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Yang L, Yan C, Zhang F, Jiang B, Gao S, Liang Y, Huang L, Chen W. Effects of ketoconazole on cyclophosphamide metabolism: evaluation of CYP3A4 inhibition effect using the in vitro and in vivo models. Exp Anim 2017; 67:71-82. [PMID: 29129847 PMCID: PMC5814316 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.17-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclophosphamide (CP) is widely used in anticancer therapy regimens and 2-dechloroethylcyclophosphamide (DECP) is its side-chain dechloroethylated metabolite. N-dechloroethylation of CP mediated by the enzyme CYP3A4 yields nephrotoxic and neurotoxic chloroacetaldehyde (CAA) in equimolar amount to DECP. This study aimed to evaluate the inhibitory effect of ketoconazole (KTZ) on CP metabolism through in vitro and in vivo drug-drug interaction (DDI) research. Long-term treatment of KTZ induces hepatic injury; thus single doses of KTZ at low, middle, and high levels (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg) were investigated for pharmacokinetic DDI with CP. Our in vitro human liver microsome modeling approach suggested that KTZ inhibited CYP3A4 activity and then decreased DECP exposure. In addition, an UHPLC-MS/MS method for quantifying CP, DECP, and KTZ in rat plasma was developed and fully validated with a 4 min analysis coupled with a simple and reproducible one-step protein precipitation. A further in vivo pharmacokinetic study demonstrated that combination use of CP (10 mg/kg) and KTZ (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg) in rats caused a KTZ dose-dependent decrease in main parameters of DECP (Cmax, Tmax, and AUC0-∞) and provided magnitude exposure of DECP (more than a 50% AUC decrease) as a consequence of CYP3A inhibition but had only a small effect on the CP plasma concentration. Our results suggested that combination usage of a CYP3A4 inhibitor like KTZ may decrease CAA exposure and thus intervene against CAA-induced adverse effects in CP clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, No. 415, Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Chenyang Yan
- Department of Quality Management, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, No. 415, Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, No. 415, Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, No. 415, Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Shouhong Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, No. 415, Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Youtian Liang
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, No. 415, Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Lifeng Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, No. 415, Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Wansheng Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, No. 415, Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
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Yang L, Feng J, Zhang F, Jiang B, Gao S, Chen W. Fast quantification of cyclophosfamide and its N-dechloroethylated metabolite 2-dechloroethylcyclophosphamide in human plasma by UHPLC-MS/MS. Biomed Chromatogr 2014; 28:1303-5. [PMID: 24652765 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A rapid, novel and reliable UHPLC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for simultaneous determination of cyclophosphamide (CP) and its dechloroethylated metabolite, 2-dechloroethylcyclosphamide (2-DCECP) in human plasma. The plasma samples were conducted by protein precipitation with 3-fold acetonitrile, containing 0.1% formic acid. Mass spectrometric detection was performed using electrospray positive ionization with multiple reaction monitoring mode, using tinidazole as internal standard (IS). Chromatographic separation was performed on an Agilent poroshell 120 SB-C18 column (2.1 × 75 mm, 2.7 µm) using gradient elution of acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min, the total run time was 2.5 min. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was 20 ng/mL for both CP and 2-DCECP. Accuracies and precisions were <15% at LOQ and below 10% at quality control concentration levels. This UHPLC-MS/MS method was successfully applied for the estimation of CP and 2-DCECP in human plasma, which was also useful for clinical toxicology studies and therapeutic drug monitoring of CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, No. 415, Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China
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Baumann F, Schmidt R, Teichert J, Preiss R. Influence of protein binding on acrolein turnover in vitro by oxazaphosphorines and liver microsomes. J Clin Lab Anal 2005; 19:103-9. [PMID: 15900571 PMCID: PMC6808015 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.20062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
For a correct determination of acrolein amounts generated in in vitro turnover experiments with oxazaphosphorines, it is necessary to characterize the interaction of acrolein with liver microsomal proteins. Acrolein, a highly reactive metabolite of oxazaphosphorines, readily forms covalent adducts with proteins by electrophilic attack on nucleophiles, such as the sulfhydryl group of cysteine, imidazole group of histidine, and amino group of lysine. The current investigations were mainly directed toward determination of the degree of acrolein-protein binding under conditions of in vitro experiments with liver microsome preparations. The acrolein concentration in protein dilution was determined by a fluorescence method. Moreover, the influence of sucrose and glycerine on the extent of acrolein-protein binding commonly used for the stabilization of microsomal preparations during storage was investigated. The current investigations show evidence that the chemical reaction of acrolein with liver microsomal proteins strictly follows first order kinetics. The main part of the formed acrolein in the in vitro attempts is available as bound part. Results of these investigations indicate that the calibration should be carried out with mixtures from liver microsome preparations and known amounts of acrolein under the same conditions as the in vitro experiments to record the entirely formed acrolein part (free and bound) in oxazaphosphorine turnover experiments. Glycerine is recommended as a preservative to store liver microsomes instead of sucrose because the latter reacts with acrolein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Baumann
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Leipzig, Germany.
