phase UPLC using gradient elution and were detected by TOF-MS in negative ion mode. The calibration curve was linear for all BAs over a range of 10-25ng/mL to 1000-10,000ng/mL, with overall imprecision below 15% and 20% at lower limit of quantification (LLOQ), respectively. This analytical method was used to determine BA concentrations in more than 300 plasma samples from rats with liver injuries induced using α-naphthylisocyanate, carbon tetrachloride, or flutamide. The alteration of BA concentrations was most evident for necrosis, and cholestasis hepatotoxins, with more subtle effects by steatosis and idiosyncratic hepatotoxins. In conclusion, we have developed a simple, selective, and sensitive analytical method to measure plasma 16 BAs including 5 rodent unique BAs, α-MCA, β-MCA, ω-MCA, α-TMCA, and β-TMCA. Our data suggested that α-TMCA and β-TMCA could be useful for identification or prediction of liver injuries, a currently unmet need in preclinical toxicity. Our method using TOF-MS is useful to determine BAs in rat plasma and of use in structural analyses of metabolites in early stage of drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouichi Minato
- Pharmacokinetics Research Department, ASKA Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 5-36-1, Shimosakunobe, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki 213-8522, Japan.
| | - Masanori Suzuki
- Department of Analytical Research, ASKA Pharma Medical Co., Ltd., 5-36-1, Shimosakunobe, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki 213-8522, Japan
| | - Hidenori Nagao
- Pharmacokinetics Research Department, ASKA Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 5-36-1, Shimosakunobe, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki 213-8522, Japan
| | - Ryota Suzuki
- Pharmacokinetics Research Department, ASKA Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 5-36-1, Shimosakunobe, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki 213-8522, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ochiai
- Pharmacokinetics Research Department, ASKA Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 5-36-1, Shimosakunobe, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki 213-8522, Japan
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Ogawa S, Adachi Y, Kakiyama G, Shimada M, Mano N, Goto J, Iida T. Chemical synthesis of (22E)-3alpha,6alpha,7alpha,12alpha-Tetrahydroxy-5beta-chol-22-en-24-oic acid and its N-acylamidated conjugates with glycine or taurine: precursors of the [22,23-(3)H] labelled tracers. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2010; 58:1103-6. [PMID: 20686269 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.58.1103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
(22E)-3alpha,6alpha,7alpha,12alpha-Tetrahydroxy-5beta-chol-22-en-24-oic acid and its N-acylamidated conjugates with glycine or taurine were synthesized from cholic acid. The key reactions employed are: 1) degradation of the side chain in intermediary C(24) 3alpha,6alpha,7alpha,12alpha-tetrahydroxylated bile acid to the corresponding C(22) 23,24-dinor-aldehyde, followed by Wittig reaction with methyl (triphenylphosphoranylidene)acetate and 2) N-acylamidation of the unconjugated tetrahydroxy-Delta(22)-5beta-cholenoic acid with glycine (or taurine) in the presence of diethylphosphorocyanide and triethylamine as coupling reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoujiro Ogawa
- Department of Chemistry, College of Humanities & Sciences, Nihon University, 3-25-40 Sakurajousui, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Zarzycki P, Bartoszuk M, Radziwon A. Optimization of TLC detection by phosphomolybdic acid staining for robust quantification of cholesterol and bile acids. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2006. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.19.2006.1.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Zarzycki PK, Wierzbowska M, Lamparczyk H. Retention and separation studies of cholesterol and bile acids using thermostated thin-layer chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1999; 857:255-62. [PMID: 10536844 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00756-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The influence of temperature on retention and separation of cholesterol and bile acids, using reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography, was studied. As mobile phases methanol-water mixtures of various compositions were used. Chromatographic experiments were performed using vapor-saturated chambers at temperatures ranging from 5 to 60 degrees C. A linear relationship between R(M) values and temperature (1/T) as well as mobile phase composition was observed. The elution order of steroids under the conditions investigated was discussed. Each chromatogram was evaluated using simple optimization parameters and the best chromatographic conditions for the separation of multicomponent samples were chosen.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Zarzycki
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Hallera, Poland
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