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Fluorometric Optimized Determination of Total Glutathione in Erythrocytes. SEPARATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/separations8060083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione is a tripeptide natural product characterized by a non-canonical peptide bond with an amide moiety linking the nitrogen of cysteine to the γ-carboxyl of glutamate, and is found ubiquitously in nature, in animals, plants and microorganisms. One of the most abundant biological matrices is represented by erythrocytes, being glutathione the only sulfur-containing mechanism for the red blood cell oxidative protection. Several analytical methods for glutathione determination from different samples are described in the literature and most of these methods are based on the use of high-performance liquid chromatography. HPLC equipment is not available in all the biochemical laboratories, and, moreover, displays lot of economic and ecological limitations, including organic solvent consumption and time-consuming analysis. Here, an organic-free high-throughput fluorometric methodology for the analysis of total glutathione in erythrocytes is reported, avoiding the use of time-consuming and not-sustainable techniques.
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Serendipitous stereoselective synthesis of brand-new fluorescent dyes: (1Z)-3-(alkylimino)-1-[(chromone-3-yl)methylene]-1,3-dihydro-9H-furo[3,4-b]chromen-9-one-type fluorophores with blue fluorescence emission properties. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Fisher DH, Bostom AG. Total N-Acetylcysteine Levels Are Elevated in the Plasma of Patients with Chronic Renal Failure. ANAL LETT 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719708001700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H. Fisher
- a Higuchi Biosciences Center for Bioanalytical Research, University of Kansas , Lawrence , KS , 66047
| | - Andrew G. Bostom
- b Vitamin Bioavailability Laboratory, The Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts New England Medical Center , Boston , MA , 02111
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Al-Majed A, Belal F, Julkhuf S. Penicillamine: analytical profile. PROFILES OF DRUG SUBSTANCES, EXCIPIENTS, AND RELATED METHODOLOGY 2006; 32:131-148. [PMID: 22469085 DOI: 10.1016/s0099-5428(05)32005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman Al-Majed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Piloto AM, Costa SP, Gonçalves MST. A naphtho[2,1-b]furan as a new fluorescent label: synthesis and spectral characterisation. Tetrahedron Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Fu N, Wang H, Li M, Zheng G, Zhang H, Liang S. Spectrofluorimetric Determination of Thiols in Biological Samples with a New Fluorescent Probe 3‐Maleimidylbenzanthrone. ANAL LETT 2005. [DOI: 10.1081/al-200051025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Wang H, Liang SC, Zhang ZM, Zhang HS. 3-Iodoacetylaminobenzanthrone as a fluorescent derivatizing reagent for thiols in high-performance liquid chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Srinivas NR, Mamidi RNVS. Bioanalytical considerations for compounds containing free sulfhydryl groups. Biomed Chromatogr 2003; 17:285-91. [PMID: 12884392 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Thiol-containing compounds pose bioanalytical challenge in several dimensions due to extreme reactivity of the sulfhydryl group. The development of robust bioanalytical methodology for thiol groups should address the aspects of adequate stabilization in the biological matrix and selectivity considerations. In this context, availability of plethora of thiol reagents provides ample opportunity to achieve the above goals. However, several considerations need to be factored into the decision-making of a suitable scheme for the thiol drugs under investigation. This review provides some critical insights to many such considerations that may be vital for development and validation of methods for thiol-containing drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuggehally R Srinivas
- Department of Bioanalysis, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Discovery Research, Dr Reddy's Research Laboratories, Bollaram Road, Miyapur, Hyderabad-500 050, India.