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Baumann F, Preiss R. Application of liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry in the determination of oxazaphosphorines and their metabolites. Anal Chim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(03)00892-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Paci A, Rieutord A, Brion F, Prognon P. Separation methods for alkylating antineoplastic compounds. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2001; 764:255-87. [PMID: 11817031 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(01)00280-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The separating method for alkylating neoplastic compounds were reviewed based on the classification of the Merck Index (12th Edition). Each section, whenever available or relevant, was subdivided according to the following approach: stability studies, extraction methods, gas chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. At the end of each chapter a separate table summarizing the main characteristics of the separating method were established. In particular LODs and/or LOQs were expressed as quantity to facilitate comparison between methods. This review highlights the problems to measure trace levels of these compounds into biological fluids with respect to their instability, adsorption to glass and plastic or derivatization requirements. Over the last decades, HPLC seems to be more popular than GC for separating the alkylating agents. The development of narrow- or microbore LC coupled to MS is certainly the way to further improve both separation and sensitivity obtained in the different papers surveyed for this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Paci
- Service de Pharmacie et Laboratoire de Toxico-Pharmacologie, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France.
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Baumann F, Preiss R. Cyclophosphamide and related anticancer drugs. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2001; 764:173-92. [PMID: 11817027 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(01)00279-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This article presents an overview of the methods of bioanalysis of oxazaphosphorines, in particular, cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, and trofosfamide as well as their metabolites. The metabolism of oxazaphosphorines is complex and leads to a large variety of metabolites and therefore the spectrum of methods used is relatively broad. The various methods used are shown in a table and the particularly important assays are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Baumann
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Leipzig, Germany.
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Huitema AD, Reinders C, Tibben MM, Rodenhuis S, Beijnen JH. Sensitive gas chromatographic determination of the cyclophosphamide metabolite 2-dechloroethylcyclophosphamide in human plasma. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2001; 757:349-57. [PMID: 11417881 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(01)00178-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cyclophosphamide (CP) is one of the most frequently used anticancer agents. It is a prodrug requiring activation before exerting cytotoxicity. CP is deactivated to 2-dechloroethylcyclophosphamide (2-DCECP) with formation of an equimolar amount of chloroacetaldehyde. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a sensitive and simple assay for 2-DCECP in plasma of patients treated with CP. Sample pre-treatment consisted of solid-phase extraction of 500 microl of plasma over OASIS HLB (1 ml) cartridges with trofosfamide as internal standard. Separation and detection of underivatized 2-DCECP was performed with capillary gas chromatography with nitrogen/phosphorous selective detection. Extraction recovery of 2-DCECP exceeded 87%. No interference from endogenous compounds, other metabolites of CP and frequently coadministered drugs was detected. The assay was linear in the range of 5-5000 ng/ml in plasma. Accuracy, within-day and between-day precision were less than 11% for the complete concentration range. In plasma, 2-DCECP was stable for at least 1 month when kept at -70 degrees C. Analysis of samples from patients treated with CP demonstrated the applicability of the assay. In conclusion, a sensitive and simple assay for 2-DCECP in plasma, which meets the current requirements for bioanalytical assays, was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Huitema
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute/Slotervaart Hospital, Amsterdam.
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Amer MM, Hassan SS, Abd El-Fattah SA, El-Kosasy AM. Spectrophotometric and Spectrofluorimetric Determination of Cyclophosphamide and Its Isomer Ifosphamide. ANAL LETT 1998. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719808005315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Hassan SS, Amer MM, Abd El-Fatah SA, El-Kosasy AM. Microcoated wire sensors for the determination of anticancer drugs cyclophosphamide and ifosphamide in the presence of their degradates. Talanta 1998; 46:1395-403. [DOI: 10.1016/s0039-9140(98)00008-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/1997] [Revised: 12/04/1997] [Accepted: 12/08/1997] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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