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Okabe K, Wada R, Ohno KI, Uchiyama S, Santa T, Imai K. Development of hydrophilic fluorogenic derivatization reagents for thiols: 4-(N-acetylaminosulfonyl)-7-fluoro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole and 4-(N-trichloroacetylaminosulfonyl)-7-fluoro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole. J Chromatogr A 2002; 982:111-8. [PMID: 12489860 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)01274-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Sensitive, reactive, and hydrophilic fluorogenic reagents for thiols with the benzofurazan skeleton, 4-(N-acetylaminosulfonyl)-7-fluoro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (AcABD-F) and 4-(N-trichloroacetylaminosulfonyl)-7-fluoro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (TCAcABD-F) have been developed. These reagents reacted with thiols within 10 min at 60 degrees C. AcABD-F and TCAcABD-F themselves do not fluoresce but are strongly fluorescent after the reaction with thiol compounds. The generated derivatives were highly water-soluble, since they dissociated a proton and ionized in the neutral pH region. The derivatives with four biologically important thiol compounds were separated on a reversed-phase HPLC column and detected fluorometrically at 504 nm with excitation at 388 nm. The detection limit attained for homocysteine with AcABD-F was 25 fmol on column (11 nM) (signal-to-noise ratio = 3), and that for glutathione with TCAcABD-F was 45 fmol on column (20 nM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohki Okabe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Camera E, Picardo M. Analytical methods to investigate glutathione and related compounds in biological and pathological processes. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2002; 781:181-206. [PMID: 12450659 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(02)00618-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Reduced glutathione (GSH, gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine) is a fundamental low-molecular mass antioxidant that serves several biological functions. Upon enzymatic and non-enzymatic oxidation, GSH forms glutathione disulfide (GSSG) and, under particular conditions, may generate other oxidative products. The determination of GSH, its precursors, and metabolites in several bio-matrices is a useful tool in studying oxidative stress. Many separative and non-separative methods have been developed and improved for the assay of GSH and related compounds. At present, high-performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis are the most used separative techniques to determine GSH and congeners. The review will deal with analytical methods developed over the last few years for the determination of GSH and related compounds, and with the procedures performed in sample pre-treatment in order to minimize analytical errors. Since GSH, GSSG, and related compounds lack of strong chromophores or fluorophores, it is advantageous, in many assays, to derivatize the compounds in order to improve the detection limit with UV-Vis and to allow fluorescence, thus the most commonly used labeling agents are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Camera
- Laboratorio di Fisiopatologia Cutanea dell'Istituto Dermatologico San Gallicano (IRCCS), Via San Gallicano 25/A, I-00153 Rome, Italy.
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Liang SC, Wang H, Zhang ZM, Zhang X, Zhang HS. Spectrofluorimetric determination of cysteine by 5-maleimidyl-2-(m-methylphenyl)benzoxazole. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2002; 58:2605-2611. [PMID: 12396043 DOI: 10.1016/s1386-1425(02)00003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A new thiol weak-fluorescence probe, 5-maleimidyl-2-(m-methylphenyl)benzoxazole (MMPB), gives a highly fluorescence product in the presence of Cys. In this paper, MMPB has been developed for the fluorimetric determination of cysteine (Cys). At lambda(ex)/lambda(em) = 305.6/425.6 nm, the linear range is from 0 to 3.3 x 10(-7) mol l(-1) and the detection limit (sigma = 3) of 6.2 x 10(-10) mol l(-1). The main advantage of this method lies in the relative high selectivity compared with the methods using other N-substituted maleimide type of thiol reagents, in which 0.15-fold (molar ratio) of GSH is allowed and most of other amino acids at 100-fold (molar ratio) level had no obvious effect on the results. The proposed method has been applied to the determination of Cys in real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Cai Liang
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, People's Republic of China.
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Yang Q, Krautmacher C, Schilling D, Pittelkow MR, Naylor S. Simultaneous analysis of oxidized and reduced glutathione in cell extracts by capillary zone electrophoresis. Biomed Chromatogr 2002; 16:224-8. [PMID: 11920949 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) and glutathione disulfide (GSSG) levels in cells constitute a thiol redox system. They can be used as an indicator of oxidative stress of the cell. In this study, a capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) method is described that enables quantitation of GSH and GSSG from cellular extracts. The CZE buffer used was 20 mM ammonium acetate containing 5% (v/v) acetic acid at pH 3.1 in conjunction with a polybrene coated capillary operated in reverse polarity mode. Effects of different acids used to prepare cell samples were investigated on CZE performance. The acids include meta phosphoric acid (MPA), trichloroacetic acid (TCA), phosphoric acid (PA) and sulfosalicylic acid (SSA) and are used to stabilize GSH and GSSG before performing CZE analysis. The method features a limit of detection of 4 microM and a limit of quantitation of 12 microM for both GSSG and GSH and recoveries of 94% for GSH and 100% for GSSG. Quantitative analysis of GSSG and GSH in HaCaT cell extracts (5% SSA, w/v) was performed with this method and changes in the ratio of GSH to GSSG in N-ethylmaleimide treated cell sample was observed by comparing with control cell samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yang
- Biomedical Mass Spectrometry and Functional Proteomics Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Liang SC, Wang H, Zhang ZM, Zhang X, Zhang HS. Direct spectrofluorimetric determination of glutathione in biological samples using 5-maleimidyl-2-(m-methylphenyl) benzoxazole. Anal Chim Acta 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(01)01409-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Loughlin AF, Skiles GL, Alberts DW, Schaefer WH. An ion exchange liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry method for the determination of reduced and oxidized glutathione and glutathione conjugates in hepatocytes. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2001; 26:131-42. [PMID: 11451650 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(01)00402-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A rugged LC-MS/MS method was developed to quantify reduced and oxidized glutathione (GSH and GSSG, respectively) in rat hepatocytes. In addition, GSH conjugates can be detected, characterized and measured in the same analysis. Samples were treated with acetonitrile and iodoacetic acid to precipitate proteins and trap free GSH, respectively. These highly polar analytes were separated by ion exchange chromatography using conditions that were developed to be amenable to electrospray ionization and provide baseline chromatographic resolution. A solvent gradient with a total run time of 13 min was used to elute the analytes, as well as any highly retained components in the samples that would otherwise accumulate on the HPLC column and degrade the chromatography. The analytes were detected using either selected ion monitoring (SIM) using an ion trap mass spectrometer or selected reaction monitoring (SRM) using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The ranges for quantification of GSH and GSSG using an ion trap were 0.651-488 microM and 0.817-327 microM, respectively. Using SRM with the triple quadrupole instrument, the ranges of quantification for GSH and GSSG were 0.163-163 microM and 0.0816-81.6 microM, respectively. The accuracy and precision for both methods were within 15%. The utility of the method was demonstrated by treating rat hepatocytes with model compounds menadione and precocene I. Menadione, which contains a quinone moiety that undergoes redox cycling and induces concentration- and time-dependent oxidative stress in hepatocytes, resulted in decreased GSH concentrations with concomitant increase in concentrations of GSSG, as well as a GSH-menadione conjugate. When hepatocytes were incubated with precocene I, a time-dependent decrease in GSH concentrations was observed with concomitant increase in a GSH-precocene conjugate. GSSG concentrations did not increase in the presence of precocene I, consistent with its lack of redox activity. This analytical method has general utility for simultaneously investigating the potential of test compounds to induce both oxidative stress from redox cycling in vitro and the formation of GSH conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Loughlin
- Biochemical and Investigative Toxicology, Department of Safety Assessment, Merck Research Laboratories, WP45A-201, Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA
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Toussaint B, Pitti C, Streel B, Ceccato A, Hubert P, Crommen J. Quantitative analysis of N-acetylcysteine and its pharmacopeial impurities in a pharmaceutical formulation by liquid chromatography-UV detection-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2000; 896:191-9. [PMID: 11093654 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00741-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A new method for the simultaneous determination of N-acetylcysteine and its pharmacopeial impurities, cysteine, cystine, N,N'-diacetylcystine and N,S-diacetylcysteine in an effervescent tablet has been developed. The method is based on on-line LC-UV-MS using a pneumatically-assisted electrospray interface (ionspray). The stability of the thiol moieties of the analytes was ensured by the acidic pH of the LC mobile phase. Quantitation of N-acetylcysteine was performed with UV detection to avoid ion-source overloading effect due to its higher concentration, whereas the impurities could be easily separated and quantified in MS. The method was validated in terms of stability, linearity, precision and accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Toussaint
- Department of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Liège, CHU, Belgium.
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Nozal MJ, Bernal JL, Toribio L, Marinero P, Moral O, Manzanas L, Rodriguez E. Determination of glutathione, cysteine and N-acetylcysteine in rabbit eye tissues using high-performance liquid chromatography and post-column derivatization with 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid). J Chromatogr A 1997; 778:347-53. [PMID: 9299745 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)00473-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatographic method to determine glutathione, cysteine and N-acetylcysteine in rabbit retina, vitreous and lens has been developed. The thiols are separated using a 25 x 0.46-cm octadecylsilane column with 0.5 M phosphate buffer, pH 3, as mobile phase. The detection, at 412 nm, involves a post-column derivatization with 5,5-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) in presence of cationic micelles of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide that enhances the sensitivity. The detection limits are 0.21, 0.92 and 0.61 mumol/g wet sample for glutathione, cysteine and N-acetylcysteine, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Nozal
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, Spain
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1,1′-[Ethenylidenebis(sulfonyl)]bis-benzene: A useful pre-chromatographic derivatization reagent for HPLC analysis of thiol drugs. Chromatographia 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02290285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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